Construction of the Genealogy of Eccentric Monks Based on the Historical Materials of Chan Buddhism in the Song Dynasty--From Enlightened Masters in Chan Buddhism,Sages,to Saints

Regarding the Chan Buddhism lamp records from the Song Dynasty and starting from Jing De Zhuan Deng Lu,the category of“enlightened masters in Chan Buddhism”禪門達者was listed separately,meaning a separate category was established for eccentric monks who pretended to be crazy,had unknown inheritance and miraculous deeds,and were difficult to classify.The following lamp records named this category of eccentric monks as“sages”散聖,or“saints”應化聖賢,which constructed another historical genealogy for the special Chan Buddhism eccentric monks.Moreover,the early lamp records included mostly idiosyncratic mad monks from previous dynasties.Since the Southern Song Dynasty,Chan Buddhism historical materials included many sages from the current dynasty.Therefore,this study mainly examines how the genealogy of Chan Buddhism eccentric monks was constructed in Song Dynasty Chan Buddhism lamp records,including quotations,and organizes the images of eccentric monks in the Song Dynasty,as written in Chan Buddhism historical materials,in order that the meaning of existence of these enlightened masters,sages,saints,etc.,included in the genealogy of Song Dynasty eccentric monks in the history of Chan Buddhism can be reflected.

Chan Buddhism in Wilderness and the Buddhist Tourism

The culture of landscape constitutes one of the vital characteristics of Chinese culture,in which,Chan Buddhism is a typical kind of Buddhist culture expressed by the natural objects.Chinese Buddhism,represented by Chan School,is interpreted by the beautiful natural scenery,therefore it is closely related to the tourism from the ancient time.However,this link is to defend Buddhist tourism,which is inevitably criticized,since the secularization of sacred Buddhism,though Buddhist tourism is beneficial for life,society,economy,and Buddhism itself.But this sort of criticism is a misunderstanding of Chinese Buddhism since that Chinese Buddhism absorbs Zhuang Zi’s thought that“the ultimate truth(道)is in shit(屎尿)”1,so that it purports to the sacred dimension which is overlapped by the secular aspect.For example,the short poems composed by masters in Chan School“The Buddhist dharma is in this world,so that the enlightenment could not be realized outside of the human world”,“where there is bamboo and flower,there is dharma and prajna”,are the best way to express this kind of divine concept,moreover,Buddhist tourism is an effective practice to allocate this divine connotation.

Shilian Dashan With the Propagation of the Caodong Sect in Cochinchina in the Seventeenth Century

The prosperous development of the“Maritime Silk Road”in the 17th century not only brought convenience in sea transportation and promoted trade between countries,but also acted as a bridge connecting countries.This bridge has the function of cultural exchange between peoples,especially in introducing and promoting China’s cultural and ideological quintessence with neighboring countries.During this period,Linji and Caodong sects of Chinese Zen Buddhism were spread directly into Cochinchina of Dai Viet through Chinese senior monks who followed merchant ships to this place.Among them was the Most Venarable Shilian Dashan,a senior monk at Changshou Temple,Guangzhou,who accepted Lord Nguyen Phuc Chu’s invitation to teach the Soto Dharma in Cochinchina for nearly two years(1695-1696).Based on the study of relevant historical documents and autobiographical works on this trip byMost Ven.Dashan,the article presents his biography and activities.Moreover,this article analyzes the method of spreading Dharma,Chan ideology,as well as the significance of his Dharma propagation activities for Buddhism in Cochinchina at that time.

A Study on Imitating Activities ,ofHanshan Poems by Chan Buddhist Monks in SONG Dynasty

