The abundance,distribution,and enrichment mechanism of harmful trace elements in coals from Guizhou,Southwestern China

Coal seams can enrich a variety of harmful trace elements under specific geological conditions.The spatial distribution of harmful trace elements in coal is extremely uneven,and the distribution characteristics of each element content are different.The harmful elements released in the process of coal mining and utilization will cause serious harm to the environment and the human body.It is of great resource significance to study the geochemistry of coal that affects the enrichment and distribution characteristics of harmful trace elements.Based on the domestic and foreign literature on coal geochemistry in Guizhou published by previous investigators,this study counted 1097 sample data from 23 major coal-producing counties in Guizhou Province,systematically summarized the relevant research results of harmful trace elements in the coal of Guizhou,and revealed the overall distribution and enrichment characteristics of harmful trace elements in the coal of Guizhou.The results show that the average contents of Cd,Pb,Se,Cu,Mo,U,V,As,Hg,and Cr in coal of Guizhou are higher than those in Chinese coal and world coal.A variety of harmful trace elements in the coal of Guizhou have high background values,especially in Liupanshui,Xingyi and Qianbei coalfield.The enrichment of various harmful trace elements in the Late Permian coal in Guizhou is mainly related to the combined action of various geological and geochemical factors.The supply of terrigenous debris and sedimentary environment may be the basic background of the enrichment of harmful elements in western Guizhou,while low-temperature hydrothermal activity and volcanic ash deposition may be the main reasons for the enrichment of harmful elements in southwestern Guizhou.

Distribution Characteristics of Sulfur and the Main Harmful Trace Elements in China's Coal

To promote the rational development and use of clean coal resources in China, data on the regional and age distribution of sulfur, arsenic and other harmful elements in Chinese coal was broadly collected, tested for content, and analyzed. Coal in northwestern China is characterized by low to extremely low levels of sulfur; the coal of the Taiyuan Formation in northern China mainly has high-sulfur content; that of the Shanxi Formation is mainly characterized by low sulfur coal; and the Late Permian coal in southern China has overall higher sulfur content; other regions have low sulfur coal. The average content of harmful trace elements in the bulk of China＇s coal is similar to the corresponding content in the coal of the North America and the rest of the world, whereas the content of various elements （Hg, Sb and Se） is different in magnitude to the corresponding percentage in the crust. The average content of the elements Cr, Se, Co, Be, U, Br in Late Permian coal in S China ranks first in the country whereas the average content of Hg and CI in the coals of Late Carboniferous to Early Permian age in N China are the highest. The average content of Mn in Early and Middle Jurassic coal is higher in NW China. The high content of harmful elements in some coal should cause particular concern both in the development and utilization of coal.

Theoretical Research on the Import and Export of Iron Ore and Harmful Element Detection Method based on Microwave Digestion Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry Approach

In this paper, we conduct research on the import and export of iron ore and harmful element detection method based on microwave digestion inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry approach. Our country gradually increased demand for iron ore, iron ore trade, in order to ensure that the quality of the iron ore and taste which must be tested for total iron content. At the same time it also increased the demand for iron ore, although China＇ s iron ore production has been greatly improved. Our proposed approach optimizes the traditional detection method which will be meaningful.

Determination of Harmful Elements and Analysis of Pollution Level in Lysimachia christinae

[Objectives]To detect content of Pb,Cd,Hg,As,Cu,Zn,and Cr in Lysimachia christinae,and to analyze the pollution level.[Methods]Seven kinds of elements in L.christinae were determined by Inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry and analyzed by single index and comprehensive index.[Results]The seven heavy metal elements showed good linearity in their respective concentration ranges.The recoveries of the samples were 84.5%-109.5%,and the RSD values were 2.30%-5.10%.Comparing the measured results of heavy metal elements with the limit values stipulated in the 2020 edition of the Chinese Pharmacopoeia and other standards,the Cr element in 19 batches of samples exceeded the standard,and the Zn element in 7 batches of samples exceeded the standard.The exceeding rates were 100.0%and 36.8%,respectively;the content of other heavy metal elements did not exceed the standard.The order of individual index from large to small was Cr,Zn,Cd,Hg,Cu,As,and Pb,and the average comprehensive pollution level was mild pollution and above.[Conclusions]L.christinae was mainly polluted by Cr,followed by Zn;this study can provide basic data for drafting of the limit standard for heavy metal elements in L.christinae.

