Rural labor migration and farmers’arrangements of rice production systems in Central China:Insight from the intergenerational division of labor

Rice production is crucial for food security in China,and its relationship with rural labor migration has been studied extensively.Labor migration in rural China has taken new forms in recent years.There has been a discernible trend wherein adult children have started migrating to cities while their elderly parents return to villages to re-engage in on-farm work.The phenomenon has notably shaped the intergenerational division of labor(IDL)within households.However,it remains to be seen how farmers adjust their rice production systems in response to the IDL.The age of 60 years for employment injury insurance is the eligibility threshold for off-farm employment and is used to obtain a source of exogenous variation in the IDL.Based on a representative household survey of 1,752 rice farmers in the Hubei Province of Central China,our fuzzy regression discontinuity analysis reveals that farmers in IDL households are more likely to adopt ratoon rice(RR)than single cropping rice(SR)or double cropping rice(DR).The effect of the IDL varies under different levels of operational scales and specialized agricultural service availability.Further analysis suggests that farmers’arrangements are associated with two potential mechanisms of downward intergenerational transfer.Monetary transfer for urban housing purchases increases RR in IDL households,and time transfer for intergenerational childcare significantly promotes SR in IDL households.This study enhances the understanding of the relationship between rural labor migration and rice production in China,providing a reference for adjusting rice production systems to ensure food security.

Is the feminization of labor harmful to agricultural production? The decision-making and production control perspective

Even today,academics continue to debate the effect of feminization of agricultural labor force on agricultural output.By considering the dimensions of participation in decision-making and production,this study divides the various agricultural production models into three types:(i)the traditional model of decisions made either jointly by men and women or by men alone while both genders participate in production,(ii)complete feminization of agricultural decision-making and the production labor force,and(iii)feminization of the agricultural production labor force only.This study investigates the effects of combining or separating decision-making and production in regard to agricultural development in the context of feminization of the agricultural labor force.Using follow-up data collected from 2004–2008 by the Ministry of Agriculture of China,we built a comprehensive panel data model to test our hypotheses.Our research shows that in comparison to traditional agricultural households and fully feminized agricultural labor forces,partially feminized production resulted in lower grain yield and technological advancement.The feminization of agricultural labor does not necessarily have a negative impact on agricultural output,especially since heavy manual labor is being increasingly replaced by agricultural machinery and outsourcing of tasks.The degree of feminization of the decision-making and production processes should be an important consideration when evaluating the purported negative effects of the feminization of agricultural labor.

Analysis of the Impact of Off-farm Employment of Agricultural Labor on Grain Production in Shandong Province and Henan Province

[Objective] This study aimed to investigate the impact of off-farm employment of agricultural labor on grain production. [Method] Impact of off-farm employment of agricultural labor on grain production was investigated based on path analysis by using data from 200 counties and cities in Shandong Province and Henan Province in 2000 and 2008. [Result] Off-farm employment of agricultural labor affects grain production through agricultural land use patterns, off-farm employment of agricultural labor has negative impacts on grain production through multiple cropping index and positive impacts through the proportion of grain planting area. The positive impacts were greater in 2008. [Conclusion] Prerequisite of the positive impacts of off-farm employment on grain production is the substitution of agricultural mechanization development and agricultural technology advancement for agricultural labor. Orderly land circulation and scale land use should be promoted to avoid the lack of agricultural labor due to off-farm employment.

Differing Effects of Intra-Product International Division of Labor on Technological Progress:Comparing Proactive Participation with Passive Inclusion

This paper has identified two models of intra-product international division of labor:the model of passive inclusion and the model of proactive participation.Their difference is essentially whether participation in international division of labor is dominated by multinational firms or by local firms.At the level of representative sectors,some characteristic variables of participation in international division of labor demonstrate significant industry differences.Models of division of labor affect technology progress.According to the empirical analysis result at the micro-level of four sectors,no matter for export or the contribution of learning by doing to corporate technology progress,the model of proactive participation is superior to the model of passive inclusion;under the model of passive inclusion,the technology spillover effect of import is smaller than "learning by doing " effect;under the model of proactive participation,technology spillover effect is over two times the "learning by doing" effect.

