The Effect of Pressure on the Dissociation of H_2/CH_4Gas Mixture during Diamond Films Growth via Chemical Vapor Deposition

Monte Carlo simulations are adopted to study the electron motion in the mixture of H2 and CH4 during diamond synthesis via Glow Plasma-assisted Chemical Vapor Deposition (GPCVD). The non-uniform electric field is used and the avalanche of electrons is taken into account in this simulation. The average energy distribution of electrons and the space distribution of effective species such as CH3, CH+3, CH+ and H at various gas pressures are given in this paper, and optimum experimental conditions are inferred from these results.

Novel empirical correlations for estimation of bubble point pressure,saturated viscosity and gas solubility of crude oils

Knowledge of petroleum fluid properties is crucial for the study of reservoirs and their development. Estimation of reserves in an oil reservoir or determination of its performance and economics requires a good knowledge of the fluid physical properties. Bubble point pressure, gas solubility and viscosity of oils are the most important parameters in use for petroleum and chemical engineers. In this study a simple-to-use, straight-forward mathematical model was correlated on a set of 94 crude oil data. Three correlations were achieved based on an exponential regression, which were different from conventional empirical correlations, and were evaluated against 12 laboratory data other than those used for the regression. It is concluded that the new exponential equation is of higher precision and accuracy than the conventional correlations and is a more convenient mathematical formulation.

An experimental study on microscopic characteristics of gas-bearing sediments under different gas reservoir pressures

Gas-bearing sediments are widely distributed in five continents all over the world.Most of the gases exist in the soil skeleton in the form of discrete large bubbles.The existence of gas-phase may increase or decrease the strength of the soil skeleton.So far,bubbles’structural morphology and evolution characteristics in soil skeleton lack research,and the influence of different gas reservoir pressures on bubbles are still unclear.The micro characteristics of bubbles in the same sediment sample were studied using an industrial CT scanning test system to solve these problems.Using the image processing software,the micro variation characteristics of gas-bearing sediments in gas reservoir pressure change are obtained.The results show that the number and volume of bubbles in different equivalent radius ranges will change regularly under different gas reservoir pressure.With the increase of gas reservoir pressure,the number and volume of tiny bubbles decrease.In contrast,the number and volume of large bubbles increase,and the gas content in different positions increases and occupies a dominant position,driving the reduction of pore water and soil skeleton movement.

Spatio-temporal variation in transpiration responses of maize plants to vapor pressure deficit under an arid climatic condition

The transpiration rate of plant is physically controlled by the magnitude of the vapor pressure deficit（VPD） and stomatal conductance. A limited-transpiration trait has been reported for many crop species in different environments, including Maize（Zea mays L.）. This trait results in restricted transpiration rate under high VPD, and can potentially conserve soil water and thus decrease soil water deficit. However, such a restriction on transpiration rate has never been explored in maize under arid climatic conditions in northwestern China. The objective of this study was to examine the transpiration rate of field-grown maize under well-watered conditions in an arid area at both leaf and whole plant levels, and therefore to investigate how transpiration rate responding to the ambient VPD at different spatial and temporal scales. The transpiration rates of maize at leaf and plant scales were measured independently using a gas exchange system and sapflow instrument, respectively. Results showed significant variations in transpiration responses of maize to VPD among different spatio-temporal scales. A two-phase transpiration response was observed at leaf level with a threshold of 3.5 k Pa while at the whole plant level, the daytime transpiration rate was positively associated with VPD across all measurement data, as was nighttime transpiration response to VPD at both leaf and whole plant level, which showed no definable threshold vapor pressure deficit, above which transpiration rate was restricted. With regard to temporal scale, transpiration was most responsive to VPD at a daily scale, moderately responsive at a half-hourly scale, and least responsive at an instantaneous scale. A similar breakpoint（about 3.0 k Pa） in response of the instantaneous leaf stomatal conductance and hourly canopy bulk conductance to VPD were also observed. At a daily scale, the maximum canopy bulk conductance occurred at a VPD about 1.7 k Pa. Generally, the responsiveness of stomatal conductance to VPD at the canopy scale was lower than that at leaf scale. These results indicate a temporal and spatial heterogeneity in how maize transpiration responses to VPD under arid climatic conditions. This could allow a better assessment of the possible benefits of using the maximum transpiration trait to improve maize drought tolerance in arid environment, and allow a better prediction of plant transpiration which underpin empirical models for stomatal conductance at different spatio-temporal scales in the arid climatic conditions.

Hydrodynamic Behavior in a Tapered Bubble Column

The experiment was conducted to explore the hydrodynamics in a conical column with a height of 3.00 m, and a taper angle of 1.91°. Three regimes occur in succession with increasing superficial gas velocity. Overall gas holdup increases with an increase in gas velocity and a decrease in solid concentration or static slurry height. Axial solid holdup becomes more uniform with increasing gas velocity, while axial gas holdup decreases from the bottom to the top. Both dry and wet pressure drops across the gas distributor increase with an increase in superficial gas velocity.

