Meteorological applications of precipitable water vapor measurements retrieved by the national GNSS network of China

In this study, the Global Navigation Satellite System （GNSS） network of China is discussed, which can be used to monitor atmospheric precipitable water vapor （PWV）. By the end of 2013, the network had 952 GNSS sites, including 260 belonging to the Crustal Movement Observation Network of China （CMONOC） and 692 belonging to the China Meteorological Administration GNSS network （CMAGN）. Additionally, GNSS observation collecting and data processing procedures are presented and PWV data quality control methods are investigated. PWV levels as determined by GNSS and radiosonde are compared. The results show that GNSS estimates are generally in good agreement with measurements of radio- sondes and water vapor radiometers （WVR）. The PWV retrieved by the national GNSS network is used in weather forecasting, assimilation of data into numerical weather prediction models, the validation of PWV estimates by radiosonde, and plum rain monitoring. The network is also used to monitor the total ionospheric electron content.

Study on Ecological Compensation Policy among the Micro Subjects on Water Energy Resources Development

The subjects of ecological compensation involve the nation, society, development enterprises of wa-ter-energy resources, as well as the location of resource itself. This paper systematically studies on how to make “water energy sources market compensation policy”, “the economic compensation policy for relevant interest subjects” and “the ecological compensation policy of basin ecological water.” So, it is necessary to exert the complementary function between market compensation and government compensation by the means of economic compensation and to establish the ecological compensation policy of basin ecological water, which is beneficial to coordinating the stakeholders’ interests of cross-region or inter-basin. And it is important and significant to establish constantly perfected ecological compensation policy among the micro subjects on water energy resources development, so as to coordinate interest relationships among various subjects and finally reach the aim of sustainable use of water energy resources and environmental protection as possible.

Characteristics of the Correlation between Regional Water Vapor Transport along with the Convective Action and Variation of the Pacific Subtropical High in 1998

This paper explores the impact of the convective action over the low-latitude region, the water vapor transport around the West Pacific subtropical high (WPSH), and its convective action on the seasonal northward jump and southward withdrawal of the WPSH in summer by using the daily data set of NCEP and TBB for 1998. The research shows that in summer, the WPSH moves northward when the convection over the low-latitude tropical region intensifies and the subsidence region of the meridional vertically vertical circulation in meridional direction circulation over the region of 110?150癊 moves northward. Furthermore, as revealed by diagnostic analysis, the subtropical high moves northward after the obvious weakening of the longitudinal water vapor transport over the region around the subtropical high, but withdraws southward a pentad after the reduction of the latitudinal water vapor transport over the tropical West Pacific region. The research results show that the northward jump and southward withdrawal of the WPSH are closely related to the release of the convective latent heat at low latitudes and the water vapor transport at boundaries around WPSH and its convective action. The numerical simulation further validates the above-mentioned correlation between the variation of the action of the subtropical high and the preceding water vapor transport along with the convection characteristics.

Statistical and Probability Quantification of Hydrologic Dynamics in the Lake Tuscaloosa Watershed, Alabama, USA

Interconnected components of water cycle, including surface water, groundwater, and precipitation, can exhibit complex hydrologic dynamics. This study investigates dynamics embedded in surface water, groundwater, and precipitation time series data in the Lake Tuscaloosa watershed located in northern Alabama, using standard statistics and non-stationarity analysis. Standard statistics analysis shows that less water is available in this watershed over time. A significant correlation between different data sets is found, and groundwater is found to be slower evolving than its nearby surface systems. Non-stationarity analysis based on time scale-local Hurst exponents calculated by the multifractal detrended fluctuation approach shows that, on one hand, the stream system exhibits non-stationarity properties similar to precipitation, as expected. On the other hand, groundwater and lake stage non-stationarity is found to be influenced by the seasonal variation in rainfall and the long-term anthropogenic factors. Therefore, sustainability of surface water and aquifer may be affected by natural input and/or anthropogenic activity, both of which can evolve non-stationary in different time scales.

