Pathological and therapeutic effects of extracellular vesicles in neurological and neurodegenerative diseases

Extracellular vesicles are released by all cell types and contain proteins,microRNAs,mRNAs,and other bioactive molecules.Extracellular vesicles play an important role in intercellular communication and in the modulation of the immune system and neuroinflammation.The cargo of extra cellular vesicles(e.g.,proteins and microRNAs)is altered in pathological situations.Extracellular vesicles contribute to the pathogenesis of many pathologies associated with sustained inflammation and neuroinflammation,including cance r,diabetes,hype rammonemia and hepatic encephalopathy,and other neurological and neurodegenerative diseases.Extracellular vesicles may cross the blood-brain barrier and transfer pathological signals from the periphery to the brain.This contributes to inducing neuroinflammation and cognitive and motor impairment in hyperammonemia and hepatic encephalopathy and in neurodegenerative diseases.The mechanisms involved are beginning to be unde rstood.For example,increased tumor necrosis factor a in extracellular vesicles from plasma of hype rammonemic rats induces neuroinflammation and motor impairment when injected into normal rats.Identifying the mechanisms by which extracellular vesicles contribute to the pathogenesis of these diseases will help to develop new treatments and diagnostic tools for their easy and early detection.In contrast,extra cellular vesicles from mesenchymal stem cells have therapeutic utility in many of the above pathologies,by reducing inflammation and neuroinflammation and improving cognitive and motor function.These extra cellular vesicles recapitulate the beneficial effects of mesenchymal stem cells and have advantages as therapeutic tools:they are less immunoge nic,may not diffe rentiate to malignant cells,cross the blood-brain barrier,and may reach more easily target organs.Extracellular vesicles from mesenchymal stem cells have beneficial effects in models of ischemic brain injury,Alzheimer's and Parkinson's diseases,hyperammonemia,and hepatic encephalopathy.Extracellular vesicles from mesenchymal stem cells modulate the immune system,promoting the shift from a pro-inflammato ry to an anti-inflammatory state.For example,extracellular vesicles from mesenchymal stem cells modulate the Th17/Treg balance,promoting the anti-inflammatory Treg.Extracellular vesicles from mesenchymal stem cells may also act directly in the brain to modulate microglia activation,promoting a shift from a pro-inflammatory to an anti-inflammatory state.This reduces neuroinflammation and improves cognitive and motor function.Two main components of extracellular vesicles from mesenchymal stem cells which contribute to these beneficial effects are transforming growth factor-βand miR-124.Identifying the mechanisms by which extracellular vesicles from mesenchymal stem cells induce the beneficial effects and the main molecules(e.g.,proteins and mRNAs)involved may help to improve their therapeutic utility.The aims of this review are to summarize the knowledge of the pathological effects of extracellular vesicles in different pathologies,the therapeutic potential of extra cellular vesicles from mesenchymal stem cells to recover cognitive and motor function and the molecular mechanisms for these beneficial effects on neurological function.

Development of a rapid and efficient system for CR genes identification based on hairy root transformation in Brassicaceae

Many economically important crops and vegetables belonging to the cruciferous family are heavily endangered by clubroot disease caused by Plasmodiophora brassicae infection.Breeding of clubroot resistant cultivars based on mapping and cloning of resistant genes is commonly regarded as the most cost-effective and efficient way to fight against this disease.The traditional way of R gene functional validation requires stable transformation that is both time-and labor-consuming.In this study,a rapid and efficient hairy-root transgenic protocol mediated by Agrobacterium rhizogenes was developed.The transformation positive rate was over 80%in Brassica napus showed by GUS reporter gene and this transformation only took 1/6 of the time compared with stable transformation.The system was applicable to different B.napus varieties and other cruciferous crops including Brassica rapa and Brassica oleracea.In particular,two known CR genes,CRA3.7.1 and CRA8.2.4 were used respectively,as example to show that the system works well for CR gene study combined with subsequent P.brassicae infection in B.napus.Most importantly,it works both in over-expression that led to disease resistance,as well as in RNAi which led to disease susceptible phenotype.Therefore,this system can be used in batch-wise identification of CR genes,and also offered the possibility of manipulating key genes within the P.brassicae genome that could improve our knowledge on host-pathogen interaction.