Determination of Vapor Pressure of Liquid Copper by Carrier Gas Method

The relationship between the vapor pressure of liquid copper and the flow rate of carrier gas argon was discussed, when the carrier gas method was used to determine the vapor pressure of liquid copper at 1892 K. The proper argon flow rate range obtained was 150-500 mL/min and enough evidence was provided to verify the vapor pressure-flow rate of carrier gas relationship at the target temperature. Based on the proper flow rate range, the vapor pressure of liquid copper was measured at 1609-1892 K. The relationship of vapor pressure-temperature obtained by the method of regression analysis can be expressed as： In（p/Pa） = （25.470 -I- 0.903） - （39099.8 -4- 1574.5）/T, Further, the thermodynamic properties including the heat of vaporization and the Gibbs free energy of the Cu （I） = Cu （g） reaction were calculated by the vapor pressiJre obtained over the temperature range covered.

Interactive response of photosynthetic characteristics in Haloxylon ammodendron and Hedysarum scoparium exposed to soil water and air vapor pressure deficits

C4 plants possess better drought tolerance than C3 plants. However, Hedysarum scoparium, a C3 species, is dominant and widely distributed in the desert areas of northwestern China due to its strong drought tolerance. This study compared it with Haloxylon ammodendron, a C4 species, regarding the interactive effects of drought stress and different leaf–air vapor pressure deficits. Variables of interest included gas exchange, the activity levels of key C4 photosynthetic enzymes, and cellular anatomy. In both species, gas exchange parameters were more sensitive to high vapor pressure deficit than to strong water stress, and the net CO2 assimilation rate（A n） was enhanced as vapor pressure deficits increased. A close relationship between A n and stomatal conductance（g s） suggested that the species shared a similar response mechanism. In H. ammodendron, the activity levels of key C4 enzymes were higher, including those of phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase（PEPC） and nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate-malate enzyme（NADP-ME）, whereas in H. scoparium, the activity level of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide-malate enzyme（NAD-ME） was higher.Meanwhile, H. scoparium utilized adaptive structural features, including a larger relative vessel area and a shorter distance from vein to stomata, which facilitated the movement of water. These findings implied that some C4 biochemical pathways were present in H. scoparium to respond to environmental challenges.

低温低压脱硫废水蒸发物性模拟研究

根据谱尼-脱硫废水水质分析,电厂脱硫废水中盐的主要种类为含Na^(+)、Mg^(2+)的氯盐,主要不溶物为CaCO_(3)。利用Aspen Plus软件对低温低压脱硫废水的蒸发特性进行数值模拟,结果显示,脱硫废水的泡点温度随着溶液含盐量的增大而升高;在相同的泡点温度下,NaCl溶液的质量分数要大于MgCl_(2)溶液以及两者的混合盐溶液的质量分数;随着溶液含盐量的增大,沸点升高值呈逐渐上升趋势;随着温度的升高,蒸汽压呈逐渐上升趋势;而随着溶液中盐浓度的升高蒸汽压呈下降趋势,均小于纯水蒸汽压,且温度越高与纯水在相应温度下的蒸汽压相差越多。数值模拟结果和文献中试验数据进行对比,结果显示,NaCl溶液模拟值与文献值基本相符,MgCl_(2)和NaCl混合盐溶液蒸汽压模拟计算值曲线在从文献中查找到的纯MgCl_(2)和纯NaCl溶液的曲线之间,证明此模拟方法拟合程度较高,可为实际应用提供指导。

温度与压力对单孔气泡形成过程的影响

温度压力对进气管孔口气泡的生成具有重要影响。以氮气-水、氦气-水、氮气-十四烷为研究体系,采用高速摄像法,观察了恒速流下孔口气泡的形成过程,考察了孔口气速(0~1500 cm/s)、温度(293~393 K)、压力(0~6 MPa)、孔径(1.12,2.5 mm)、气体类型(N2、He)对气泡生长过程的影响。实验表明:随着压力增加,气泡直径减小,纵横比增加;温度升高一方面导致黏度、密度和表面张力降低,使气泡直径减小,另一方面加剧了液体汽化,使得气泡直径增大。根据实验结果修正了Gaddis提出的气泡直径模型,引入饱和蒸气压贡献项,得出新的适用于高温高压条件下气泡直径的估算式。

碳氢燃料的蒸气压与气-液平衡测定

采用拟静态沸点计法测定两种碳氢燃料在11种不同配比下的泡点蒸气压和平衡温度,用Antoine方程关联了蒸气压与温度的关系,精度良好,同时计算了气化焓和气化熵.在假设两种燃料组成"假二元"体系的基础上,进行了气-液平衡计算,给出了T-x,y和p-x,y相图.为吸热型碳氢燃料的研制和有关模拟计算、过程优化提供重要依据.

