Chemical characteristics and estimation on the vertical flux of N，P，Si in upwelling area of Taiwan Strait

Based on the data obtained from oceanographic surveys at the central and northern parts of the TaiwanStrait during the period from 1983 to 1988, it is showed that the nutrient content in the coastal and bottom waters isrelatively high with an upward and offward decrease, and that the upwelling in the Fujian coastal area controls the distribution of nutrients in summer.The upwelling water is characterized by 2. 29 μmol/dm￣3 of nitrate; 2. 83 μmol/dm￣3of silicate; 0. 20 μmol/dm￣3 of dissolved inorganic phosphate,respectively. Significant correlation between nutrientsand dissolved oxygen content and its degree of saturation, temperature, and salinity, respectively are found in the upweiling area. Average of N/P ratio in the area(15. 9) approaches to Redfield ratio. Their vertical flux is estimated tobe 23. 6 mg/(m￣2·d) for - P, 223 mg/(m￣2·d) for NO-N, 302 mg/(m￣2·d) for SiO-Si, respectively,which is the main source Of nutients in the areas in summer. The mean of the flux of P and NO-N is about86 % and 73% necessary for phytoplankton in the euphotic zone.

The vertical heat transport of internal solitary waves over the continental slope in the northern South China Sea

An integrated analysis of internal solitary wave(ISW) observations obtained from two moorings over the continental slope in the northern South China Sea(SCS) leads to an assessment of the vertical heat transport of the ISWs. The clusters of ISW packets are phase-locked to the fortnightly cycle of the semidiurnal tide. The ISWs appear during large semidiurnal tides, and there is a period of 5–6 d when no ISWs are observed. The effect of the ISWs on the continental slope heat budget is observed. The ISWs can modify a local temperature field in which the temperature in the upper layer can be changed by O(100) °C after the ISWs passed the mooring. Both ISWinduced diffusion and ISW-induced advection contribute to the temperature variation. The estimates imply an average vertical heat flux of 0.01 to 0.1 MW/m^2 in the ISWs in the upper 500 m of the water column. The vertical heat transport ranges from 0.56 to 2.83 GJ/m^2 with a mean value of 1.63 GJ/m^2. The observations suggest that the vertical heat transport is proportional to the maximum vertical displacement.

Tracing surface seawater mixing and nutrient transport by^(222)Rn on the northern coast of Beibu Gulf,China

The transport and diffusion of substances in seawater are limited by the mixing motion of water bodies,while the main forms of mixing in offshore water bodies are advection and eddy diffusion.The eddy diffusion process of water indicates the possible transport direction of dissolved substances.However,the complex environment in the coastal zone makes it difficult to quantitatively assess the water diffusion process.^(222)Rn is a useful tool to trace the diffusion process of water bodies.However,studies on the^(222)Rn distribution and its behavior in the Beibu Gulf are scarce.In this study,the activity distribution characteristics of^(222)Rn in surface seawater of the Guangxi shelf area of the Beibu Gulf were measured.Based on the one-dimensional,steady-state model,the vorticity diffusion coefficient of^(222)Rn in the horizontal direction was calculated as(0.42−2.13)×10^(8) m^(2)/d,and the offshore fluxes of^(222)Rn under the influence of water mixing were calculated as 2.00×10^(12) Bq/d.Correspondingly,the horizontal transport fluxes of silicate,phosphate,nitrite and nitrate were 6.28×10^(−3)mol/(m^(2)·d),0.10×10^(−3)mol/(m^(2)·d),0.20×10^(−3)mol/(m^(2)·d)and 4.15×10^(−3)mol/(m^(2)·d),respectively.These results indicate that the study of eddy current diffusion in offshore marine water facilitates a deeper understanding of the water mixing process and nutrient transport and migration.

Chemical hydrography of coastal upwelling in the East China Sea

Based on the field data obtained during cruises on the shelf of the East China Sea from 1997 to 1999, seasonal variations of coastal upwelling on the inner shelf are discussed by using cross-shelf transect profiles and horizontal distributions of chemical and hydrographic variables. Results show that the coastal upwelling was year-round, but the areas and intensities of the upwelling were quite different in season. The coastal upwelling occurred in all of the coastal areas of the region in spring and summer, but in autumn only in the area off Zhejiang Province, and in winter in the area off Fujian Prov- ince. It was the strongest in summer and the weakest in winter. Geographically, it was the strongest in the area off Zhejiang Province and the weakest in the southmost or northmost parts of the East China Sea. The estimated nutrient fluxes upward into euphotic zone through coastal upwelling were quite large, es- pecially for phosphate, which contributed significantly to primary production and improved the nutrient structure of the coastal ecosystem in the East China Sea.

