Sand/dust storms are some of the main hazards in arid and semi-arid zones. These storms also influence global environmental changes. By field observations, empirical statistics, and numerical simulations, pioneer rese...Sand/dust storms are some of the main hazards in arid and semi-arid zones. These storms also influence global environmental changes. By field observations, empirical statistics, and numerical simulations, pioneer researchers on these natural events have concluded the existence of a positive relationship between thermodynamic effects and sand/dust storms. Thermodynamic effects induce an unsteady stratified atmosphere to influence the process of these storms. However, studies on the relationship of thermodynamic effects with particles (i.e., sand and dust) are limited. In this article, wind tunnel with heating was used to simulate the quantitative relationship between thermodynamic effects and particle movement on different surfaces. Compared with the cold state, the threshold wind velocity of particles is found to be significantly decrease under the hot state. The largest decrease percentage exceedes 9% on fine and coarse sand surfaces. The wind velocity also has a three-power function in the sand transport rate under the hot state with increased sand transport. Thermodynamic effects are stronger on loose surfaces and fine particles, but weaker on compacted surfaces and coarse particles.展开更多
The probability distributions of sand particles＇ lift-off and incident velocities in a wind-blown sand flux play very important roles in the simulation of the wind-blown sand movement. In this paper, the vertical and...The probability distributions of sand particles＇ lift-off and incident velocities in a wind-blown sand flux play very important roles in the simulation of the wind-blown sand movement. In this paper, the vertical and the horizontal speeds of sand particles located at 1.0 mm above a sand-bed in a wind-blown sand flux are observed with the aid of Phase Doppler Anemometry （PDA） in a wind tunnel. Based on the experimental data, the probability distributions of not only the vertical lift-off speed but also the lift-off velocity as well as its horizontal component and the incident velocity as well as its vertical and horizontal components can be obtained by the equal distance histogram method. It is found, according to the results of the X^2-test for these probability distributions, that the probability density functions （pdf＇s） of the sand particles＇ lift-off and incident velocities as well as their vertical com- ponents are described by the Gamma density function with different peak values and shapes and the downwind incident and lift-off horizontal speeds, respectively, can be described by the lognormal and the Gamma density functions, These pdf＇s depend on not only the sand particle diameter but also the wind speed.展开更多
Sand transport by wind plays an important role in environmental problems.Formulating the sand-transport rate model has been of continuing significance,because the majority of the existing models relate sand-transport ...Sand transport by wind plays an important role in environmental problems.Formulating the sand-transport rate model has been of continuing significance,because the majority of the existing models relate sand-transport rate to the wind-shear velocity.However,the wind-shear velocity readapted to blown sand is difficult to determine from the measured wind profiles when sand movement occurs,especially at high wind velocity.Detailed wind tunnel tests were carried out to reformulate the sand-transport rate model,followed by attempts to relate sand-transport rate to parameters of wind velocity,threshold shear-velocity,and grain size.Finally,we validated the model based on the data from field observations.展开更多
风沙运动是区域与全球变化研究中不可忽视的地表过程。起沙阈值(临界起沙风速、临界起沙摩擦速度)作为判定风沙运动是否发生的关键参数,是风沙运动研究的核心问题。利用塔克拉玛干沙漠腹地野外同步观测的风沙运动和气象资料,结合数理模...风沙运动是区域与全球变化研究中不可忽视的地表过程。起沙阈值(临界起沙风速、临界起沙摩擦速度)作为判定风沙运动是否发生的关键参数,是风沙运动研究的核心问题。利用塔克拉玛干沙漠腹地野外同步观测的风沙运动和气象资料,结合数理模型计算,定量评估了Stout、Kurosaki and Mikami(KM)、李晓岚和张宏升(LZ)、Marticorena and Bergametti(MB)、Shao and Lu(SL)5种起沙阈值判定方案的适用性,并利用最优方案确定了研究区新的起沙阈值。结果表明:(1)5种方案均存在不确定性,KM方案确定的起沙阈值一定程度上高估了起沙时长与沙尘水平通量,其他4种方案则相反,但KM方案最优。(2)塔克拉玛干沙漠腹地2 m高度临界起沙风速变化范围为4.0~6.0 m·s^(-1),临界起沙摩擦速度变化范围为0.24~0.36 m·s^(-1);起沙阈值具有季节性差异,符合夏季>秋季>春季>冬季的变化规律。展开更多
