Optimization of Rural Governance Structure under the Development of New Agricultural Management Entities

The positive impact of the development of new agricultural business entities and their institutional systems on the optimization of rural governance structures can be examined from various perspectives,including the state,market,rural society,urban-rural relations,and grassroots governance structure in rural communities.The development of these new agricultural business entities has not only redefined but also restructured the power distribution and governance patterns in rural developing countries,markets,and villages.The rural social order has evolved into a ternary mutual structure governance pattern,often referred to as the“state market rural”model.This transformation has prompted adjustments in the national economic and social policy structure and management systems at both macro and micro levels.It has led to the reshaping of power dynamics,benefit distribution,and governance structures in both urban and rural areas,resulting in significant changes to the economic and social fabric of rural regions.Furthermore,the grassroots governance structure in rural society,characterized by“township governance and village governance,”is undergoing continuous development and improvement.This transition is marked by a shift towards a collaborative governance structure that encourages diverse participation.Building upon the aforementioned optimizations,the rural governance structure now exhibits new characteristics.These include a more extensive and diverse range of rural governance mechanisms,increased openness in governance processes,and a heightened synergy among various governance mechanisms.This dynamic evolution reflects a richer,more diverse,and more open approach to rural governance,fostering a stronger collaborative effort in the pursuit of effective governance.

Application of Variable Strategies in the Low-cost and Energy-saving Rural Residences in Transitional Areas

Changeful and complex rural family structure and climatic features of transitional areas in China make the application of variable strategy in energy-saving rural residence designs possible.Aiming at the low cost,several effective and reasonable variable strategies were proposed for the design of interior spaces,main bedroom,sunshine room,staircase,west wall,door and window design to satisfy changing structure of a family during different periods and their different thermo-technical requirements in winter and summer.In this way,thermal comfort of rural indoor spaces will be improved,more energy saved,useful experience and thoughts provided for the energy-saving residence design in cold regions and regions hot in summer and cold in winter.

The Constitution of Authority:the Past and Present of the Governance Order in Rural Areas

How should the rural governance order be reconstructed centered on the new authority elements after the collapse of traditional rural governance order with the core of family authority, gentry authority and regime? This is a major problem in the construction of new rural areas of contemporary China. This paper attempts to present a historical picture of the inversely proportional relationship between elements like regime, family authority, gentry authority, financial power, political power, civil rights, and so on, based on review of the change path of rural area governance order tracing back to traditional period, the period of the Republic of China, years before the founding of new China as well as period after reform and opening up. It is believed that"innovations"and"heritages"of traditions must be investigated in the transformation process for the rebuilding of a set of stable and reasonable governance order for rural areas, instead of cutting facts by a certain theory or design. In addition, the actual weight of every authority element in social structure and order in people’s mind should be faced up with, which should be integrated with"regulation"and"virtue".

Circulation of Development Factors Promoted by Innovation of Land Management Under Background of Rural Vitalization:A Case Study of Tengtou Village in Zhejiang Province,China

Land is the space carrier for the existence and flow of other development factors.Activating rural land and promoting the circulation of other development factors through land management innovation is necessary to realize rural vitalization.This paper identifies the connotation of factor flow in the rural vitalization context,the action mechanism of land management innovation to boost the flow of development factors,the issues and obstacles restricting factor circulation,and the realization mechanism of the flow of development factors in rural vitalization.Based on the analytic paradigm constructed in the paper,the successful practice of promoting the flow of development factors through innovative land management in a model village is examined.The results show that:1)the unreasonable systems characterized by the land use system in rural areas are the main obstacles causing circulation issues in development factors.It is essential to engage in comprehensive reform to break down these long-lasting obstacles to the smooth flow of development factors.2)The land should play a leading role in the circulation of development factors in the background of rural vitalization;the main purpose of land management innovation is to activate the land factor,thereby promoting the circulation of other factors.3)The activated land factor will act as a‘trigger’to promote capital and technology in rural settings and use capital and technology to attract the inflow of talents and the return of migrant workers,whereby the population factor will act as a‘catalyst’for the cultivation of rural culture,bringing about the integration of various development factors.4)The innovation of land use and management,increased funding,and new technologies have brought multiple talents to Tengtou Village.The high-frequency mutual feedback between the village’s own and the external development factors resulted in its successful integration of industrial development.

Regional Developmental Problems of the Rural Settlements in Bosnia and Herzegovina

The paper considers developmental problems of the rural settlements in Bosnia and Herzegovina, which are results of long-term disparity in the regional development in the period 1991-2012. In this paper it is considered the recent migration from rural to urban areas and the depopulation of the rural areas. The result of these trends reflects the development of the new infrastructure and tertiary activities. In these investigations, statistical data processed and geovisualised in GIS were used. The obtained data indicate extremely unequable regional arrangement of the population in the rural areas and socio-economic development.