Artisanal Mining and Soil Quality in the Sudano-Sahelian Climate: Case of the Artisanal Mining Site of Yimiougou in Burkina Faso, West Africa

The majority of the population of Burkina Faso lives from agriculture and therefore depends on the land. The main objective of this study is to assess the quality of the soils in the area linked to artisanal mining activities. The methodology adopted consisted in sampling and characterizing the main types of soil. In order to assess the level of soil pollution by artisanal mining, parameters such as the geo-accumulation index (Igeo) and the contamination factor (CF) are calculated. A prediction of acid mine drainage (AMD) was also carried out on samples of mine tailings which are potential sources of pollution of these soils. The results obtained show that the soils in Yimiougou are of nil to low agronomic interest. The Igeo shows that for lead, copper, zinc and arsenic the levels found in the different morphological units are partly attributable to human action and specifically artisanal mining. The values of the contamination factor indicate contamination. Cobalt presents the lowest contamination. For cadmium, the different types of soil are moderately contaminated except for the FITLC type, which has a CF value of 0.50, therefore synonymous with low or absent contamination. The various morphological units studied are very heavily contaminated with zinc, copper, lead and arsenic. The pH and conductivity values indicate that the mine tailings samples are non-acidogenic, therefore not yet oxidized. As for the sulphide contents, they show that only samples S17, S22, S23 and S24 present values that are strictly above the threshold (0.3%) and therefore potentially acid-generating. The comparative study of the acid potential (AP) and the neutralization potential (NP) reveals that the neutralization potentials of the different samples are clearly higher than the acid potentials even for the samples which present a proven acidification potential (S17, S22, S23 and S24). These results show that the mine tailings have the natural capacity to neutralize any possible mine drainage, given the presence of acid-eating minerals such as the carbonates associated with the mineralization.

Trace heavy metals and harmful elements in roots and rhizomes of herbs:Screening level analysis and health risk assessment

Objective:Heavy metal and harmful element contamination are frequently reported in Chinese herbal medicines(CHMs),and roots and rhizomes parts showed a higher content than other parts.To investigate the residue level and assess the potential human health risk of heavy metals and harmful elements in roots and rhizomes,720 batches of the sample representing 20 species of herbs from different sources were collected.Methods:The content of Pb,Cd,As,Hg,and Cu in the digests was determined using ICP-MS.The chronic hazard index estimate based on non-cancer hazard quotient(HQ)was applied for potential health risk assessment of Pb,Cd,As,Hg,and Cu via consumption of CHMs.Results:Compared with the Chinese limit standard(Chinese Pharmacopoeia Commission,2020 edition)of Pb,Cd,As,Hg,and Cu in Ginseng Radix et Rhizoma,the exceedance percentage of Pb in total samples was 14.1%,which were generally far higher than Cd,As,Hg,and Cu.Health risk assessment results based on hazard quotient calculating showed that total HQ of Cu,Pb,As,Cd,and Hg in Pulsatillae Radix and Clematidis Radix et Rhizoma exceeded 1,with the value of 1.543 and 1.235.Besides,Arsenic had the highest HQ value(0.957)in Pulsatillae Radix.Conclusion:Consuming raw materials of Pulsatillae Radix and Clematidis Radix et Rhizoma may pose a potential risk and Arsenic residues in Pulsatillae Radix deserved special attention.