长江口滨海湿地有机碳循环过程及影响因素研究进展

滨海湿地是“蓝碳生态系统”的重要组成部分。综述了长江口滨海湿地土壤有机碳时空分布及含量、碳汇速率、有机碳横向输入输出通量及量化方法、有机碳循环定量分析模型以及有机碳储量和组分对不同影响因素所做出的动态响应规律,发现在土壤有机碳水平空间分布上,崇西湿地>崇明东滩>九段沙>南汇潮滩;有机碳通量和浓度变化主要受到植物生物量和结构、水和土壤的理化性质、陆源输入和潮汐动力、间隙水交换以及人类活动和全球气候变化的影响。未来应加强长江口湿地土壤碳库和有机碳输运通量统一观测,准确量化各主要因素对有机碳的贡献,这对研究盐沼湿地的碳循环机理和碳汇评估具有重要意义。

基于激光雷达观测的青岛市暖季臭氧污染垂直分布特征

为探究暖季臭氧(O_(3))污染垂直分布特征及其影响因素,利用差分吸收臭氧激光雷达和相干多普勒测风激光雷达等对青岛市沿海地区2023年6−9月大气边界层2000 m以内O_(3)浓度和边界层风场开展长期连续观测,并基于O_(3)输送通量垂直分布揭示可能的污染来源。结果表明:①观测期间共发生O_(3)污染日24 d,O_(3)-8 h浓度(O_(3)日最大8 h平均浓度)平均值为(183±24)μg/m^(3);清洁日共98 d,O_(3)-8 h浓度平均值为(118±30)μg/m^(3)。O_(3)污染过程多与升温过程密切相关,在较强太阳辐射和低相对湿度条件下更容易发生O_(3)污染。②垂直方向上O_(3)主要分布在1000 m以下。清洁日各高度层日间和夜间O_(3)浓度变幅较小,污染日各高度层O_(3)浓度单峰型日变化特征显著,且日变化特征随高度升高而逐渐减弱。清洁日日间、夜间以及污染日夜间O_(3)浓度垂直廓线均存在峰值,峰值浓度分别为(115±3)(112±2)和(130±3)μg/m^(3),峰值高度范围为400~650 m,可能与近地面NO滴定效应等消耗O_(3)有关,也可能是残留层储存的日间高浓度O_(3)或残留层O_(3)水平输送导致,但污染日日间垂直廓线呈随高度上升而O_(3)浓度逐步下降的特征,表明近地面前体物光化学生成是O_(3)污染的主要来源。③当西北风和西南风更替、低空暖平流和较强下沉气流等大气条件发生时,有利于污染物累积和O_(3)生成,从而引发O_(3)污染。清洁日低空(近地面至600 m高度)受较为清洁的海洋气流影响,污染日受内陆方向气流影响。④污染日凌晨至上午受来自偏西、西南或西北上风向O_(3)水平输送影响,高空O_(3)伴随下沉气流向下混合,与本地排放前体物在日间高温、强太阳辐射等气象条件下生成的O_(3)叠加,从而加剧地面O_(3)污染,午后高浓度O_(3)在较高水平风速影响下也可能向下风向地区输送。研究显示,O_(3)污染防治不仅要做好本地前体物的精准管控,还要加强区域联防联控,从而实现空气质量持续改善。

Experimental demonstration of the coupling effect of vertical velocity on latent heat flux

According to the cross coupling theorem of atmospheric turbulence, latent heat flux comprises two components, a vertical humidity gradient flux and a coupling flux of vertical velocity. In this paper, observational data are employed to demonstrate and analyze the coupling effect of vertical velocity on latent heat flux. The results highlight the presence of a coupling zero-effect height. When the observational level exceeds or underlies the coupling zero-effect height, the coupling effect suppresses or enhances the latent heat flux, respectively. Above the heterogeneous terrain in the experimental region, the overall difference between the estimated and the observed latent heat fluxes decreases from 27% to 2% (for ascending flow) and from 47% to 28% (for descending flow), after compensating for gradient flux. The coupling theorem of atmospheric turbulence is well validated by our analysis, supporting a role for experimental datasets in unraveling the mysteries of atmospheric turbulence.