Although we have no clear picture of the life of Hanshan, a legendary TANG monk and in Collected Poems of Hanshan （Hanshan Sho＇i）, we can find either unclear ideas regarding his major thoughts or different ideologies from Confucianism, Buddhism, and Daoism. Hanshan poetry was broadly read by people belonging to various social statuses during the SONG Dynasty. His poetry was also frequently cited in Chan Buddhist literature of the period. Furthermore, SONG Chan Buddhist monks invited Hanshan into their own genealogy and regarded him as a ＂San Sheng＂ （a Free Sage）. Many Chan Buddhist monks of the SONG Dynasty used Hanshan poetry in various Chan Buddhist texts. Numerous Chan Buddhist monks even wrote so-called ＂ni Hanshan shi＂, which imitated Hanshan poetry as a kind of personal literary creation. It is understandable that when a monk imitated Hanshan poetry, he would simultaneously be both the reader and the creator of Hanshan poetry, and as we understand that every writer produces their works through their own cultural outlook, a newly-formed correlation occurred naturally between the original poetry and imitated poetry through the SONG Chan Buddhist monk＇s version. By observing this correlation, this paper will deeply analyze the dissemination and acceptance of Hanshan poetry, within Chan Buddhist society in the SONG Dynasty, as based on Chan Buddhist literature, in order to learn more about image creation and the recreation of Hanshan during the period

Zen Master Yuan Shao and His Mission to Cochinchina in the Seventeenth Century

When learning about the history of Buddhism in Vietnam,it is impossible not to mention the veteran bonzes of Linji School and Caodong School who traveled to Cochinchina to propagate Buddhism in the 17th century by sea.Zen Master Yuan Shao,known as one of the pioneers of Linji Chan School,laid the foundation for the formation and development of this school which still exists today.Based on previous studies from the perspective of Buddhist cultural exchanges between Cochinchina and China at that time,this article focuses on analyzing the social context,biography and preaching of Yuan Shao,a well-known zen master,in this area in order to present the significance of his contributions to Cochinchina Buddhism.The research methodology of the article is mainly based on the analysis and comparison of historical documents,records,related archeology.The above basic contents will be presented in an objective and systematic way as well as some raised scholarly debate is still ahead.

“无念”之道:慧能禅思想的原创性与禅悟的奥秘

禅宗在世界思想史上占有独特的地位,其独创性来自惠能的《坛经》,但在后来,禅宗的发展似乎出现一种趋势,该趋势大大削弱了惠能原初思想的原创性,并显示了一种将惠能的禅思想重新皈依于汉传佛教思想的体制性努力。因此,很有必要追寻惠能禅宗思想的源头,还原其思想的革命性。采用史料研究与心理学、神经科学、哲学相结合的方法,对照老庄道家思想细读惠能对《金刚经》的解读及其敦煌版《坛经》中的创新思想和修行方法,旨在揭示禅的独创性和普世吸引力,以及迄今为止禅悟不为人知的秘密。结论是惠能禅思想的渊源不是佛教的“空”,而是道家的“无”,其核心思想是“无念”之道,而禅悟也并非佛教的觉悟。

禅学中国化的关键点——以印顺的讨论为中心

关于禅学中国化的关键点,诸多学者如钱穆、任继愈、方立天等,均认为是禅宗六祖慧能。然而,与众不同的是,印顺将禅学中国化的关键点定为牛头禅,尤其是牛头宗初祖法融。印顺认为,禅学最终中国化是通过融摄了牛头禅而实现的,因此法融才是中华禅的建立者。深入分析可见,印顺对牛头禅的过度重视与其判教思想密切相关。在印顺的判教序列中,大乘佛学分为“性空唯名论”“虚妄唯识论”与“真常唯心论”三系。印顺认为,“性空唯名论”体现了“释尊之特见”,而“真常唯心论”是佛教梵化神化的结果,远离了释尊的本怀。因此,在中国禅宗史上扮演了无可替代之角色的只能是直承“性空唯名论”的牛头禅,而非“真常唯心论”流亚之达摩一系的如来(藏)禅。

大慧宗杲研究的新推进——任静伟《大慧宗杲思想研究》读后

任静伟的《大慧宗杲思想研究》一书,无论是选题还是内容结构,均体现出一定的创新性,具有较高学术价值,从而在已有学术研究的基础上推进了关于大慧宗杲的研究,对中国思想史研究走向精细化也进行了一定的探索。然而,该书也存在诸多不足,有进一步完善的空间。具体来说,该书对大慧宗杲的禅法思想缺乏深刻的体悟与理解,对一些具体问题的论述存在疏误,在脚注及参考文献的运用上也出现了许多错漏。