Integrated Development of China's Agricultural Labor Market from the Perspective of Convergence of Planting Industry Marginal Labor Productivity

Using Compilation of National Cost Benefit Data of Agricultural Products in 1990-2009 and based on the convergence of planting industry marginal labor productivity,this paper studies the integration of agricultural labor market in China. Firstly,it calculates labor output elasticity of each province for wheat,japonica rice and corn. Secondly,it builds indicators reflecting change level of marginal labor productivity. Researches show that in 1990-2000,the difference level of marginal labor productivity expands. From 2000,it starts to fall and becomes more and more stable. However,due to difference of crops and farming custom,the turning point of marginal labor productivity is not consistent with each other. Even so,it is still possible to reach the conclusion that agricultural labor market is gradually integrated from 2000.

Employment and development levels in rural areas of the Russian Federation

The development of agro-industrial complex is important for ensuring national food security and national health.The development of rural areas is subject to the development of agriculture and local infrastructure,as well as the availability of various services.This study selected 15 indicators in 2021 to analyze the employment and development levels in rural areas of 71 regions of the Russian Federation using the analytical grouping method.The results indicated that 20 regions(Group 1)had the highest percentage of rural population(33.10%).The percentage of population engaged in agriculture had the highest value(12.40%)in 31 regions(Group 2).Moreover,20 regions(Group 3)had the highest investments in fixed assets at the expense of municipal budget(11.80 USD/person).Increasing the investments in fixed assets carried out from the budget of the municipality can improve the employment level in rural areas.Then,we used cluster analysis to divide 14 regions of the Volga Federal District in the Russian Federation into 3 clusters.Cluster 1 covered Kirov Region and Republic of Mari El;Cluster 2 included Ulyanovsk Region,Saratov Region,Nizhny Novgorod Region,Perm Territory,Orenburg Region,Chuvash Region,and Republic of Mordovia;and Cluster 3 contained Republic of Tatarstan,Samara Region,Udmurtian Republic,Penza Region,and Republic of Bashkortostan.Results indicated that the 2 regions of Cluster 1 need to increase the availability of resources and natural gas and improve the investment attractiveness of rural areas.The 7 regions of Cluster 2 needed to develop infrastructure,public services,and agricultural production.We found the highest employment level in rural areas,the largest investments in fixed assets at the expense of municipal budget,the largest residential building area per 10,000 persons,and the largest individual residential building area in the 5 regions of Cluster 3.This study makes it possible to draw up a comprehensive regional development program and proves the need for the development of rural areas,which is especially important for the sustainable development of the Russian Federation.

The Impact of Quality of Labor on Farmers' Agricultural Production Benefits:A Case Study of Anyang City

In recent years,the Central Document No.1 has been all about the issues concerning agriculture,countryside and farmers,and especially the Central Document No.1 in 2013 highlighted the improvement of quality of the rural labor force to develop modern agriculture.The quality of labor is related to the improvement of production efficiency,and farmers' agricultural production benefits are related to the issues concerning agriculture,countryside and farmers,ultimately affecting the development process of modern agriculture.On the theoretical basis of human capital,this article carries out empirical analysis,calculates the farmers' agricultural production benefits,and analyzes the specific impact of quality of labor on farmers' agricultural production benefits.Finally,some recommendations are put forth to increase farmers' income.

Relationship Between Social Economic Agglomeration and Labor Productivity of Core Cities in Northeast China

Dalian, Shenyang, Changchun and Harbin are the four core cities which play an essential role in terms of promoting the economic development in Northeast China. In this paper, the impact of urban agglomeration on labor productivity is explored by making comparisons among these four cities. The model used for analysis is a classical model derived from previous studies. Some indicators, such as population density and economic density, were selected to examine the impact of urban agglomeration on the labor productivity based on the time-series data for the four cities from 1990 to 2007. The four main conclusions are： l） The promotion from the growth rate of population density on the growth rate of labor productivity is limited. 2） The negative relationship exists between the growth rate of employment density and the growth rate of labor productivity. 3） Agglomeration effect exists in the four cities, the highest one is Dalian, Shenyang takes the second place, followed by Changchun and Harbin, and the predominant promotion exerted on the labor productivity is the output density.

The Growth Path of Agricultural Labor Productivity in Major Grain Producing Areas

The growth of agricultural labor productivity in major grain producing areas arises from the increase in production factors or improvement of efficiency,and is related to the sustainability of agricultural economic growth and national food security. We study the growth path of agricultural labor productivity in 13 major grain producing areas of China,and the analysis results show that from the relative endowments of land and labor in major grain producing areas,the growth rate of the output value per unit of labor is higher than that of the productivity per unit of land; in essence,this growth path of increasing the output value relying on increasing the production factor inputs is the reduction of labor,and the reduction of agricultural labor has a great elasticity of impact on the total value of agricultural production. In the case of stable future number of agricultural labor in China,the growth of agricultural labor productivity will be impossible to rely more on the increase in agricultural production factor inputs,and the growth path of agricultural economy still has to rely on the improvement of land productivity and take the efficiency-based path.