Insights into multidimensional transport flux from vertical observation and numerical simulation in two cities in North China

This study represents the first quantitative evaluation of pollution transport budget within the boundary layer of typical cities in the Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei (BTH) region from the perspective of horizontal and vertical exchanges and further discusses the impact of the atmospheric boundary layer (ABL)-free troposphere (FT) exchange on concentration of fine particulate matter (PM_(2.5)) within the ABL during heavy pollution.From the perspective of the transport flux balance relationship,differences in pollution transport characteristics between the two cities is mainly reflected in the ABL-FT exchange effect.The FT mainly flowed into the ABL in BJ,while in SJZ,the outflow from the ABL to the FT was more intense.Combined with an analysis of vertical wind profile distribution,BJ was found to be more susceptible to the influence of northwest cold high prevailing in winter,while sinking of strong cold air allowed the FT flowing into the ABL influence the vertical exchange over BJ.In addition,we selected a typical pollution event for targeted analysis to understand mechanistic details of the influence of ABL-FT exchange on the pollution event.These results showed that ABL-FT interaction played an important role in PM_(2.5)concentration within the ABL during heavy pollution.Especially in the early stage of heavy pollution,FT transport contributed as much as 82.74% of PM_(2.5)within the ABL.These findings are significant for improving our understanding of pollution transport characteristics within the boundary layer and the effect of ABL-FT exchange on air quality.

不平衡输沙含沙量垂线分布研究

采用理论推导和数值计算的方法,进一步研究了不平衡输沙条件下的含沙量垂线分布,首次提出了非饱和泥沙通量的概念及其表达式,推导了不平衡输沙含沙量垂线分布的理论解,包括不平衡输沙含沙量垂线分布指数公式和幂函数公式,以及相应的底部含沙量确定方法。同时利用差分法求解剖面二维扩散方程,得到了不同参数的不平衡输沙含沙量垂线分布。其结果除少数误差稍大外,两种途径得出的含沙量垂线分布彼此符合良好。

大气污染物对流垂直输送作用的探讨

利用一个欧拉型硫沉降模式探讨了积云对硫污染物的对流垂直输送作用．结果表明，积云引起的垂直气流是造成大气污染物浓度分布及输送通量变化的重要因素．对流垂直输送可使硫污染物在高层出现大浓度区，浓度的增加率为５０％—４００％，中层和低层的浓度相应也有所变化．积云区内南北剖面上的通量也因对流输送作用在高层出现了大值中心．

人工鱼礁建设对福建霞浦海域营养盐输运的影响

根据2012年—2013年对霞浦人工鱼礁海域调查所获得的实验数据,应用CFD软件,对礁区投放的三类不同结构单位的鱼礁组合在非定常流作用下的三维流场进行了数值模拟试验,分析了各鱼礁组合之间的流场差异,并估算了诸营养盐垂直输送通量。研究表明：三种鱼礁迎流面上升流最大高度为礁高的2.27~3.73倍,上升流最大速度与来流速度之比为0.40~0.72,上升流平均速度与来流速度之比为0.10~0.17;计算域内单位鱼礁组合上升流平均速度为10–2 cm/s量级,三种单位鱼礁组合区域营养盐垂直通量大小关系为：方型鱼礁〉船礁〉梯形台鱼礁,方型鱼礁区4PO？？-P、3NO？-N、3Si O？？-Si的平均垂直通量分别为438.3 mg/（m2·d）、2212.5 mg/（m2·d）、7288.3 mg/（m2·d）,鱼礁投放会改善该海域的水动力环境,形成典型的上升流区,海域初级生产力得以明显提升。

南黄海营养盐的垂直分布特性及其垂向输运规律

根据“中韩黄海水循环动力学合作研究”项目１９９６～１９９８年６个航次的调查资料，对南黄海营养盐的垂直分布特征及其垂向输运规律进行了初步探讨。结果表明：（１）南黄海中北部（３４～３７°Ｎ），除冬季营养盐呈垂直均匀分布外，其他季节在远岸海域则呈现明显的层化现象，且在某些海域营养盐等值线呈上凸趋势或呈马鞍形分布，这与生物活动和黄海冷水团及其垂直环流有关；在近岸浅水区，营养盐基本呈垂直均匀分布。（２）南黄海南部（３４°Ｎ以南）：西侧浅水区（水深＜４０ｍ），营养盐基本呈垂直均匀分布且含量很高；东侧深水区，冬、春季营养盐垂直分布均匀且含量较低，夏、秋季时由于来自东海北部的冷水沿坡爬升，营养盐等值线呈极明显的上凸趋势。