A General Analytic Approximation Technique for the Modified Bessel Functions with Fractional Order Iv (x), Applied to I1/6(x) and I1/7(x)

A general technique to obtain simple analytic approximations for the first kind of modified Bessel functions. The general procedure is shown, and the parameter determination is explained through the applications to this particular case I1/6(x)and I1/7(x). In this way, it shows how to apply the technique to any particular orderν, in order to obtain an approximation valid for any positive value of the variable x. In the present method power series and asymptotic expansion are simultaneously used. The technique is an extension of the multipoint quasirational approximation method, MPQA. The main idea is to look for a bridge function between the power and asymptotic expansion of the I1/6(x), and similar procedure for I1/7(x). To perform this, rational functions are combined with hyperbolic ones and fractional powers. The number of parameters to be determined for each case is four. The maximum relative errors are 0.0049 for ν=1/6, and 0.0047 for ν=7. However, these relative errors decrease outside of the small region of the variables, wherein the maximum relative errors are reached. There is a clear advantage of this procedure compared with any other ones.

The Class of Atomic Exponential Basis Functions EFup_(n)(x,ω)-Development and Application

The purpose of this paper is to present the class of atomic basis functions(ABFs)which are of exponential type and are denoted by EFupn(x,ω).While ABFs of the algebraic type are already represented in the numerical modeling of various problems inmathematical physics and computationalmechanics,ABFs of the exponential type have not yet been sufficiently researched.These functions,unlike the ABFs of the algebraic type Fupn(x),contain the tension parameterω,which gives them additional approximation properties.Exponential monomials up to the nth degree can be described exactly by the linear combination of the functions EFupn(x,ω).The function EFupn for n=0 is called the“mother”ABF of the exponential type,i.e.,EFup0(x,ω)≡Eup(x,ω).In other words,the functions EFupn(x,ω)are elements of the linear vector space EUPn and retain all the properties of their“mother”function Eup(x,ω).Thus,this paper,in terms of its content and purpose,can be understood as a sequel of the article by Brajcic Kurbasa et al.,which shows the basic properties and application of the basis function Eup(x,ω).This paper presents,in an analogous way,the development and application of the exponential basis functions EFupn(x,ω).Here,for the first time,expressions for calculating the values of the functions EFupn(x,ω)and their derivatives are given in a form suitable for application in numerical analyses,which is shown in the verification examples of the approximations of known functions.

Thermodynamic Functions and Phase Transformation of Metal Nanocrystals

A model to calculate the thermodynamic functions of the pure metal nanocrystals has been developed, with the consideration of the effects of both the interfaces and the crystal in the nano-grain interior. As an example, the enthalpy, entropy and Gibbs free energy, as functions of the excess free volume at interfaces, temperature and grain size, are calculated for the Co nanocrystals. Furthermore, the characteristics of β-Co→α-Co phase transformation are studied, and the transformation temperatures at different levels of grain size, as well as the critical grain sizes at different temperatures, are predicted. The calculation results show that, the nano-grained β-Co （fcc） is thermodynamically stable at temperatures much lower than that for the conventional coarse-grained materials, and may also stably exist at room temperature when the grain size is reduced to be small enough. The present model is verified by comparisons between the experimental findings and the theoretical predictions.

The transformation of China＇s economic and government functions

The content of China＇s economic transformation is not single, and this article argues that it includes three parts. The first is the reform of economic system, the second is the change in the pattern of economic growth, and the third is the adjustment of economic structure. Government is the leading force of China＇s economic transformation, and repeated reform of government institutions has brought about some changes to government functions. But problems are obvious that lag changes of government functions have become an obstacle in China＇s economic transformation. This article describes the historical evolution and the reality of China＇s economic transformation, and analyzes the main reasons of lag changes in government functions, and reveals that the transformation of government functions is the key for successful transformation of China＇s economy.