New perspective of Miocene marine hydrocarbon source rocks in deep-water area in Qiongdongnan Basin of northern South China Sea

Drilling wells reveal that the organic matter abundance of Miocene marine source rocks in shallow water area of the Qiongdongnan Basin is relatively low with poor hydrocarbon generation poten- tial. However, in some drilling wells of deep water area close to the central depression belt, Miocene marine source rocks with better organic matter abundance and hydrocarbon generation have been found, which have achieved better source rock standard based on the analysis of geochemical charac- teristics. Although there are no exploratory wells in deep water area of the research region, through the comparative analysis of geochemical data of several typical exploratory wells respectively from shallow water area in the basin, central depression belt margin in deep-water area of the basin and Site 1148 of deep sea drilling in the South China Sea Basin, it reveals that the tendency of the quality of source rocks becomes positive gradually from delta to bathyal environment, which then becomes negative as in deep oceanic environment. Owing to the lack of terrestrial organic matter input, the important controlling factors of Miocene marine source rocks in the Qiongdongnan Basin are ocean productivity and preservation conditions of organic matter. The element geochemistry data indicate that the tendency of the paleoproductivity and the preservation conditions of organic matter become positive as water depth increase from shallow area to bathyal area close to central depression belt. So it is speculated that there must exist high quality source rocks in the central depression area where the preservation conditions of organic matter are much better. Besides, in theory, in oxygen-poor zone of oceanic environment at the water depth 400–1 000 m, the preservation conditions of organic matter are well thus forming high-quality marine source rocks. The result- ing speculation, it is reasonable to consider that there are high hydrocarbon generation potential source rocks in bathyal environment of the Qiongdongnan Basin, especially at the water depth 400– 1 000 m.

冻融环境下再生混凝土毛细吸水特性研究

本文采用ASTM C1585-13水工混凝土毛细吸水标准试验方法,研究了冻融循环和再生混凝土粗骨料取代率(0%、20%、40%和60%)对再生混凝土(RAC)毛细吸水性能的影响,建立了冻融环境下RAC初期毛细吸水率的预测模型,并结合非饱和毛细理论,建立了RAC在不同冻融循环次数下相对含水量分布预测模型。结果表明:冻融环境相同时,RAC的累计吸水量和初期毛细吸水率随再生粗骨料取代率的增加而变大;再生粗骨料取代率相同时,RAC累计吸水量和初期毛细吸水率随冻融循环次数的增加而变大;从经济角度来看,40%掺量的RAC抗冻性能较优。经验证,通过回归分析建立的冻融损伤下RAC初期毛细吸水率预测模型,计算精度较高,可用于预测RAC的毛细吸水性能,为RAC的抗冻耐久性评价提供理论依据。

青海湖高寒草原植被群落结构和水源涵养功能对禁牧封育的响应

【目的】探讨禁牧封育对青海湖植被群落结构和水源涵养功能的影响,对准确评估禁牧封育在青海湖退化草地恢复过程中的作用具有重要意义。【方法】对青海湖北岸高寒草原设置自由放牧及不同封育年限样地,分析封育措施对植物物种数、生物量、功能群、土壤容重、持水量及孔隙度等指标的影响。【结果】(1)随封育年限延长,青海湖北岸高寒草原物种数呈降低趋势,植被盖度、地上地下生物量均呈先增加后降低趋势,禾本科植物在群落中的重要值占比逐渐增加。(2)禁牧封育对青海湖北岸高寒草原土壤水分特征的影响主要集中在0—20 cm。随禁牧封育年限延长,0—20 cm土壤容重逐步降低,0—10 cm土壤饱和持水量、毛管持水量、田间持水量及总孔隙度均呈先增加后稳定趋势。(3)土壤容重是影响青海湖北岸高寒草原植被群落结构的最主要土壤水分特征因子。【结论】从植被群落结构的角度考虑,青海湖高寒草原禁牧封育年限不应超过7年,超过7年应进行适度干扰。