Evaluation on Quality and Utilization Value of Bupleurum falcatum Linne

[Objectives]This study aimed to evaluate the quality of Bupleurum falcatum Linne interplanted with walnut in Ganluo and study the development and utilization value of other parts.[Methods]The contents of saikosaponins a and d were determined with RP-HPLC,and the contents of 7 kinds of harmful elements were determined by ICP-MS.The quality of B.falcatum Linne was compared with that of other Bupleurum species.[Results]The total saikosaponin content in Radix Bupleurum Falcatum(15.894 mg/g)was higher than that in Radix Bupleuri of other origins(8.748 mg/g).The total saikosaponin content in leaves of B.falcatum Linne(7.518 mg/g)is more than twice the limit promulgated by Chinese Pharmacopoeia.The contents of Al,Cr,Cu,As,Cd,Pb and Hg in B.falcatum Linne were all lower than the limits promulgated by the pharmacopoeia.In short,the quality of Radix Bupleurum Falcatum was better than that of Radix Bupleurum Marginatum(S3,S4)and Radix Bupleurum Sachalinense(S5).The leaves of B.falcatum Linne contained more saikosaponins and less harmful elements.[Conclusions]The method and technology of interplanting B.falcatum Linne with walnut in Ganluo are mature.The quality of the medicinal materials produced is superior,and the leaves are also rich in saikosaponins a and d,and can be used as the raw material for extracting saikosaponins a and d.This study provides a basis for further in-depth research on the cultivation of B.falcatum Linne in the domestic market.

基于重金属及有害元素对不同产地仙茅的质量评价

目的 对云南、贵州、四川等产地仙茅药材中的重金属及有害元素进行测定分析和评价,为仙茅药材中重金属及有害元素的质量标准研制提供科学依据。方法 采用微波消解法对样品进行前处理,采用电感耦合等离子体质谱(ICP-MS)法对各产地样品的重金属及有害元素进行检测和分析。结果 不同产地仙茅药材中的重金属及有害元素含量存在一定的差异,以《药用植物及制剂进出口绿色行业标准》(2004)为参照,砷、铅、汞、铜的含量均符合该项标准,7个产地镉的含量则高于0.3 mg/kg的标准。结论 实验研究建立的仙茅药材重金属及有害元素的检测方法具有快速、简便、准确等优点,不仅可用于仙茅药材质量评价,也可为其他种类中药材重金属及有害元素含量测定及评价提供参考。

电感耦合等离子体质谱法测定纹身贴中17种有害元素及其迁移量

建立电感耦合等离子体质谱法测定纹身贴中硼、铝、铬、锰、钴、镍、铜、锌、砷、硒、锶、镉、锡、锑、钡、汞和铅17种元素的分析方法。纹身贴样品经纯水湿润后,用刮刀取下覆在膜上的油墨,干燥后用微波消解法消解,以电感耦合等离子体质谱法测定纹身贴中17种元素含量。分别用模拟胃液和模拟汗液提取纹身贴中17种元素,以电感耦合等离子体质谱法测定17种元素的迁移量。汞元素的质量浓度在0~10μg/L范围内、其余16种元素的质量浓度在0~100μg/L范围内与质谱响应值具有良好的线性关系,相关系数均大于0.999,17种元素的检出限为0.001~0.397μg/kg,定量限为0.003~1.32μg/kg;迁移量检出限为0.0015~1.638μg/dm^(2),定量限为0.005~5.46μg/dm^(2)。纹身贴中17种有害元素及其在模拟胃液、模拟汗液中迁移量测定结果的相对标准偏差为2.9%~15.0%(n=7),样品加标回收率为80.0%~119.2%。该方法灵敏度高,适用于纹身贴中有害元素的测定。

重金属检查与有害元素测定虚拟仿真实验设计

为解决中药重金属检查与有害元素测定实验长期存在的易受实验环境制约、实验周期长、环节多、实验成本高等问题,教学团队运用虚拟仿真技术构建了“重金属的检查与有害元素测定虚拟仿真实验”。该实验涵盖了重金属检查与有害元素测定所需的化学分析和仪器分析操作方法,帮助学生加强对实验原理和注意事项的理解。