夏季珠江口溶解氧垂向输运数值模拟研究

通过建立一个珠江口三维水质模型,对夏季珠江口溶解氧垂向输运进行研究。结果表明:潮汐、风及上升流间歇性破坏层化,令溶解氧垂向对流及扩散通量的方向和大小随潮汐发生周期性变化。在西四口门海域,由于水体层化稳定,垂向上对流及扩散作用产生的溶解氧输运通量都较小,且相互平衡;在伶仃洋内的深槽,径流与潮汐的相互作用强烈,层化被间歇性地打破,溶解氧的垂向对流通量大于扩散通量,导致底层溶解氧浓度产生波动;在伶仃洋内的西部浅滩上,层化相对稳定,溶解氧的垂向扩散通量大于对流通量。这表明在珠江口不同区域,垂向的对流扩散作用对溶解氧垂向输运起不同作用,从而影响表底层溶解氧的浓度。

两次超强厄尔尼诺事件海温异常与次年中国东部夏季降水特征对比

利用NOAA逐月海表温度(SST)资料,NCEP/NCAR风场、高度场和比湿再分析资料和国家信息中心提供的753站逐日降水资料,对比分析了1997/1998年和2015/2016年两次强厄尔尼诺事件的海温异常分布特征、次年中国东部夏季降水以及环流异常特征,结果表明:1)2015/2016的厄尔尼诺事件是自1950年以来持续时间最长,强度最强的一次事件,日界线附近的海温较1997/1998年的偏高。2)1997/1998年厄尔尼诺事件次年华南西部、江南北部到长江流域、黄淮北部到华北南部以及我国东北地区降水较常年偏多。而2015/2016年厄尔尼诺事件次年降水范围和强度相对较小,强雨带主要分布在长江流域一带、黄淮地区和华北一带及河套北部。3)1997/1998年事件次年夏季西北太平洋副热带高压强盛,位置偏西,脊线偏南,向上垂直质量输送异常偏强、高低层水平风场配合以及水汽通量异常辐合偏强均有利于长江流域一带以及我国东北地区降水产生,而2015/2016年事件次年的副高相对偏弱,且脊线位置偏北、偏东,水平、垂直异常环流和水汽偏弱,因此降水范围和程度较1997/1998年的偏弱。从海温分布型和次年对我国东部夏季降水造成的影响上看,2015/2016年的超强厄尔尼诺事件有别于传统东部型事件。

南黄海西洋水道悬沙输运机制季节性对比研究

南黄海大陆架辐射沙脊群呈辐射状分布于江苏外海。基于2015年12月及2016年7月大潮期间在南黄海辐射沙脊群西洋水道的定点全潮水文观测数据,结合物质通量分解法,对比分析了冬、夏两季悬沙输运机制的差异。结果表明,西洋海域存在流速和潮位过程不对称现象,涨潮历时小于落潮历时,涨潮流速明显大于落潮流速,冬季的不对称性更为显著;冬季含沙量明显大于夏季;平流输沙在冬、夏季均占较大比重,平均约35%～50%,而潮泵输沙、垂向余环流输沙约占10%～20%。悬沙的垂向分布对悬沙的输运机制有较大影响,悬沙的垂向分布改变了原有的水流结构,对底部产生了一定的减阻效应,使得底部再悬浮强度有一定减少。

次网格对流输送及其对尺度的依赖性研究

利用高分辨率云分辨模式对南半球热带地区达尔文站点附近对流活动过程的模拟,研究了次网格对流输送及其对空间尺度的依赖性,并探究了随模式水平分辨率逐步提高时次网格对流水平输送的重要性。此外,还进一步分析了与次网格对流水平输送紧密联系的次网格对流水平通量。结果表明:(1)在对流发生的子区域中次网格对流输送随着水平分辨率的提高而增强;当水平分辨率达到5 km时,次网格对流对纬向动量的水平输送变得非常重要;(2)对于次网格对流水平输送而言,环境与对流的贡献几乎可以相互抵消;对于次网格对流垂直输送而言,环境的贡献相对于对流的贡献来说不可忽略;(3)与次网格对流水平输送不同,次网格对流水平通量本身主要来自环境的贡献;但随着水平分辨率的逐步提高,对流的贡献将变得越来越重要。