胜利油田水驱开发技术进展及发展方向

水驱油藏是中国东部老油田开发的主体,经过长期注水开发已整体进入特高含水期,室内研究及矿场实践表明,仍有大幅度提高采收率的潜力,但受储层非均质性和开发动态非均质性影响,科学开发和效益开发难度加大,亟需攻关进一步提高采收率技术。整装油藏针对特高含水后期极端耗水严重、效益稳产及水驱提高采收率难等问题,深化了极端耗水层带理论,创新形成了层系近阻重组开发技术、特高含水油藏矢量开发技术和特高含水后期流场调整开发技术,实现了控耗水、降递减,平均采收率为43.7%;断块油藏针对断层多、断块小的特点及特高含水期剩余油规模小、动用难的问题,深化剩余油富集规律及水动力调控机制认识,创新形成了人工边水驱、立体开发等主导开发技术系列,提高了储量控制和水驱动用程度,平均采收率为29.4%,支撑了断块油藏效益稳产;低渗透油藏针对储层物性差、有效建驱难等问题,持续开展非线性渗流机理和压驱开发机理研究,攻关配套开发技术,不断拓宽开发界限,创新形成特低渗透油藏仿水平井注水、一般低渗透油藏井网适配提高采收率、低渗透-致密油藏压驱注水等差异开发技术系列,平均采收率为15.7%,实现了低渗透油藏提速提效开发。通过以上技术进步,实现了特高含水期水驱油藏的效益开发。结合不同类型油藏开发特点及面临形势,对水驱油藏进一步提高采收率提出了下步发展方向。

Land Use/Land Cover Change Detection in Pokhara Metropolitan, Nepal Using Remote Sensing

Land use and land cover are essential for maintaining and managing the natural resources on the earth surface. A complex set of economic, demographic, social, cultural, technological, and environmental processes usually result in the change in the land use/land cover change (LULC). Pokhara Metropolitan is influenced mainly by the combination of various driving forces: geographical location, high rate of population growth, economic opportunity, globalization, tourism activities, and political activities. In addition to this, geographically steep slope, rugged terrain, and fragile geomorphic conditions and the frequency of earthquakes, floods, and landslides make the Pokhara Metropolitan region a disaster-prone area. The increment of the population along with infrastructure development of a given territory leads towards the urbanization. It has been rapidly changing due to urbanization, industrialization and internal migration since the 1970s. The landscapes and ground patterns are frequently changing on time and prone to disaster. Here a study has been carried to study on LULC for the last 18 years (2000-2018). The supervised classification on Landsat Imagery was performed and verified the classification through computing the error matrix. Besides, the water bodies and vegetation area were extracted through the Normalized Difference Water Index (NDWI) and Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDWI) respectively. This research shows that during the last 18 years the agricultural areas diminishing by 15.66% while urban area is increasing by 13.2%. This research is beneficial for preparing the plan and policy in the sustainable development of Pokhara Metropolitan.

隔水透气隔断层对寒旱区盐渍土水盐迁移及变形特性的影响

针对寒旱区盐渍土水盐迁移引起的盐冻胀变形病害问题,本研究提出了一种新型的隔水透气膜隔断层处理方法,并开展了相应的理论分析和室内试验研究。基于多孔介质理论和连续介质力学理论,通过考虑温度变化下孔隙水盐相变等因素,建立了非饱和盐渍土的水-热-盐-力多场多相耦合模型。在水盐补给条件下,采用数值模拟和室内模型试验研究了非饱和硫酸盐渍土的水盐迁移和盐冻胀变形特性,并验证了模型的有效性。重点分析了设置隔水透气膜对非饱和硫酸盐渍土热质迁移及变形行为的影响。研究结果表明:隔水透气层对液态水和溶解盐的迁移具有明显的阻滞作用。同时,由于隔断层的透气特性,可有效地解决传统土工膜隔断层下气体聚集现象。研究成果可为盐渍土路基处理提供技术与理论基础。