牛黄解毒片中重金属及有害金属元素测定及健康风险评估

目的测定牛黄解毒片中重金属及有害金属元素残留情况,并将风险评估引入中药外源性污染评价。方法样品经微波消解后,采用ICP-MS法对60批牛黄解毒片中重金属及有害金属元素含量进行测定,按照危害识别、危害特征描述、暴露评估和风险描述的程序,对健康风险进行初步评估。结果所测得4种元素在各自范围内线性关系均良好(r≥0.997),回收率为87.3%~93.1%(RSD≤3.1%)。60批样品中Cu﹑Cd﹑Pb均未超标,Hg超标率为48.3%。结论该方法灵敏准确,考察了牛黄解毒片中重金属及有害元素残留情况,科学评估了重金属对人体的健康风险,为中药牛黄解毒片的安全性评价提供研究思路。

电感耦合等离子体质谱法测定鲜河蚌肉水提物中5种元素含量

目的建立测定鲜河蚌肉水提物中铜(Cu)、砷(As)、镉(Cd)、汞(Hg)、铅(Pb)含量的电感耦合等离子体质谱(ICP-MS)法。方法采用微波消解法对样品进行前处理。采用ICP-MS法测定,等离子体射频功率为1550 W,等离子体气体流速为15.0 L/min,辅助气体(氩气)流速为0.90L/min,雾化气流速为1.05L/min,蠕动泵速为0.1r/s,采样深度为8 mm,调谐模式为No Gas模式,重复3次。结果Cu、As、Cd、Hg、Pb质量浓度分别在0~500 ng/mL、0~200 ng/mL、0~10 ng/mL、0~5 ng/mL、0~20 ng/mL范围内与仪器响应值线性关系良好(r≥0.9996,n=5),检测限分别为0.0205,0.0045,0.0008,0.0042,0.0051 mg/kg,定量限分别为0.0682,0.0149,0.0027,0.0141,0.0170 mg/kg;精密度、重复性试验结果的RSD均小于5%;平均加样回收率分别为99.60%,106.16%,108.93%,115.30%,103.40%,RSD分别为0.84%,6.03%,1.15%,3.56%,0.55%(n=6)。参考《药用植物及制剂外经贸绿色行业标准》,9批样品中的Cu、Hg、Pb均符合限量标准,As、Cd超标的样品分别有8批、2批。结论该方法操作简单,结果准确,可用于测定鲜河蚌肉水提物中Cu、As、Cd、Hg、Pb的含量。

贵州黔西市长江煤矿可采煤层中微量元素地球化学特征及成煤环境分析

煤中微量元素隐含着丰富的地质和成煤环境信息。研究煤中微量元素,对反演成煤环境、煤炭的高效清洁利用以及认识有害元素对人和生态环境的影响具有非常重要的意义。本文对贵州黔西市长江煤矿可采煤层中微量元素地球化学特征及成煤环境进行了分析,结果表明:长江煤矿可采煤层形成于浅水富氧环境;可采煤层中Ga、Th、F相对富集;在煤层的开采利用过程中,应重视有害元素F的综合治理及生态环境保护。

含氟地下水的危害、治理技术现状与进展

【研究目的】地下水氟污染在世界范围内都被认为是一项重大公共卫生危害。据统计,全球有约2亿多人正面临氟中毒风险,至少有28个国家出现过饮用高氟水造成的氟中毒事件。高氟地下水主要分布于干旱缺水的欠发达地区,普遍缺乏可替代的饮用水源,使地方性氟中毒问题长期得不到有效解决。因此,研发经济可行的氟化物去除技术成为解决高氟地下水问题的关键。【研究方法】基于文献调研结果,以现阶段全球含氟地下水的污染现状为基础,综合考虑研究深度、理论和应用可行性、去除效率、可再生性等多种因素,对国内外含氟地下水研究和应用案例进行总结分析。【研究结果】介绍了世界范围内含氟地下水的成因和分布,系统总结了现有主流含氟地下水处理技术的优劣、除氟机理和应用进展,并对存在问题和未来发展趋势进行了分析和展望。【结论】每种技术都有各自的处理优势和一定的局限性,在选择和应用时需要综合考虑含氟地下水的水质情况和目标需求。同时,当前的地下水除氟技术在研发过程中也存在服务目标针对性不强、综合处理效率不佳以及吸附容量应用与理论值偏差较大等问题。多种处理工艺的耦合应用可以更好地发挥不同处理技术的优势,取得取长补短的效果,正受到人们日益关注。此外,多污染物的联合去除以及结构可人工调控的新型吸附材料的设计研发也是未来重要发展方向。