Comparative Analysis of Managerial Ownership and Its Effect on Corporate Performance in Selected Asian and European Transition Economies

This paper analyzes determinants and consequences of managerial ownership within ownership structures of the selected European and Asian transition countries. Focus of the analysis is the influence of the specific unification of ownership and control on corporate performance. Findings in the paper are based on research that produced empirical data for Croatia which is subsequently compared with evidence from other Asian and European transition countries facing the same issues. Consequently, transitional ownership structures, influenced by actual privatization process, like emergent corporate governance mechanisms, highly concentrated ownership and undeveloped markets for corporate control are also described. Research findings show that direct or indirect managerial ownership are important phenomena in transition countries, research has also shown that stable and concentrated managerial ownership have positive effects on firms＇ profitability in the observed transitional environments.

数字化转型下的乡村国土空间数字治理技术体系构建

数字技术向乡村地域延伸与渗透,深刻影响着乡村社会、经济和政治的组织方式及结构。乡村国土空间治理的对象、主体、技术都在数字技术的介入下发生了转变。在梳理数字技术介入下乡村发展转型的物质空间特征及作用机制的基础上,剖析了数字化转型下的乡村国土空间治理主体关系,从乡村数字治理的空间底座框架及其关键技术体系两个方面构建了基于乡村多主体协同治理的国土空间数字治理技术体系。

“镇改街”背后的街道治理困境与对策研究——基于整体性治理视角

随着城镇化快速向郊区扩张或“撤县改区”,促使原有的乡镇政府快速转变为城市街道办事处,但这种快速调整使得转型期的街道办面临着双重矛盾,既有各城市街道面临的共性问题,也有过渡阶段的适应性问题。如何来调整过渡阶段基层部门内部的治理结构以及治理职能,成为转型期街道发展面临的紧迫课题。因此,本研究首先系统地梳理当前街道治理结构变革的三种模式:减负式、赋权式与混合式;其次,整体性治理能有效地解决街道行政体制改革过程中存在的“碎片化”问题,在此基础之上构建了转型期街道治理结构与治理职能的匹配模型,厘清了街道治理体系中垂直治理结构、水平治理结构、内部治理结构与其治理职能之间的关系;最后,重点剖析L市Y区街道治理内部结构关系与功能定位问题,并从权力、结构与功能三个维度,提出未来转型期街道基层治理改革的对策建议。

东北黑土区农村宅基地功能转型特征与机制研究——以海伦市长华村为例

研究目的:揭示东北黑土区村域尺度农村宅基地功能转型特征与驱动机制,探寻“三权分置”制度框架下宅基地的活化利用与有效管理对策。研究方法:实地调查法和案例研究法。研究结果:(1)东北黑土区内农村宅基地的居住功能弱化,农业生产功能增强,宅基地功能由居住功能主导向居住、生产二元复合功能或农业生产功能为主导转变;(2)村域尺度内,农村宅基地功能转型的阶段特征明显,空间上表现为与中心村的距离越远,宅基地功能转型程度越剧烈;(3)在城镇化等外缘要素的影响下,乡村地域系统内人口和产业的变化共同驱动农村宅基地功能转型;(4)农村宅基地“三权分置”的制度框架下,结合农村宅基地功能组合和利用状态,引导农户选择适宜的宅基地利用方式,有利于促进宅基地利用效率提升。研究结论:东北黑土区农村宅基地功能正在经历转型过程,应根据宅基地功能转型阶段特征,深化农村宅基地“三权分置”改革,筛选适宜的宅基地利用与管理方式。

Structure and governance model of rural social space quality:A case study of Longxi County in the Loess Hilly Area of China

The rural social space quality is an important indicator to measure the living standard and thinking ideas and so forth of rural residents in a certain region.In this paper,213 administrative villages in Longxi County of the Loess Hilly Area,China are taken as evaluation units to construct the evaluation model of the rural social space quality.This paper deeply analyzed the variation patterns and their formation mechanism of the rural social space quality at a village scale,and proposed a governance model based on the rural social space quality.The results show that:(1)the social space quality levels of individual administrative villages show a gradually decreasing trend from the township seats to outward.The eastern part of Longxi County has a relatively high education level and living standard,and the western part has a relatively high population stability level and income level.(2)The rural social space quality is mainly in a ring structure,supplemented by the interlaced structure.The core area is the towns and their surrounding areas,while the transition area,marginal area,and other areas are expanded around the core area.(3)Social forces and spatial effects jointly shape the variation of the rural social space quality.Social organizations provide a driving force for the allocation of elements,and interweaving with the spatial effects lead to the differences in the social space quality.(4)The governance models of the rural social space quality are constructed based on the principles of retaining the rural“people”,optimizing the rural“land”,and developing the rural“industry”,so as to improve the rural centripetal force,core force,inner thrust,and source power.