苏轼谪黄时期的异人轶事书写

苏轼贬谪时期喜谈异人轶事,黄州之贬对苏轼的打击最深,其于异人轶事中寄托的情感、意趣也异于他处。黄州时期,“隐”与“侠”是苏轼笔下异人品格的基本底色,书写具有隐士高洁品格的侠义之士们行侠仗义,助人为乐,是苏轼自“庙堂”转入“江湖”之后,以新的方式兼济天下的集中体现。这些异人们多来自民间,往往身怀绝技,驻颜有术,苏轼对“技”与“术”的推崇,体现由“技”入“道”的思维模式,是他彰显生命价值的新途径,体现了其生活方式的转变。除此之外,苏轼还通过描绘神异之事,探索彼岸世界,反思生命意义,书写自己的心灵世界。

唐肃宗对武则天佛教思想的继承

安史之乱后唐肃宗面对的是统治的合法性与唐王朝的正朔问题。通过对唐玄宗与唐肃宗的佛教政策的考察,可以发现,作为和武则天同一母族的肃宗,一改玄宗时期的抑佛政策而大力崇佛,显示出对武则天佛教思想的继承,主要表现在三个方面:一是转轮王思想;二是举行佛事活动来维护统治;三是发挥高僧的作用。唐肃宗的崇佛政策有利于在思想上快速凝聚人心,体现了其正法理国的佛教思想。

论王维山水诗的艺术风格

王维在盛唐久负盛名。王维的山水诗或诗中有画,或动静相宜,或禅理深透,艺术风格自成一统。本文重在对其艺术风格的表现形式和表达内涵进行阐述,透过具体诗句,赏其独有的审美取向。

藏传佛教中国化进程中的历史雄证——清代“笃信禅师”名号考

“笃信禅师”名号出自于《清实录》,记载的是甘肃卓尼著名藏传佛教高僧棍噶札拉参因调停藏尼冲突有功,清朝中央政府赐予其上师转世三世策墨林“笃信禅师”称号。但棍噶札拉参的个人传记中记录的是棍噶札拉参本人获“笃信禅师”称号。其中所涉两位历史人物:一位是驰骋疆场保卫祖国边疆的“将军喇嘛”一世喇嘛噶绕棍噶札拉参,一位是对西藏政教产生重要影响,维护了祖国统一、西藏地方稳定的摄政三世策墨林。“笃信禅师”名号归属问题,恰恰也反映出在藏传佛教中国化的历史进程中,藏传佛教对中央政府的绝对拥护,藏传佛教高僧所拥有的爱国品质是藏传佛教爱国传统的具体表现。因此,本文将就此名号归属问题作相关讨论。

佛教“中国化”与“中国化”佛教

外来佛教在中国的传播、发展,是一个在中国传统思想、文化土壤上逐渐全面、深入实现“中国化”的过程。佛教初传时期的经典翻译,采取借用本土传统概念来翻译佛教名相即所谓“格义”的权宜方法。随着佛教传播渐广,译经渐多,对佛理认识逐渐准确,中国本土培养的学僧深入进行专经、专论研究,著作经、论义疏,创造出一批融合中国传统思想的义学师说,在此基础上,到隋唐时期,创建起一批中国佛教宗派。这是“中国化”的佛教,即汉传佛教,和南传、藏传并立的内容与形式都具有鲜明中国民族特色的佛教。汉传佛教的活动被管束在历朝中央集权统一体制之下,与中国传统伦理,与儒、道思想学说相交流、相融合,得到历代朝廷“三教并立”统治方针的庇护、支持,“统合三教”遂成为思想潮流。其中佛教创造出具有丰厚思想、学术价值的文化成果,对于丰富、推动中国文化各领域的发展做出多方面贡献。“中国化”的汉传佛教与儒、道(道家与道教)鼎立,成为中国历史上支撑思想、文化发展的三大支柱之一,是中国历史遗留下来的宝贵文化遗产。

论孔子对子产形象的多维评议

孔子对子产形象的散点式评论,暗含了一套涉及政治文明理想和人物典范的评议体系。归纳了孔子评议子产的话语类型,发现该体系有着严密的内部逻辑,其以子产的执政理念和政治功绩为关键依据,并与子产的个体修养构成双重评判标准,进而达成了“圣贤”文化系统中的近源范式塑造。孔子之所以建立对子产形象的多维评议,一则借助子产的“贤臣”身份传递自身政治文明理想的核心诉求,二则经由子产的“君子”品格展现理想人格的诸种特质。此外,在现存文献记载中,孔子对子产的负面评价较少,研究发现这是后儒的改造,而这一话语类型正反映出孔子评议体系的文化影响力及子产形象在后世的接受情况。