Changes of the Scale and Structure of Agricultural Laborer and Their Impacts on Food Production——Empirical study on YinshanPo Village, Suizhou City

On the strength of expounding the general situation of study area and the status quo of agricultural laborers in China, the changes of the scale and structure of agricultural laborer from 1985 to 2009 are analyzed by relying on the survey from farmers and statistical data from the government. The causes of these changes are analyzed from the aspects of rural farmland policy,birth-control policy, farmland marginalization and industrialization. Based on the study on the causes, the impacts of the changes on food production are analyzed from operation scale of household, the grain cropping area, the multi-cropping index and land productivity. The results show that the quality of agricultural laborers is decreasing form 1985 to 2009, which is characterized by the lack of middle-aged agricultural laborers and the aging of agricultural laborers. The causes of the changes include farmland policy, birth-control policy, farmland marginalization and urbanization. The shrinkage of agricultural laborers has grave impact on the multiple-cropping index. In addition, the land productivity is comprehensively affected by the scale and structure of agricultural laborers.

Empirical Study on the Impact of Rural Labor Force Flow on the Price of Agricultural Products——A Method Based on VEC Model

Based on the research introduction of domestic and foreign scholars,dynamic equilibrium between the rural labor force flow and the price of agricultural product is analyzed by VEC model,according to the data of the rural labor force flow and the price of agricultural products in the years 1990-2007.Chows breakpoint test is used to measure the stage characteristics of the impact of rural labor force flow on the price of agricultural product.Result shows that there is a long-term and stationary relationship between the flow quantity of rural labor force and the price of agricultural product.Rural labor force flow,as an exogenous force,affects the agricultural production,and further influences the price fluctuation of agricultural products.Impact of rural labor force flow on the price of agricultural product is from weak to strong,then grows gradually weaker,and reaches its peak value at the year 1998.With the development of rural society and economy and the market process,rural labor force flow endogenously affects the price of agricultural product,which has periodic characteristics.In order to achieve a dual stabilization of the rural labor force flow and the price of agricultural products,the following countermeasures are put forward:vigorously developing vocational education,increasing the support for agricultural production,and making active employment measures.

Labor Productivity Growth Effect of Industrial Structure Evolution in Guangdong Province during the Period 1978-2008:An Empirical Test of “Structural Bonus Hypothesis”

The labor flow promotes the industrial structure evolution,thereby affecting the growth of productivity.In the western industrialized countries,improvement in labor productivity has become an important source of economic growth.On the basis of analyzing changes of the industrial structure,changes of the structure of labor factor,changes of labor productivity and the growth rate in Guangdong Province in different periods,we use shift-share method to analyze the labor productivity effect of industrial structure in Guangdong Province,and put forward the following recommendations for the adjustment of industrial structure in Guangdong Province:(i) The adjustment of industrial structure should promote the reasonable and effective flow of labor between industries;(ii) Accelerating the optimization of the industrial structure is conducive to economic growth and improvement in labor productivity;(iii) In addition to structural optimization,the improvement in labor productivity should also focus on the improvement in intra-industry technology.

A Comparative Study on the Labor Productivity of Provincial Textile Industry Based on DEA in China

Making use of the DEA-based method of quadruplicate decomposition of labor productivity, the paper analyzes the influence of labor productivity of provincial textile industry in China, caused by the effect of technical efficiency, pure technical progress, changes of scale efficiency of capital per labor and of capital intensity from the year of 2002 to 2005. Its results show that the improvement of provincial textile industry labor productivity has mainly resulted from technical progress since 2003. Meanwhile, labor productivity of underdeveloped provinces has been growing faster than that of developed ones owing to technology diffusion. And then, the above-mentioned improvement has originated from the enhancement of capital deepening and technology efficiency. In addition, scale return of capital per labor appeared to decrease during the period from 2004 to 2005.