结构功能主义视角下新媒体推动乡村治理法治化研究

乡村治理体系的完善在国家治理体系现代化进程中有重要作用。随着互联网的快速普及,新媒体在乡村治理中的作用逐渐凸显。但是,新媒体融入乡村治理存在着基础规则匮乏、过程强调行政导向、协调机制不足、网络空间失序等困境。结构功能主义与乡村治理法治化深度嵌合,也为探索新媒体推动乡村治理法治化提出更加适配的研究视角。重视规范构造、牢固法治理念、建立协同参与机制、强化监管体系能够优化新媒体融入乡村治理法治化的适应、目标、整合和维模功能。

双轨共治:过渡型社区的治理实践

过渡型社区是高速城镇化进程中出现的新社区类型,探讨与其社会基础相匹配的治理模式,对于推进我国基层治理体系与治理能力现代化有重要意义。江苏、浙江等发达地区,立足过渡型社区的社会基础、治理环境和制度体制,形成了技术规则之治应对“城”特征行政事件,传统关系治理应对“乡”特征自治事件的“双轨共治”格局。双轨共治是立足乡村本位的过程治理,主要通过社区干部职业化与治理体系行政化改革、公共服务与项目资源下乡等推动行政轨道运行;通过自治单元下沉与社会精英动员、正式制度规则引入与自治规则重塑等来完善自治轨道建设。由此,行政体系建设与村居自治制度实践共同构成整体性的基层治理结构,有效回应了过渡型社区兼具乡村内核与城镇化发展的复合治理诉求。不过,双轨共治是与治理资源和治理事务双密集型社会基础相匹配的复杂治理模式,不能脱离实际盲目照搬。

传统文化融入农村基层治理的结构性功能分析

乡村振兴战略的实施意味着农村基层社会治理必须要发生适应性转型与改变。在社会学上,社会治理模式的转型与改变是个系统互动的过程。传统文化作为农村基层治理的重要内涵,其结构性功能则推动着农村基层社会治理的转型改变进程。以传统文化结构性功能发挥的角度分析农村经济、政治、可持续发展,有利于系统论证传统文化融入农村基层社会治理的结构性功能发挥及其对农村基层社会治理转型产生的积极性推动作用。

乡村公共资源分配中的圈层结构及村治逻辑

国家资源下乡对于乡村建设有着重要的价值,但从现代国家政权建设角度来看,当前乡村公共资源分配中“精英俘获”现象的学术表达——圈层结构,却体现出资源分配的不正义,这也将加重国家自主性与地方自主性的偏离。通过对鄂西南W村实证研究发现,这一结构从分配方式来看,体现为村庄“权力精英”主导分配秩序。从分配原则来看,以再生性利益关系为主,原生性血缘关系为辅。从分配主体结构来看,形成了以村支书、“经济合伙人”等核心向普通能人、普通村民等表层递减的圈层结构。在制度、文化、技术三重因素的共同作用下,塑造了圈层结构的长期稳定“合法”存续。基于工具理性的镇村功利性关系,是其制度基础;村民对发展性谋利的高包容性与逐渐萎缩的公共性,是其文化基础;技术治理中的“合法”俘获手段,是其技术基础。这一结构是当前治理资源、文化网络、治理技术制约下的“权宜之计”。阐明圈层结构现象的学理成因,有助于从制度变革、乡村公共文化建设、治理技术改进等角度,将转型中的乡村社会整合进现代化国家治理体系之中。

农村基层党组织领导力、乡村治理水平与农民幸福感:影响机理与实证检验

提升农民幸福感是乡村振兴工作的重要内容,而农村基层党组织在乡村治理过程中发挥着领导核心作用,通过健全自治、德治、法治相结合的乡村治理体系,充分发挥农村基层党组织领导力的作用,最终实现农民幸福感提升的目标,这有利于推动乡村振兴事业高质量发展。基于2020年7—8月在山东省16个地级市的调研数据,运用结构方程模型,通过引入乡村治理水平作为中介变量,将农村基层党组织领导力对农民幸福感的影响分解为直接效应和间接效应,分析农村基层党组织领导力、乡村治理水平与农民幸福感三者之间的关系。研究结果表明,农村基层党组织领导力对农民幸福感具有显著的正向影响;农村基层党组织领导力对乡村治理水平具有显著的正向影响;乡村治理水平在农村基层党组织领导力对农民幸福感的影响过程中发挥着中介作用,且农村基层党组织领导力对提升农民幸福感的间接效应大于其对农民幸福感提升的直接效应。基于此,从强化农村基层党组织领导力提升、提高“三治融合”水平、促进农民民主参与等方面提出增强农民幸福感的对策建议。