10—14世纪丝绸之路上的佛教思想与汉文化认同——以高昌回鹘佛教文献为中心的考察

10—14世纪高昌回鹘国的佛教思想以中原大乘佛教思想文化为主体,体现在对心性论思想的重视、对净土信仰的推崇、“三教合一”和佛教世俗化、简易化思潮的流行等方面。高昌回鹘的佛教文化在整体上是宋元中国佛教文化及汉文化的重要组成部分,高昌回鹘对中原佛教文化的认同极大推进了其与中原地区的民族和文化认同,以及多元一体中华文化的进一步发展。同时,高昌回鹘佛教思想及其文化认同也是10—14世纪丝绸之路佛教文化的重要特征。

儒、道、佛哲学伦理思想对中华武术陶染探微

儒、道、佛三大哲学伦理思想构成了中国传统文化的主体,而中国武术的成长正是吸收借鉴了儒、道、佛哲学伦理思想的精髓与灵魂,使武术从单纯的“技击”功能完善成“育人、育德、修身、修心”等多功能文化体系,这也是中国武术区别于其他武技最重要的文化特质。文章运用文献资料法和比较分析法对中国武术与儒、道、佛三大哲学伦理思想的关联进行剖析论述,探讨了儒家伦理思想下中国武术“仁、义、礼”的德性本质;道家伦理思想下中国武术“天人合一”的至高追求;佛教伦理思想下中国武术以武修心“明心见性”的修行之路。三者以不同形式带动武术文化的成长却又殊途同归。研究探讨古代哲学伦理思想与武术的关联,为武术文化的传承与弘扬提供理论基础和参考依据。

唐宋禅宗语录“VP-neg”式疑问句研究

唐宋时期流传下来的众多禅宗语录,是中古汉语研究方面的重要资料。其完整独特的自身体系,程度较高的口语化特点等,均对汉语史的共时及历时研究颇有助益。文章着眼于禅宗语录所见疑问句中的“VP-neg”式疑问句,试图在厘清该类问句基本结构形式的基础上,依据句末否定词“neg”的虚化程度对该类问句作出划分,并分析导致句末否定词虚化的具体原因。

南泉对马祖禅法的继承与修正

南泉普愿为洪州宗著名禅师。他的禅思想既反对其师马祖将作为“用”的当下人在现实层面的种种知觉作用,与作为“体”的佛性道无障碍地等同,又为日常生活、现实作用留有余地。简而述之,南泉提倡在彻底否定知解逻辑思维而回归道之原初状态后,再通达道与现实作用,于日常生活中任运自然,达到真正的自由状态。而究其根本,南泉的禅思想是为了修正马祖禅之理论困境和弊端,解决其在禅林引起的不良影响。

试论贾平凹对传统儒释道思想的接受

贾平凹是较早返身于传统的作家。在“礼失而求诸野”的多元文化价值观念并存中,传统价值观念成为他文学作品思想价值建构的重要方面。具体而言,儒家文化使其在追求“文学大道”上具有了“为生民立命”的家国情怀和忧患意识,佛则参与和完成着他个人思想的转化,使其超越孤独和悲观,逐渐转向光辉明朗的状态。老庄等道家思想开拓了他的文学思维。贾平凹对传统文化不是教条地学习和运用,其在承续各类文化时能融会贯通,注重人格的养成,从而形成了其独特的文学风格。

密云圆悟与汉月法藏的禅思想之诤

明末是禅宗在中国禅宗史上的最后一个高峰,其分衍流脉、思想活跃、人才辈出,同时,禅门内部也充满了纷诤,尤以密云圆悟与汉月法藏的禅思想之诤引人注目。二人围绕着师承伦理、威音圆相、五家宗旨、禅教关系、接引方式等五个方面进行了论诤,其核心分歧体现在师承伦理方面,这是禅宗长期受宗法社会影响的结果。总体来看,二人“以逆为用”皆有宏振临济之功,其实质是致广大而尽精微的互补关系。