基于计算机视觉的牲畜智能饮水系统的设计与实现

【目的】针对目前牲畜饮水行为的监控和管理方面存在的半智能化、设备功能单一、缺乏智能化管理等问题,设计并实现了基于计算机视觉的牲畜智能饮水系统。【方法】利用Jetson nano嵌入式设备作为主控制器,在进行视频监控的同时基于计算机视觉识别牲畜并对其供水,采用轻量级检测方法实现牲畜的分布密度检测,分析是否需要增加水槽来避免拥挤情况的产生;采用RFID技术识别标签信息并统计牲畜个体是否饮水、饮水次数及总饮水时间等关键信息;采用传感器技术检测水位及水温情况,实现了水槽水满断电、结冰前自动排水等智能控制;开发了客户端和服务端软件,在阿里云服务器上部署云平台,并提供数据可视化和绑定牲畜附加信息等服务,进行人机交互。【结果】以内蒙古地区个人家庭牛群的5头牛为试验对象进行了为期40 d的测试,结果表明,本系统能够对水槽周围环境进行视频监控、目标检测、牲畜密度检测、牲畜信息统计及水槽的自动供水及停止供水。以2023年2月8日试验结果为例,在当天被测试的5头牛均饮水,其中2166430号牛在线时间3.2 min,饮水1次,饮水时长为1.3 min。根据该牛和被测群体的过去一周的饮水情况得知,该被测群体的饮水规律正常。经过历史饮水情况的统计,从饮水方面来看该被测群体在40 d内处于健康状态。【结论】该系统减少了养殖户的人力成本,为养殖户提供了判断牲畜健康状态的重要依据。

预处理+UF+NF工艺处理非饮用生活水工程实践

某非饮用生活水处理装置设计产水规模150 m^(3)/h,采用“预处理+UF+NF”工艺技术,出水水质指标达到《生活饮用水卫生标准》(GB 5749-2006)要求。运行结果表明,常年平均出水COD_(Mn)<2 mg/L,浊度为0.1 NTU,色度<5度,TDS为275 mg/L,满足出水水质要求。文章介绍了装置的工艺流程、主要构筑物和设备的设计参数,并对装置运行情况及运行成本进行了总结,可供同类工程设计参考。

煤化工水处理污泥对准东次烟煤热解和燃烧及气化性能的影响

解析煤化工水处理污泥(YS)的组成结构、微观形貌及官能团种类,探究不同实验气氛下其对准东次烟煤(ZSBC)热反应性能的影响,对于合理处置煤化工水处理污泥并实现其资源化利用具有较大现实意义。以ZSBC、YS和Y_(1)Z_(9)(YS与ZSBC按质量比为1∶9混合得到的样品)为研究对象,通过改变热量实验的气体氛围,研究不同反应气氛下YS对ZSBC热反应性能的影响。结果表明:ZSBC较YS富含固定碳和挥发分,而YS中的灰分含量较高且主要组成为含P,Ca和Fe等元素的化合物;YS的官能团种类较ZSBC的官能团种类更加丰富,且YS中主要为脂肪族化合物,而ZSBC中含有大量的芳香族化合物;惰性气氛下,YS的掺杂可以降低快速热解阶段(405℃~485℃)ZSBC活化能并增加指前因子,加快了Y_(1)Z_(9)在405℃~485℃温度段的反应进程;在氧化性气氛下,YS的掺杂可使ZSBC的着火点从475℃下降到443℃,综合燃烧特性指数(S)、燃烧稳定性指数(D)以及燃烧特性因子(A_(c))都得到增加;YS的掺杂可以降低380℃~550℃温度段ZSBC活化能并增加指前因子,促进Y_(1)Z_(9)在此温度段的燃烧反应;在二氧化碳气氛下,Y_(1)Z_(9)的平均初始反应性指数(R_(i))、反应性指数(R_(f))和平均终止反应指数(R_(s))均低于ZSBC的相应参数,表明YS的掺杂会延缓ZSBC的气化反应进程。