The Separation of Powers from Functions and the Establishment of a New Structure of Management and Operation of State-owned Assets

The development of the socialist market economy demands the furtherintensification of the reform of the management operating system (MOS)of the state-owned assets, the strengthening of the efficiency in the man-agement of state-owned assets,and the improvement of the operating bene-

Zeta Functions of the Complement and xyz-Transformations of a Regular Graph

Let Z(λ,G)denote the zeta function of a graph G.In this paper the complement G^Cand the G^(xyz)-transformation G^(xyz)of an r-regular graph G with n vertices and m edges for x,y,z∈{0,1,+,-},are considerd.The relationship between Z(λ,G)and Z(λ,G^C)is obtained.For all x,y,z∈{0,1,+,-},the explicit formulas for the reciprocal of Z(λ,G^(xyz))in terms of r,m,n and the characteristic polynomial of G are obtained.Due to limited space,only the expressions for G^(xyz)with z=0,and xyz∈{0++,+++,1+-}are presented here.

Price prediction of power transformer materials based on CEEMD and GRU

The rapid growth of the Chinese economy has fueled the expansion of power grids.Power transformers are key equipment in power grid projects,and their price changes have a significant impact on cost control.However,the prices of power transformer materials manifest as nonsmooth and nonlinear sequences.Hence,estimating the acquisition costs of power grid projects is difficult,hindering the normal operation of power engineering construction.To more accurately predict the price of power transformer materials,this study proposes a method based on complementary ensemble empirical mode decomposition(CEEMD)and gated recurrent unit(GRU)network.First,the CEEMD decomposed the price series into multiple intrinsic mode functions(IMFs).Multiple IMFs were clustered to obtain several aggregated sequences based on the sample entropy of each IMF.Then,an empirical wavelet transform(EWT)was applied to the aggregation sequence with a large sample entropy,and the multiple subsequences obtained from the decomposition were predicted by the GRU model.The GRU model was used to directly predict the aggregation sequences with a small sample entropy.In this study,we used authentic historical pricing data for power transformer materials to validate the proposed approach.The empirical findings demonstrated the efficacy of our method across both datasets,with mean absolute percentage errors(MAPEs)of less than 1%and 3%.This approach holds a significant reference value for future research in the field of power transformer material price prediction.

Shaking table test study on performance and functionality of a typical telecommunication room after earthquakes

Large numbers of basic transceiver stations,where the telecommunication room is one of the main components,comprise an important part of the telecommunication system.After earthquakes,considerable economic loss from telecommunication systems is often associated with seismic damage and functional loss of the telecommunication room.However,research related to this has been limited.In this study,shaking table tests were conducted for a full-scale typical telecommunication room,including a light-steel house and the necessary communication and power supply equipment.The tests not only focused on the seismic damage to all the structures but also considered the functions of the communication and power supply of the equipment.The interactions between these facilities and their effects on communication function were also investigated.Compared with the damage to structures,the interruption of the power supply due to earthquakes is a weak link.Finally,the damage indexes,together with their threshold values of different damage states for the communication and power supply equipment,were derived from the test results.The results of this research can contribute to the literature gaps regarding seismic performance studies of telecommunication rooms,and can serve as a valuable reference for future research on its seismic fragility and economic losses evaluation.

Phase field model for electric-thermal coupled discharge breakdown of polyimide nanocomposites under high frequency electrical stress

In contrast to conventional transformers, power electronic transformers, as an integral component of new energy power system, are often subjected to high-frequency and transient electrical stresses, leading to heightened concerns regarding insulation failures. Meanwhile, the underlying mechanism behind discharge breakdown failure and nanofiller enhancement under high-frequency electrical stress remains unclear. An electric-thermal coupled discharge breakdown phase field model was constructed to study the evolution of the breakdown path in polyimide nanocomposite insulation subjected to high-frequency stress. The investigation focused on analyzing the effect of various factors, including frequency, temperature, and nanofiller shape, on the breakdown path of Polyimide(PI) composites. Additionally, it elucidated the enhancement mechanism of nano-modified composite insulation at the mesoscopic scale. The results indicated that with increasing frequency and temperature, the discharge breakdown path demonstrates accelerated development, accompanied by a gradual dominance of Joule heat energy. This enhancement is attributed to the dispersed electric field distribution and the hindering effect of the nanosheets. The research findings offer a theoretical foundation and methodological framework to inform the optimal design and performance management of new insulating materials utilized in high-frequency power equipment.