劳动力产权实现的关键:剩余索取权

社会主义市场经济运行的产权主体包括资本产权和劳动力产权。劳动力产权实现的关键是剩余索取权。这是马克思“劳动价值论”在现代市场经济中的贯彻和运作 ;劳动力使用权价值实现的主要形式是工资 ,劳动力所有权价值实现是剩余索取权 ;是人力资本运作的结果 ;人力资本的增值 ;是按生产要素分配的客观要求 ;劳动力产权作为资本要素和劳动要素获得双重收入。

Regression Analysis of the Sensitivity of Labor Productivity in Tourism to Operating Costs

The paper investigates the impact of selected variables of operating costs on labor productivity in the activity of accommodation and preparation and serving of food and beverages in the period from 2010 to 2020.The research was conducted by applying more linear on a sample of all companies that submitted annual financial reports in the observed period.The authors elaborate the special characteristics of the importance of labor productivity as an important indicator of business success,methods,and importance of business cost management and analyze the sensitivity of labor productivity to the costs incurred.Based on regression analysis,it is concluded that the amount of costs has an impact on the growth or decline of labor productivity,but based on the results of some of the costs incurred in business positively affects labor productivity,which is partially confirmed by the hypothesis of this study.

Media Narratives and the Conceptualization of Tea： A Case Study of Teavana＇s Oprah Chai Tea

More than just a drink, tea embodies social, cultural, economic and political meanings through time and across cultures. There is an essential tie between media and this meaning-making process. Media often create and carry the visions of health, nature, tranquility, and prosperity offered by tea. This mediated imaginary seems to persist even in the face of vast human inequalities and suffering and irreversible negative environmental impacts through the current practice of tea production under global conglomerates. Through textual analysis of media narratives of Teavana, a well-known tea brand, this project explores how media＇s mythic narratives potentially naturalize and celebrate the current production practice and the conspicuous consumption of tea, and silence the human suffering and environmental destruction endured, in order to gratify the very practice and consumption promoted by media.

湖南省产业结构效益研究

产业结构及其效益分析一直是产业经济学的研究重点。运用比较劳动生产率和Shift—Share模型对比分析,从1980年以来,与广东省、东部地区及全国相比,湖南省产业结构效益及其演变趋势为:①产业结构层次较低,结构效益较差,产业结构长期阻碍湖南经济快速发展;②产业结构正向合理方向演化,产业结构对经济阻碍程度逐年下降,有助于提高湖南省综合竞争力,导致湖南省经济增长率逐步接近并赶上全国经济增长率。在此基础上,分析其产生的原因,提出六大优化对策。

Rethinking the Concept of Seafaring Labor

In the maritime industry, seafaring labor is the most important part of the process of shipping production, just as much as the factory worker on land. However, due to seafaring is, in its most part, not possible to compare with occupations on land, the seafaring labor also very much differs from that of shore based workers. On the one hand, the seafarer＇s profession is still one of the most complex and dangerous work with unmatched rates of intrinsic hazards. On the other hand, the ship is not only the special instrument of seafaring labor, but also the residence where the seafarer is working, living, sleeping and socializing. All these characteristics determine that the policies and practices in respect of the seafarer differ from that in shore based industry. From the perspective of mode of production and labor process, a number of characteristics of seafaring labor are discussed in this article.

The Estimation Methods for Agricultural Surplus Labor Based on Stochastic Frontier Production Function

The existing calculation methods for the number of agricultural surplus labor have a common flaw,that is,they can not reflect the impact of technical efficiency changes in agricultural production on the surplus labor. Based on the basic principle of stochastic frontier production function,this paper calculates the agricultural production technical efficiency of various provinces,and selects the province with the highest technical efficiency to assume that its agricultural labor is fully utilized,and there is no agricultural surplus labor. With the ratio of agricultural labor number to agricultural output value in this province as a reference,this paper calculates the number of agricultural surplus labor in other provinces. This calculation method makes up for the shortcomings of the existing calculation methods; it reflects the relationship between the number of agricultural surplus labor and production technical efficiency.

China catches up with the U.S. as the world's largest manufacturer

This paper compares the internal structures of the manufacturing industries in China and the U.S. from 1998 to 2005 and leads to three major discoveries: First, the gaps between China and the U.S.'s manufacturing capacity have been narrowing at a high speed in the last seven years, during which the share of added value of China's manufacturing industry to that of the U.S. increased from 13% to 52%, and then reached 76% in 2007. Second, the labor force employed in China's manufacturing industry increased by 50%, of which the increase in capital and technology-intensive production sectors exceeded that in labor-intensive sectors. Meanwhile, the labor force employed in the U.S. manufacturing industry decreased. Third, labor productivity in China's manufacturing industry increased by 2.78 times, and profits increased by 2.21 times, much higher than the U.S. growth rates of 18.2% and 49.5%. Obviously, the narrowing gaps between China and the U.S.'s production capacities mean China's industrial progress and the hierarchy of world industrial powers will be rearranged.