硒对箭叶淫羊藿有害元素吸收及黄酮类成分含量的影响

以亚硒酸钠为外源硒,采用叶面和土壤施肥两种方式进行富硒栽培,研究硒对箭叶淫羊藿(Epimedium sagittatum(Sieb.et Zucc.)Maxim)吸收铅(Pb)、镉(Cd)、汞(Hg)、砷(As)等有害元素的影响,以及对其总黄酮、淫羊藿苷和朝藿定A、朝藿定B、朝藿定C含量的影响。结果显示:(1)土壤施硒时,除As外,10 mg/kg处理组可抑制箭叶淫羊藿对有害元素的吸收,更高浓度的硒则促进有害元素的吸收;叶面施硒时,4种元素的吸收均受到抑制,且具有剂量效应。(2)箭叶淫羊藿富硒效果显著,叶片中的硒含量随硒处理浓度的升高而增加;同时,叶面施硒肥可促进箭叶淫羊藿叶片的生长。(3)硒处理可促进黄酮类化合物的积累,且呈浓度依赖性关系。研究结果表明,叶面施硒能减少有害元素的积累,有利于药材质量的提升,未来可作为箭叶淫羊藿药材开发利用的新途径。

ICP-MS测定诃子炮制前后无机元素含量及安全性评价

目的:建立诃子生品及清炒、麸煨、砂烫、烘制4种炮制品中26个无机元素的分析方法,对其中重金属及有害元素进行健康风险评估。方法:采用电感耦合等离子体质谱法,以铑和铼为内标,通过标准曲线法测定诃子中的26个元素;采用危害指数(HI)法和暴露限值(MOE)法进行健康风险评估。结果:26个元素的标准曲线线性关系良好,仪器检出限为0.0002~0.4342μg·kg^(-1),加样回收率为83.21%~116.84%。诃子炮制前后无机元素差异明显,部分重金属及有害元素所致健康风险较低。结论:该方法简便、准确,适用于诃子中无机元素的含量测定,为其重金属及有害元素健康风险评估提供了参考。

榆钢高炉低成本冶炼生产实践

近年来,受国际经济贸易和国内市场供需不平衡等因素影响,钢铁行业也随之发生新变化,正处于深度调整期。钢材产能过剩、环保压力、竞争激烈等一系列不利因素使企业处于转型升级“阵痛期”,钢铁行业面临严峻的生产经营形势。在这样大环境下,降本增效无疑成为企业立足的根本。榆钢高炉通过放宽入炉有害元素控制标准、提升块矿配比、优化焦炭结构、优化配煤结构等经济配料措施,以及强化原燃料筛分管理、优化炉内“四大制度”控制、炉前出铁组织优化等精细化操作管控,实现了炉况稳定顺行,大幅度降低了铁水成本。

粉煤灰淋滤过程中砷和铅的迁移特性与钝化

为研究粉煤灰淋滤过程中微量有害元素的迁移特性及钝化剂对元素的钝化效果,以某煤化工基地原煤与粉煤灰为试验原料,以砷和铅为研究对象,利用逐级化学提取研究了元素的赋存形态;在淋滤试验中研究了pH和淋滤时间对元素迁移的影响;在钝化试验中研究了腐植酸和沸石对元素的钝化效果。结果表明,砷和铅在原煤中赋存形态主要是不溶态、有机质结合态及铁锰氧化物结合态,而在粉煤灰中主要是不溶态。以风险评价指数法评价的表明原煤中砷、铅和粉煤灰中砷属于低风险范围。砷和铅在粉煤灰中以不溶态为主的赋存形态使其相对于在原煤中有较低的最大迁移率、阶段迁移率和迁移强度均低于其在原煤的主要原因。腐植酸和沸石对粉煤灰中砷和铅钝化效果明显,且钝化剂用量越大,其迁移率越低;腐植酸比沸石对砷有更好的钝化效果,2种钝化剂对铅的钝化效果相似。