基于改进PCA-BP神经网络模型的海宁市需水预测

需水预测是地区水资源规划中的重要部分,对于实现水资源合理有序开发,保障社会经济的可持续发展有重要的指导意义。采用改进PCA-BP神经网络模型对影响需水量的9个影响因子进行降维处理,并分别以海宁市2001~2014、2015~2020年数据作为训练样本和检验样本完成模型训练,其中,综合灰色预测模型GM(1,1)对降维后的影响因子独立预测,从而预测海宁市规划年需水量,并与传统定额法的需水预测结果进行对比分析。结果表明,人口、GDP、居民生活用水量、城镇公共用水量为影响海宁市需水量的主要因子;通过构建改进PCA-BP神经网络模型得到的2025、2030、2035年需水结果,比传统定额法更为真实、合理,进一步证实了预测模型的合理性,可为海宁市未来水资源规划提供指导。

高含水油田剩余油研究方法、分布特征与发展趋势

为了提高高含水油田剩余油研究与评价效果,基于大量文献调研,梳理了剩余油的概念、影响因素,从剩余油微观分布、宏观分布和饱和度定量分析3个方面总结了剩余油研究方法及其适用条件,概括了水驱油藏、稠油油藏和化学驱油藏的剩余油分布特征,进一步提出了目前剩余油研究的难点和发展趋势。结果表明:剩余油的影响因素主要包括地质构造、沉积微相、储层非均质性和井网密度、井网模式、注采系统的完善程度、生产动态等;剩余油研究方法包括实验分析方法、数值模拟方法和矿场测试方法等,各种方法的研究目的和适用条件不同,测试结果反映不同位置、不同尺度下的剩余油饱和度分布;高含水油田剩余油分布总体呈现高度分散和相对富集的特征,剩余油微观分布呈现连续相和非连续相多种形式;剩余油研究发展趋势包括但不限于以下5方面:超大物理模型的构建、多尺度高分辨率成像系统集成、考虑不同驱替介质及物性时变与非连续相非线性渗流的数值模拟改进方法、多学科多方法矿场测试的综合应用及大数据人工智能的广泛应用。

内蒙古通辽地震观测井水位和水温准同步变化机理分析

利用区域水文地质资料、水温梯度测试结果、区域地下水开采和降水等数据,分析了影响内蒙古通辽地震观测井水位和温度多年与年际变化的因素。在此基础上,构建了水动力地质模型,探讨了该井水位和水温准同步变化的机理。结果表明,区域地下水开采和降雨是影响该井水位和温度准同步变化的主要因素,冷水渗透理论可以很好地解释该井水位和水温的准同步变化。

基于改进TOPSIS模型的山西省水资源承载力与协调发展分析

【目的】为了评估山西省水资源承载力并为未来区域水资源规划与管理提供实际指导,【方法】从水资源、社会、经济、生态四个子系统构建了水资源承载力评价指标体系,利用基于改进组合权重的TOPSIS模型对山西省2011—2020年水资源承载力进行综合评价,并引入改进的耦合协调度模型以准确阐明水资源与经济的耦合协调关系。【结果】结果表明,改进的AHP与反熵权法相结合,可以避免传统AHP中主观因素和熵权法中数据随机性造成的偏差,从而准确估计水资源承载力。评价年份内,山西省水资源承载力逐年提升,总体呈增大趋势。此外,山西省水资源与经济系统间耦合协调程度得到改善,但总体仍处于较低的协调状态,且改进耦合协调度结果能更客观与动态反映水资源与经济子系统之间的耦合协调类型。【结论】2011—2020年山西省水资源承载力呈总体上升趋势但仍有较大提升空间,其中水资源与经济发展之间仍存在局部不协调问题,应进一步优化区域经济产业结构,改善水资源配置,统筹各系统协调发展以综合提升区域未来水资源承载力。