Research on the longitudinal protection of a through-type cophase traction direct power supply system based on the empirical wavelet transform

This paper proposes a longitudinal protection scheme utilizing empirical wavelet transform(EWT)for a through-type cophase traction direct power supply system,where both sides of a traction network line exhibit a distinctive boundary structure.This approach capitalizes on the boundary’s capacity to attenuate the high-frequency component of fault signals,resulting in a variation in the high-frequency transient energy ratio when faults occur inside or outside the line.During internal line faults,the high-frequency transient energy at the checkpoints located at both ends surpasses that of its neighboring lines.Conversely,for faults external to the line,the energy is lower compared to adjacent lines.EWT is employed to decompose the collected fault current signals,allowing access to the high-frequency transient energy.The longitudinal protection for the traction network line is established based on disparities between both ends of the traction network line and the high-frequency transient energy on either side of the boundary.Moreover,simulation verification through experimental results demonstrates the effectiveness of the proposed protection scheme across various initial fault angles,distances to faults,and fault transition resistances.

The Similarity Transformation of Regularizing Functionals and Simularity Property of Their Fourier Transformations

Let and denote respectively the functionswhere λ≥1, The author discusses the similarity transformation of the regularizing functionals of these functions and the similar property of their Fourier transformation.

Analysis of Strength Training in the Training of Shot-Putters

The shot put is a sport that requires very high explosive power and precise technique.Strength training occupies the core position in the training of shot-putters,which can not only improve the throwing distance of athletes but also enhance their competitive state and prevent sports injuries.The purpose of this paper is to analyze the principles,classification,methods,and specific exercises of strength training in the training of shot-putters,in order to provide scientific training guidance for shot-putters.

Mathematical Modeling and Control Algorithm Development for Bidirectional Power Flow in CCS-CNT System

As the demand for more efficient and adaptable power distribution systems intensifies, especially in rural areas, innovative solutions like the Capacitor-Coupled Substation with a Controllable Network Transformer (CCS-CNT) are becoming increasingly critical. Traditional power distribution networks, often limited by unidirectional flow capabilities and inflexibility, struggle to meet the complex demands of modern energy systems. The CCS-CNT system offers a transformative approach by enabling bidirectional power flow between high-voltage transmission lines and local distribution networks, a feature that is essential for integrating renewable energy sources and ensuring reliable electrification in underserved regions. This paper presents a detailed mathematical representation of power flow within the CCS-CNT system, emphasizing the control of both active and reactive power through the adjustment of voltage levels and phase angles. A control algorithm is developed to dynamically manage power flow, ensuring optimal performance by minimizing losses and maintaining voltage stability across the network. The proposed CCS-CNT system demonstrates significant potential in enhancing the efficiency and reliability of power distribution, making it particularly suited for rural electrification and other applications where traditional methods fall short. The findings underscore the system's capability to adapt to varying operational conditions, offering a robust solution for modern power distribution challenges.

Identification of potential biomarkers for idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis and validation of TDO2 as a potential therapeutic target