平原感潮河网地区不同土地利用下营养盐迁移特征

分别在南通平原河网地区选择典型非圩区开展野外原位试验,用野外观测和室内分析相结合的方法,研究平原非圩区典型试验小区不同土地利用下营养盐在自然降雨—径流驱动下迁移的时空分布特征。结果表明,导致营养盐迁移时空分布存在显著差异的主要原因为不同的土地利用类型、施肥条件及植被覆盖度等,不同土地利用下的径流量差异是导致营养盐迁移通量存在显著差异的主导因素。

SWAT模型水库模块改进及流域氮磷通量模拟

水库在发挥防洪、供水、航运功能的同时,也改变了库区和下游生态环境.现有的流域模型中水库模块相对简单,无法准确评估水库对河流氮、磷通量的影响.针对这一局限性,本研究从蓄泄规则、库区氮磷反应模拟两个方面改进了经典流域模型—SWAT模型的水库模块.以长江二级支流涪江流域为研究对象,模拟了水库建设对逐月流量、泥沙、总氮、总磷过程的影响.结果表明,新模型模拟的逐月流量、泥沙、总氮、总磷的绝对误差百分比从原来的41.1%、33.4%、99.0%、130.5%分别降低到8.6%、23.9%、38.4%、52.9%,在汛期6—9月总磷的平均模拟误差仅为12.1%.新模型合理刻画了梯级水库群的级联效应,提高了梯级水库影响下的河流氮、磷通量模拟能力,为流域水环境管理与水库调度提供了有效工具.

三江平原典型沼泽湿地养分累积与沉积特征

研究了三江平原两类典型沼泽湿地(毛果苔草沼泽和芦苇沼泽)沉积物剖面有机碳、全氮、全磷和全硫的垂直分布规律,初步分析了三江平原湿地的沉积速率与沉积通量.结果表明,土壤有机碳、全氮、全磷和全硫在垂直方向上具有明显的分层和富聚现象,自上而下,有机碳的含量逐渐降低;全氮含量呈先增加后减少的分布趋势;毛果苔草沼泽全磷含量呈先减少后增加的"V"型分布,芦苇沼泽全磷含量逐渐降低;全硫的分布和有机碳的分布规律一致.相关性分析表明,全氮、全磷和全硫与有机碳之间呈极显著的正相关关系(P<0.01);有机碳与容重之间呈极显著的负相关关系(P<0.01).植被类型是影响沼泽湿地土壤有机碳、全氮、全磷和全硫的空间分布的主要因素之一.应用137Cs、210Pb测定沉积年代,并结合恒定放射性通量(CRS)模式推算年龄的结果表明,三江平原湿地平均沉积速率为0.33 cm·a-1,沉积通量为0.03～0.48 g·(cm2·a)-1,平均为0.29 g·(cm2·a)-1.

风沙流输沙通量垂向分布研究——以塔克拉玛干沙漠南缘流沙地表风沙流观测为例

于2010年4—6月在塔克拉玛干沙漠南缘策勒绿洲外缘流沙地进行风速、风向和输沙量同步观测,利用观测到的28组数据对输沙通量的垂向分布进行研究。结果表明,在4.5～8m.s-1的风速区间内,总输沙率随风速增长速率较慢,大于8m.s-1时增长迅速。在较小风速时,4个高度层(1cm、3cm、9cm和19cm)的输沙比率变化不明显,当风速大于6.6m.s-1时,1cm和19cm高度输沙比率的调整较为明显,前者减小而后者增加,中间两层(3cm、9cm)则维持一定波动。不同的蚀积条件对于输沙通量的垂向分布具有一定的影响,平均跃移高度则在一定程度上反映了地表沙粒的吹蚀和堆积过程。在4种常见的描述输沙通量垂向分布的模型中,Zingg的修正幂函数具有最好的拟合程度,但反映的风沙流信息最少,简单幂函数的参数包涵了最为丰富的风沙流信息但拟合程度最差,指数函数同时具有较好的拟合程度和参数意义,Fryrear的幂函数则与指数函数恰恰相反。在沙物质以极细沙为主的塔克拉玛干沙漠南缘,指数函数较之简单幂函数能更好地描述该区域输沙通量的垂向分布,验证并补充了风洞实验的结果。综合比较认为,指数函数能更好地描述塔克拉玛干沙漠南缘输沙通量的垂向分布。