基金Under the auspices of National Natural Science Foundation of China (No. 40930741, 41071009, 41001005)Knowledge Innovation Programs of Chinese Academy of Sciences (No. KZCX2-YW-329)
文摘Sand/dust storms are some of the main hazards in arid and semi-arid zones. These storms also influence global environmental changes. By field observations, empirical statistics, and numerical simulations, pioneer researchers on these natural events have concluded the existence of a positive relationship between thermodynamic effects and sand/dust storms. Thermodynamic effects induce an unsteady stratified atmosphere to influence the process of these storms. However, studies on the relationship of thermodynamic effects with particles (i.e., sand and dust) are limited. In this article, wind tunnel with heating was used to simulate the quantitative relationship between thermodynamic effects and particle movement on different surfaces. Compared with the cold state, the threshold wind velocity of particles is found to be significantly decrease under the hot state. The largest decrease percentage exceedes 9% on fine and coarse sand surfaces. The wind velocity also has a three-power function in the sand transport rate under the hot state with increased sand transport. Thermodynamic effects are stronger on loose surfaces and fine particles, but weaker on compacted surfaces and coarse particles.
基金The project supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(10532040)the Hundred Talents Project.the Knowledge Innovation Project of Chinese Academy of Sciences(KZCX2-304).
文摘The probability distributions of sand particles＇ lift-off and incident velocities in a wind-blown sand flux play very important roles in the simulation of the wind-blown sand movement. In this paper, the vertical and the horizontal speeds of sand particles located at 1.0 mm above a sand-bed in a wind-blown sand flux are observed with the aid of Phase Doppler Anemometry （PDA） in a wind tunnel. Based on the experimental data, the probability distributions of not only the vertical lift-off speed but also the lift-off velocity as well as its horizontal component and the incident velocity as well as its vertical and horizontal components can be obtained by the equal distance histogram method. It is found, according to the results of the X^2-test for these probability distributions, that the probability density functions （pdf＇s） of the sand particles＇ lift-off and incident velocities as well as their vertical com- ponents are described by the Gamma density function with different peak values and shapes and the downwind incident and lift-off horizontal speeds, respectively, can be described by the lognormal and the Gamma density functions, These pdf＇s depend on not only the sand particle diameter but also the wind speed.
基金the funding received from the West Light Foundation of the Chinese Academy of Sciences (290828911)the Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant No. 40638038)
文摘Sand transport by wind plays an important role in environmental problems.Formulating the sand-transport rate model has been of continuing significance,because the majority of the existing models relate sand-transport rate to the wind-shear velocity.However,the wind-shear velocity readapted to blown sand is difficult to determine from the measured wind profiles when sand movement occurs,especially at high wind velocity.Detailed wind tunnel tests were carried out to reformulate the sand-transport rate model,followed by attempts to relate sand-transport rate to parameters of wind velocity,threshold shear-velocity,and grain size.Finally,we validated the model based on the data from field observations.
文摘风沙运动是区域与全球变化研究中不可忽视的地表过程。起沙阈值(临界起沙风速、临界起沙摩擦速度)作为判定风沙运动是否发生的关键参数,是风沙运动研究的核心问题。利用塔克拉玛干沙漠腹地野外同步观测的风沙运动和气象资料,结合数理模型计算,定量评估了Stout、Kurosaki and Mikami(KM)、李晓岚和张宏升(LZ)、Marticorena and Bergametti(MB)、Shao and Lu(SL)5种起沙阈值判定方案的适用性,并利用最优方案确定了研究区新的起沙阈值。结果表明:(1)5种方案均存在不确定性,KM方案确定的起沙阈值一定程度上高估了起沙时长与沙尘水平通量,其他4种方案则相反,但KM方案最优。(2)塔克拉玛干沙漠腹地2 m高度临界起沙风速变化范围为4.0~6.0 m·s^(-1),临界起沙摩擦速度变化范围为0.24~0.36 m·s^(-1);起沙阈值具有季节性差异,符合夏季>秋季>春季>冬季的变化规律。