燃料馏分油气-液相平衡常数的测定与关联

实沸点蒸馏原油获得燃料馏分油。采用拟静态法测定不同沸程的22种燃料馏分油在系列温度下的泡点蒸气压,用Antoine方程关联蒸气压与温度的关系。在泡点压力分别为10kPa、30kPa、50kPa、80kPa和101 325kPa时,按虚拟组分处理法计算了燃料宽馏分油中各虚拟组分的气 液相平衡常数,关联了气 液相平衡常数与虚拟组分的沸点以及相平衡温度、压力的关系,得到的表达式可以计算常压沸点范围在348 15K至623 15K间燃料宽馏分油的气 液相平衡常数,经180个数据点回归检验,平均误差为4 5%。

关于弯曲液面蒸气压的两点讨论

以外压对蒸气压的影响及开尔文方程为理论依据,讨论了外压对弯曲液面蒸气压的影响,其结果与外压对平液面蒸气压的影响相同。讨论了液体内部气泡的蒸气压,给出了气泡内蒸气压的计算公式,并对现实中的实例进行了计算说明。

鹤管气阻与泵汽蚀的对比分析

长期以来,鹤管气阻与泵汽蚀一直困扰着油料储运界,尽管人们在实践中找到一些行之有效的解决办法,但仍有不少同志对这两个问题认识不清。因此,很有必要对两者进行对比分析,以利于澄清错误认识,更好解决鹤管气阻与泵汽蚀问题。本文阐述了鹤管气阻与泵汽蚀发生的机理及解决措施;从发生部位、形成机理、产生危害及防治措施四个方面对鹤管气阻与泵汽蚀进行了对比分析。

中、低压下非理想汽液平衡体系泡露点计算教学探讨

相平衡是化工热力学课程的核心内容,也是传质分离的理论基础。由于相平衡涉及到许多抽象的概念和复杂的数学公式,使得学生难以掌握,教学效果较差。本文采用框图的形式,针对中、低压下非理想汽液平衡体系,分别介绍了泡点p、露点p、泡点T、露点T的计算过程,该方法能够通俗易懂将计算过程中所用到的概念和公式传达给学生,让学生在后续课程中能够独自应用,提高了教学和学习效果。

Enhanced application for FSRU recondensing equipment during periods of low or no gas send out to minimize LNG cargo losses

Most modern floating storage and regasification units(FSRU)are fitted with recondensing equipment that feed condensed boil-off gas(BOG)to the regasification unit in addition to a stream of liquefied natural gas(LNG)extracted from the cargo tanks.Use of the recondenser during regasification operations reduces gas losses on FSRU.It does so by avoiding consumption of excess BOG,with no associated commercial benefit,in gas combustion units(GCU),steam dumps,flares etc.Here we consider the benefits of also using the recondenser in recirculation mode,returning condensed BOG to the cargo tanks in the form of slightly warmed LNG.Such recirculation can be beneficial during periods of low or no gas send out from the FSRU,often achieving significant reductions in gas losses,although it is not standard practice in the industry to do so.Once regasification is halted not much BOG is required by the FSRU engine room,so the vessel must handle this excess.By condensing the BOG to LNG and returning it to the cargo tanks,the significant volume reduction involved has the beneficial impact of slowing down tank pressure increase.The saturated vapor pressure(SVP)of the LNG,linked to its composition and temperature,plays a key role in the boil-off rate and resulting cargo tank pressure changes.Detailed analysis is provided to explain how using the FSRU recondenser in recirculation mode can be best exploited by considering the prevailing fill levels,temperatures and pressures in each of the cargo tanks,and returning the condensed LNG preferentially to certain tanks.FSRU efficiency can be improved,gas losses and emissions can be reduced,and more cargo sold by exploiting the capabilities of the FSRU recondenser in recirculation mode.Running the FSRU in recirculation mode requires no equipment modifications to standard recondensers,neither does it increase FSRU operating costs.

Adsorption,selectivity,and phase behavior in organic nanopores for shale gas and oil development

In a shale gas and oil reservoir,hydrocarbon fluids are stored in organic nanopores with sizes on the order of~1-100 nm.The adsorption,selectivity,and phase behavior of hydrocarbons in the nanopores are crucial for estimating the gas-in-place and predicting the productivity.In this study,to understand the characteristics of the phase behavior of multicomponent hydrocarbon systems in shale reservoirs,the phase behavior of a CH_(4)/n-C_(4)H_(10)binary mixture in graphite nanopores was investigated by Grand Ca-nonical Monte Carlo(GCMC)molecular simulation.The method for determining the dew-point pressure and bubble-point pressure in the nanopores was explored.The condensation phenomenon was observed owing to the difference in the adsorption selectivities of the hydrocarbon molecules on the nanopore surfaces,and hence the dew-point pressure(and bubble-point pressure)of hydrocarbon mixtures in the nanopores significantly shifted.The GCMC simulations reproduced both the higher and lower bubble-point pressures in nanopores in previous studies.This work highlights the crucial role of the selec-tivity in the phase behavior of hydrocarbons in nanopores.

各种相平衡的类克劳修斯-克拉佩龙方程形式

利用微分法导出了各种相平衡的类克劳修斯-克拉佩龙方程形式。对固体吸附气体、固体自稀溶液中的吸附及溶液表面吸附中吸附相溶质的标准态进行了规定。