In the pilot project of the substantive reform of court trials,“unexpected” judgments appeared constantly because the traditional documentary investigation mode has been replaced by an investigation mode under the p...In the pilot project of the substantive reform of court trials,“unexpected” judgments appeared constantly because the traditional documentary investigation mode has been replaced by an investigation mode under the principle of directness and verbalism. This change in the logic of factual judgments has caused a change in the methods of evidence examination. In traditional evidence examination, evidence obtained from investigations is supposed to be genuine and reliable. In the substantive reform of court trials, it is presumed that evidence obtained from investigations cannot be fully trusted and it is easier to ascertain the facts of the case by investigating using the principles of directness, verbalism and individualized judging methods for evidence examinations. In practice, there are three main factors affecting the genuineness of evidence: the cognitive rules of testifiers, the motivation of the subjects who provide evidence, and the methods used by investigators to obtain evidence. Based on any one of these three factors, it cannot be concluded that evidence obtained from investigations is superior to evidence presented in court. The substantive court investigation is more advantageous to establishing the facts of a case than the traditional court investigation. The essential characteristics of the substantive reform of court trials are pursuing reality in essence instead of in form, and using the files of the court trials instead of the files of the investigation to avoid the evidence obtained through investigations from playing a decisive role in the adjudication thus making criminal procedures trial-centered rather than investigation-centered.展开更多
The development and influencing factors of compliance behavior of investigators in clinical trials were explored. According to literature review, a hypothetical model of development of compliance behavior of investiga...The development and influencing factors of compliance behavior of investigators in clinical trials were explored. According to literature review, a hypothetical model of development of compliance behavior of investigators in clinical trials was established, and the influencing factors of compliance behavior of investigators and their interrelationships were studied based on questionnaire survey of five hundred investigators sampled randomly from one hundred clinical trial institutions in China. Cron- bach's alpha coefficient and structural equation modeling were adopted to empirically analyze the re- suits. Six variables in the hypothetical model were included: compliance behavior of investigators, credibility of clinical trial, capability of government regulation, quality control of sponsor, quality con- trol of clinical institution and compliance intention of investigators. Empirical analysis showed that the compliance behavior of investigators in clinical trial was directly affected by compliance intention of investigators, quality control of sponsor and quality control of clinical institution. In addition, credibility of clinical trial and capability of government regulation indirectly affected the compliance behavior of investigators in clinical trial through influencing the compliance intention of investigators, quality con- trol of sponsor and quality control of clinical institution. Quality control of sponsor was affected by credibility of clinical trial and capability of government regulation while quality control of clinical in- stitutinn wan only influenced by capability of government regulation.展开更多
Correct definition and management of sponsor- investigator relationship is of central importance for planing and executing clinical trials. During the last decade, there have been numerous modifications of guidelindes...Correct definition and management of sponsor- investigator relationship is of central importance for planing and executing clinical trials. During the last decade, there have been numerous modifications of guidelindes, international and national legislations and regulations. This implicated various alterations and shifts of essential responsibilities and tasks relating to the investigator, sponsor or sponsor-investigator what raised financial, clinical and ethical issues. First experiences with these new regulations and legislations are discussed together with international differences and their impacts on clinical trials. Regarding non-commercial trials and institutional sponsorship, there are still open organizational and legal questions after national implementation of the Europeam Clinical Trials Directive in 2004, although various approaches have been suggested in recent years in Europe. Current trends and controversies are discussed as well. A literature review was performed summarizing recent experiences with current legislations and risen controversies of these new legislations showing impact on future trends.展开更多
The number of clinical trials conducted in China's Mainland,including investigator‐initiated trials(IITs),has increased rapidly in recent years.However,there are few data on the characteristics of cancer‐related...The number of clinical trials conducted in China's Mainland,including investigator‐initiated trials(IITs),has increased rapidly in recent years.However,there are few data on the characteristics of cancer‐related IITs.We performed a comprehensive analysis of the landscape of cancer‐related IITs in China's Mainland in the past decade.All cancer‐related IITs registered on two clinical trial registries in the United States(www.clinicaltrials.gov,CT.gov)and China's Mainland(www.chictr.org.cn,ChiCTR)from 2010 to 2019 were identified.IITs were reviewed manually to validate classification,subcategorized by cancer type,and stratified by design characteristics to facilitate comparison across cancer types and with other specialties.A total of 8199 cancer‐related IITs were identified.The number of trials registered annually increased over time,especially in the last 5 years.Although interventional studies were predominant,randomized double‐blind studies accounted for only 8%of IITs.In the past decade,the trend for interventional studies conducted with different drugs increased year on year,although the increase in hormonal therapy IITs was not significant.Additionally,cancerrelated IITs were unevenly geographically distributed,with half concentrated in the economically developed cities Shanghai,Beijing,and Guangdong.We also found an increase in registration before participant enrollment(64.9%for trials in conducted in 2015–2019 vs.40.2%in 2010–2014,p<0.001)and data monitoring committee use(44.5%vs.40.0%,p=0.001)and a decrease in randomization(51.5%vs.62.7%,p<0.001)and funding(36.4%vs.56.3%,p<0.001)between these periods.We also observed changes in intervention type(decrease in cytotoxic drug therapy[34.8%vs.48.9%,p<0.001];increase in targeted therapy[17.8%vs.14.2%,p=0.004],immune checkpoint inhibitor therapy[6.6%vs.0.0%,p<0.001],and immune cell therapy[9.6%vs.4.5%,p<0.001]).Details of cancer‐related IITs conducted during the past decade illustrate the merits of oncology research in China's Mainland.Although the increased quantity of IITs is encouraging,limitations remain regarding the quality of clinical trials,regional imbalances,and funding allocation.展开更多
文摘In the pilot project of the substantive reform of court trials,“unexpected” judgments appeared constantly because the traditional documentary investigation mode has been replaced by an investigation mode under the principle of directness and verbalism. This change in the logic of factual judgments has caused a change in the methods of evidence examination. In traditional evidence examination, evidence obtained from investigations is supposed to be genuine and reliable. In the substantive reform of court trials, it is presumed that evidence obtained from investigations cannot be fully trusted and it is easier to ascertain the facts of the case by investigating using the principles of directness, verbalism and individualized judging methods for evidence examinations. In practice, there are three main factors affecting the genuineness of evidence: the cognitive rules of testifiers, the motivation of the subjects who provide evidence, and the methods used by investigators to obtain evidence. Based on any one of these three factors, it cannot be concluded that evidence obtained from investigations is superior to evidence presented in court. The substantive court investigation is more advantageous to establishing the facts of a case than the traditional court investigation. The essential characteristics of the substantive reform of court trials are pursuing reality in essence instead of in form, and using the files of the court trials instead of the files of the investigation to avoid the evidence obtained through investigations from playing a decisive role in the adjudication thus making criminal procedures trial-centered rather than investigation-centered.