BACKGROUND Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis(IPF)is a progressive interstitial lung disease with a high mortality rate.On this basis,exploring potential therapeutic targets to meet the unmet needs of IPF patients is important.AIM To explore novel hub genes for IPF therapy.METHODS Here,we used public datasets to identify differentially expressed genes between IPF patients and healthy donors.Potential targets were considered based on multiple bioinformatics analyses,especially the correlation between hub genes and carbon monoxide diffusing capacity of carbon monoxide,forced vital capacity,and patient survival rate.The mRNA levels of the hub genes were determined through quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction.RESULTS We found that TDO2 was upregulated in IPF patients and predicted poor prognosis.Surprisingly,single-cell RNA sequencing data analysis revealed significant enrichment of TDO2 in alveolar fibroblasts,indicating that TDO2 may participate in the regulation of proliferation and survival.Therefore,we verified the upregulated expression of TDO2 in an experimental mouse model of transforming growth factor-β(TGF-β)-induced pulmonary fibrosis.Furthermore,the results showed that a TDO2 inhibitor effectively suppressed TGF-β-induced fibroblast activation.These findings suggest that TDO2 may be a potential target for IPF treatment.Based on transcription factors-microRNA prediction and scRNA-seq analysis,elevated TDO2 promoted the IPF proliferation of fibroblasts and may be involved in the P53 pathway and aggravate ageing and persistent pulmonary fibrosis.CONCLUSION We provided new target genes prediction and proposed blocking TGF-βproduction as a potential treatment for IPF.

Exploring a New Lifetime Distribution for Modelling the Waiting Time of Bank Customers

The fitting of lifetime distribution in real-life data has been studied in various fields of research. With the theory of evolution still applicable, more complex data from real-world scenarios will continue to emerge. Despite this, many researchers have made commendable efforts to develop new lifetime distributions that can fit this complex data. In this paper, we utilized the KM-transformation technique to increase the flexibility of the power Lindley distribution, resulting in the Kavya-Manoharan Power Lindley (KMPL) distribution. We study the mathematical treatments of the KMPL distribution in detail and adapt the widely used method of maximum likelihood to estimate the unknown parameters of the KMPL distribution. We carry out a Monte Carlo simulation study to investigate the performance of the Maximum Likelihood Estimates (MLEs) of the parameters of the KMPL distribution. To demonstrate the effectiveness of the KMPL distribution for data fitting, we use a real dataset comprising the waiting time of 100 bank customers. We compare the KMPL distribution with other models that are extensions of the power Lindley distribution. Based on some statistical model selection criteria, the summary results of the analysis were in favor of the KMPL distribution. We further investigate the density fit and probability-probability (p-p) plots to validate the superiority of the KMPL distribution over the competing distributions for fitting the waiting time dataset.

Comprehensive Reliability Allocation Method for CNC Lathes Based on Cubic Transformed Functions of Failure Mode and Effects Analysis

Reliability allocation of computerized numerical controlled（CNC）lathes is very important in industry.Traditional allocation methods only focus on high-failure rate components rather than moderate failure rate components,which is not applicable in some conditions.Aiming at solving the problem of CNC lathes reliability allocating,a comprehensive reliability allocation method based on cubic transformed functions of failure modes and effects analysis（FMEA）is presented.Firstly,conventional reliability allocation methods are introduced.Then the limitations of direct combination of comprehensive allocation method with the exponential transformed FMEA method are investigated.Subsequently,a cubic transformed function is established in order to overcome these limitations.Properties of the new transformed functions are discussed by considering the failure severity and the failure occurrence.Designers can choose appropriate transform amplitudes according to their requirements.Finally,a CNC lathe and a spindle system are used as an example to verify the new allocation method.Seven criteria are considered to compare the results of the new method with traditional methods.The allocation results indicate that the new method is more flexible than traditional methods.By employing the new cubic transformed function,the method covers a wider range of problems in CNC reliability allocation without losing the advantages of traditional methods.

Sine Transformation and the Reparametrization of Bézier Curves

A solution to the reparametrization of Bézier curves by sine transformation of Bemstein basis is presented. The new effective reparametrization method is given through the following procedures： educing Sine Bemstein-Bézier Class-SBBC function, defining SBBC curve and discussing the relation between SBBC and Bézier curve.

Differential Sandwich Theorems for Analytic Functions Defined by an Extended Multiplier Transformation

In this investigation, we obtain some applications of first order differential subordination and superordination results involving an extended multiplier transformation and other linear operators for certain normalized analytic functions. Some of our results improve previous results.