农村河道生态治理的结构设计与施工方法研究

农村河道生态问题严重威胁居民的饮用水安全,影响了居民的正常生活。河道治理融入生态学等多种学科,是当下环境保护工程中的重要内容。文章阐述了农村河道生态治理的意义,研究了农村河道生态治理设计结构,提出了农村河道生态治理施工方法,以供参考。

权力下乡:驻村第一书记制度的内在逻辑与优化路径

以村庄权力互动视角审视驻村第一书记制度,驻村第一书记实现了对村庄权力结构的改造,其本质是上层国家权力下乡。村民自治在实践中暴露出的问题倒逼对村庄权力结构进行改造,于是,驻村第一书记通过向村庄引入上层国家权力并基于新权力的引入重塑了村庄权力互动关系,创造出了一个全新的、具有独特优势的“上层国家权力基层国家权力自治权力”村庄权力结构,这就是上层国家权力下乡的过程。依靠干部队伍的嵌入整合、资源输入的权威效应、村治运作的模式创新等方面的联动施力,驻村第一书记成功向村庄引入上层国家权力。通过在“上层国家权力基层国家权力、自治权力”之轨上建立了培育、监督、辅助三重导向的权力互动崭新条线以及在“基层国家权力自治权力”之轨上开展了脱轨纠治的互动调适,驻村第一书记实现了对村庄权力互动关系的重塑。新型村庄权力结构的优势在于国家对村庄权力运作与村庄治理的可控性以及能够促进调适国家与社会之间的关系、加强党和政府自身建设、推动基层民主发展。不过,上层国家权力下乡也面临着乡土社会的双重屏障、权力运作的支撑不足、下乡成效的生产失衡、目标结果的反向错位等四重现实困境。未来,必须通过统筹个人深入与组织协助、明确书记角色与决策规则、完善制度主导成效机制、坚持村庄权力改善原则来优化驻村第一书记制度,从而更好地发挥制度优势以不断赋能乡村振兴和乡村治理现代化。

新乡贤助力乡村振兴:村庄差异、新乡贤类别与作用模式选择--以粤西地区Z市四类村庄为例

新乡贤助力乡村振兴的议题备受社会各界的关注。新乡贤组织化是新乡贤参与乡村治理规范化、制度化及有序化的必然要求。基于粤西地区四类村庄的调研资料,开展新乡贤类别与新乡贤组织化的关联性分析,研究发现,作为一种内生性的社会组织,新乡贤组织化更应该遵循村庄内在的秩序安排,依靠内在的强动力推动来完成,主要表现为集中型乡土权威和强团结结构两个动力要素;只有在内生动力严重不足的情况下,才需要外部力量的介入,借助政府权威来整合新乡贤资源。在此基础上分类施策,总结出三种失衡类型相对应的作用模式:村级新乡贤组织+项目认领制助力模式、新乡贤+村两委+村民代表复合治理组织助力模式,以及政府推动+镇级乡贤组织+结对帮扶助力模式。而模式要真正起到示范效应,应从筑牢信任关系、积极搭建平台载体、完善体制机制保障等方面寻求突破,方能应对现实的治理困境,有利于形成多元协同共治的乡村治理格局。

城市轨道交通企业治理:多元融合与创新驱动——基于全国50个城市统计数据的分析

作为轨道建设投资和运营主体的城市轨道交通企业(简称“城轨企业”),如何提升现代治理能力和水平,以适应城市轨道交通事业的快速发展,成为每个城市在推进城市治理过程中面临的一个新课题。为此,基于2021年底已开通城轨运营的50个城市的城轨企业的相关调研数据,运用公司治理理论,对这些企业的产权结构、委托代理关系、公司治理结构和公司治理机制进行了深层次分析。结果表明:城轨企业产权结构主要表现为国有独资和国有控股,委托代理关系最多表现为三层级委托代理关系;公司内部治理模式主要表现为新老“三会”融合发展的特征,外部治理模式主要表现为行政性治理、市场治理以及乘客治理“多管齐下”的属性。城轨企业公司治理存在的主要问题表现为治理结构不健全、治理机制不完善、“内部人控制”过度、行政性治理“软约束”、利益相关者治理不充分等。针对这些问题,需要从政府管制、行业自律以及公司改造三个视角,建立创新驱动的新型体制机制。

社会智库参与乡村数字治理:功能、困境和进路

乡村数字治理是推进我国治理水平现代化的核心动力,社会智库的嵌入上承数字资源的通畅输送,下启乡村内生力量的培育,推动各方主体的协同共振。以协同治理理论为基础,从结构和关系的维度,讨论社会智库参与乡村数字治理中表现出的咨政辅社二元、多域人才研判和社会资本介入三种功能,发现内外结构之间无法深度嵌合和不同主体之间联动存在限度的双重困境。因此,有必要重塑社会智库的发展路径并且强化各方主体对社会智库的认同与互动。