文摘The development and influencing factors of compliance behavior of investigators in clinical trials were explored. According to literature review, a hypothetical model of development of compliance behavior of investigators in clinical trials was established, and the influencing factors of compliance behavior of investigators and their interrelationships were studied based on questionnaire survey of five hundred investigators sampled randomly from one hundred clinical trial institutions in China. Cron- bach's alpha coefficient and structural equation modeling were adopted to empirically analyze the re- suits. Six variables in the hypothetical model were included: compliance behavior of investigators, credibility of clinical trial, capability of government regulation, quality control of sponsor, quality con- trol of clinical institution and compliance intention of investigators. Empirical analysis showed that the compliance behavior of investigators in clinical trial was directly affected by compliance intention of investigators, quality control of sponsor and quality control of clinical institution. In addition, credibility of clinical trial and capability of government regulation indirectly affected the compliance behavior of investigators in clinical trial through influencing the compliance intention of investigators, quality con- trol of sponsor and quality control of clinical institution. Quality control of sponsor was affected by credibility of clinical trial and capability of government regulation while quality control of clinical in- stitutinn wan only influenced by capability of government regulation.
文摘Correct definition and management of sponsor- investigator relationship is of central importance for planing and executing clinical trials. During the last decade, there have been numerous modifications of guidelindes, international and national legislations and regulations. This implicated various alterations and shifts of essential responsibilities and tasks relating to the investigator, sponsor or sponsor-investigator what raised financial, clinical and ethical issues. First experiences with these new regulations and legislations are discussed together with international differences and their impacts on clinical trials. Regarding non-commercial trials and institutional sponsorship, there are still open organizational and legal questions after national implementation of the Europeam Clinical Trials Directive in 2004, although various approaches have been suggested in recent years in Europe. Current trends and controversies are discussed as well. A literature review was performed summarizing recent experiences with current legislations and risen controversies of these new legislations showing impact on future trends.
文摘The number of clinical trials conducted in China's Mainland,including investigator‐initiated trials(IITs),has increased rapidly in recent years.However,there are few data on the characteristics of cancer‐related IITs.We performed a comprehensive analysis of the landscape of cancer‐related IITs in China's Mainland in the past decade.All cancer‐related IITs registered on two clinical trial registries in the United States(www.clinicaltrials.gov,CT.gov)and China's Mainland(www.chictr.org.cn,ChiCTR)from 2010 to 2019 were identified.IITs were reviewed manually to validate classification,subcategorized by cancer type,and stratified by design characteristics to facilitate comparison across cancer types and with other specialties.A total of 8199 cancer‐related IITs were identified.The number of trials registered annually increased over time,especially in the last 5 years.Although interventional studies were predominant,randomized double‐blind studies accounted for only 8%of IITs.In the past decade,the trend for interventional studies conducted with different drugs increased year on year,although the increase in hormonal therapy IITs was not significant.Additionally,cancerrelated IITs were unevenly geographically distributed,with half concentrated in the economically developed cities Shanghai,Beijing,and Guangdong.We also found an increase in registration before participant enrollment(64.9%for trials in conducted in 2015–2019 vs.40.2%in 2010–2014,p<0.001)and data monitoring committee use(44.5%vs.40.0%,p=0.001)and a decrease in randomization(51.5%vs.62.7%,p<0.001)and funding(36.4%vs.56.3%,p<0.001)between these periods.We also observed changes in intervention type(decrease in cytotoxic drug therapy[34.8%vs.48.9%,p<0.001];increase in targeted therapy[17.8%vs.14.2%,p=0.004],immune checkpoint inhibitor therapy[6.6%vs.0.0%,p<0.001],and immune cell therapy[9.6%vs.4.5%,p<0.001]).Details of cancer‐related IITs conducted during the past decade illustrate the merits of oncology research in China's Mainland.Although the increased quantity of IITs is encouraging,limitations remain regarding the quality of clinical trials,regional imbalances,and funding allocation.