富水砂层宾汉浆液柱形渗透扩散模型及其试验研究

【目的】富水砂层灾害防控是困扰隧道、深大基坑等安全施工的重大难题,常通过袖阀管向地层内渗透注浆来提高强富水弱胶结砂质地层抗渗性和承载力,其注浆结石体近似为圆柱形。【方法】为探究砂层渗透注浆柱形扩散机理,首先构建考虑迂曲效应的宾汉浆液在砂层内渗透注浆的辐射管道流柱形扩散模型,然后研制一套砂层渗透注浆柱形扩散模型试验装置,开展不同颗粒级配被注砂土、不同注浆压力和不同水灰比水泥基浆液条件下的砂层渗透注浆试验,探究浆液扩散规律,最后结合试验结果验证理论合理性。【结果和结论】结果表明:当被注砂土粒径较小且黏性土含量较高时,注浆压力对扩散半径影响较小,浆液水灰比是影响注浆扩散形态的主控因素:此时若浆液水灰比较大,则渗滤效应不显著,注浆扩散半径较大且不容易发生串浆,但砂土颗粒之间的黏结强度沿径向逐渐降低;此时若浆液水灰比较小,则渗滤效应显著,浆液扩散较短距离后孔隙空间即被完全淤堵,土层交界面会成为浆液优势扩散面,出现串浆现象。当被注砂土粒径较大且黏性土含量较低时,低压稀浆与高压浓浆条件均可使浆液在砂土内充分扩散,但砂土孔隙分布的随机性、空间差异性和颗粒型浆液扩散的迂曲效应、渗滤效应会导致注浆结石体形状不是规则的圆柱体。浆液压力在扩散方向上衰减速度先快后慢,注浆扩散半径理论计算值比试验值大6.10%~10.97%,起始注浆压力理论计算值与试验值的相对误差为–0.48%~18.62%。研究成果可为砂层渗透注浆参数设计提供理论支撑与指导。

浮动式反应堆事故多舱室气溶胶扩散泳沉积与三维流动的耦合数值模拟

基于计算流体力学方法对浮动式反应堆破口事故在壁面冷却条件下水蒸气冷凝及壁面冷凝引起的气溶胶扩散泳沉降进行仿真分析,并与静态条件下气溶胶扩散泳沉积对比,发现:所采取的冷凝模型经实验对比能很好地预测水蒸气冷凝;静态条件下气溶胶扩散泳沉积速度与气溶胶粒径几乎无关,与集总参数法的规律一致,此外湍流沉积会使气溶胶衰减因子增大约3×10^(-4)。非均匀流场在冷凝环境下会产生大范围的回转流动。气流曳力会使衰减因子产生量级上的增加,同时曳力作用对于气溶胶粒径不敏感;冷凝使堆舱出现很大的湍流强度,会增强扩散泳的沉积效果,增强效果对小粒径颗粒更明显,使1μm颗粒衰减因子明显大于堆舱中的10μm颗粒衰减因子,最大可达0.035。

节水型工业园区评价体系分析

工业行业节水管理是国家、行业水效提升的重要内容,节水型工业园区评价是工业行业节水管理的有效工具和抓手。梳理、比较和分析当前发布实施的节水型工业园区评价体系,结果表明:现行的节水型工业园区评价体系由基本要求、定性评价指标、定量评价指标和鼓励性指标组成;园区内取用水、排污合法合规和园区内无重大安全、污染事故或重大生态破坏事件两个方面被普遍作为基本要求进行考察;串联用水技术和合同节水管理制度是推进节水型园区建设的两项重要鼓励措施;定性评价指标分为组织管理类指标、用水管理类指标和宣传教育类指标3类,用水管理类指标和组织管理类指标是重点;工业园区取用水量、水重复利用率和节水型企业覆盖率被普遍应用于定量评价指标。