Effects of Primary and Secondary Trunk Girdling on the Status and Distribution Regularity of Nutrients in Grape

Objective] The study aimed to investigate the effects of primary and sec-ondary trunk girdling on the status and distribution regularity of nutrients in grape. [Method] Using grape cultivar ‘Rose Honey’ as the experimental material, the ef-fects of primary and secondary trunk girdling on carbon and nitrogen nutrition, min-eral nutrition and nutrient distribution regularity in leaves and branches above the girdling wound and roots below the girdling wound were analyzed. [Result] Girdling could significantly increase non-structural carbohydrate content （such as soluble sugar and starch） in branches above the girdling wound, reduce soluble protein and total nitrogen contents, and significantly improve C/N ratio. Specifical y, the highest C/N ratio in primary girdling group and secondary girdling group was 9.04 and 5.35, respectively, but C/N ratio in control group was only 4.89 in the same period. Girdling not only significantly decreased the content of non-structural carbohydrates （such as soluble sugar and starch） in roots, but also significantly declined soluble protein and total nitrogen content, which also reduced C/N ratio in various degrees. Specifical y, the lowest C/N ratio in primary girdling group and secondary girdling group was 1.16 and 3.06, respectively, while that in control group was 3.15 in the same period. ln addition, primary girdling exerted much greater effects on carbon and nitrogen nutrition than secondary girdling. Moreover, girdling significantly de-creased the contents of phosphorus, potassium, ferrum and copper in grape leaves, branches and roots. Specifical y, primary girdling exerted greater effects on ferrum and copper contents in leaves and branches. The contents of ferrum and copper in the first batch of samples exhibited significant differences between primary girdling group and control group： ferrum content in leaves was 75.05 μg/g DW in primary girdling group and that in control group was 85.29 μg/g DW; ferrum content in branches was 76.45 ？g/g DW in primary girdling group and copper content was 7.82 μg/g DW, while ferrum and copper contents in control group were 95.96 and 10.74 μg/g DW, respectively. [Conclusion] This study provided the basis for accu-rately regulating tree nutrition and ensuring safe and effective use of girdling tech-nique in ‘Rose Honey’ production.

The Convergence Rate of Fréchet Distribution under the Second-Order Regular Variation Condition

In this article we consider the asymptotic behavior of extreme distribution with the extreme value index γ>0 . The rates of uniform convergence for Fréchet distribution are constructed under the second-order regular variation condition.

THE DISTRIBUTION REGULARITY OF HIGHER CATEGORIES IN CHINESE SOIL TAXONOMY

The regularity of the distribution of higher categories in Chinese Soil Taxonmy(CST)were studied through analyzing the diagnostic horizons and characteristics and the variation of soil forming factors in China. The results indicate that the distribution regularity of higher categories in CsT is different for that in the past zonal classification, which is inferred on the basis of typical profiles and bioclimatic conditions. Among the 14 soil orders available in CST, 6 belong to the basic types, which shaw the regularly continuous distribution, and can be deduced into three larger groups: aridic, ustic and udic. The other 8 soil orders belong to the special types with the band-shaped, spot-shaped, chessboard-shaped, patch-shaped distributions and so on. Moreover, there is the regularity of vertical distribution in mountains.

Distribution Regularity of Muzzle Shock-Wave Inside Protective Cover

The injury of gunners caused by muzzle shock-wave has always been a great problem when firing inside the protective cover. The distribution regularity and personnel injury from the muzzle blast-wave were investigated by both test and numerical simulation. Through the inside firing test, the changes of overpressure and noise have been measured at different measuring points in the thin-wall cover structure with different open widths and shallow covering thickness. The distribution regularity of muzzle shock-wave with different firing port widths is calculated by ANSYS/LSDYNA software. The overpressure distribution curves of muzzle shock-wave inside the structure can be obtained by comparing the test results with the numerical results. Then, the influence of open width and shallow covering thickness is proposed to give a reference to the protective design under the condition of the inside firing with the same cannon caliber.

Research and Application for the Regularity of Distribution about Curvature Radius and Curvature Center of the Linkage Point Track in a Link Mechanism

It is illustrated that there exists an inflection circle on the linkage rigid body by the principle of relative motion. Confirmed methods of the inflection circle, curvature radius and curvature center of the point track on the linkage rigid body are given in the case of the different contact type of move instantaneous center line and static instantaneous center line. The regularity of distribution of curvature radius and curvature center of the point track is researched. The identification methods called determination parameters and auxiliary vertical line of the diameter and direction of the inflection circle in the four bar mechanism are pointed out. A design method of the crane hoisting mechanism is discussed in the end of this paper.

Spatial Distribution of Mature Larvae of Obolodiplosis robiniae and Damage Regularity of Its First Generation Larvae on Leaves of Locust( Robinia pseudoacacia)

[ Objective] The paper was to explore the population dynamics of Obolodiplosis robiniae （Haldemarm）. [ Method ] The spatial distribution of mature larvae of O. robiniae and the damage regularity of its first generation larvae on leaves of locust were studied in Fangshan District of Beijing City. [ Result] The spa- tial distribution of mature larvae of O. robin/ae in the forest was sigrrificanfly higher than those in forest edge and periphery of forest edge. The attack of the first generation larvae was mainly concentrated in the lower part of tree crown. [ Conclusion] The study provides theoretical basis for the effective control against O. robiniae.

Quantitative studies of the regular distribution pattern for Salmonella enteritidis in the internal organs of mice after oral challenge by a specific real-time polymerase chain reaction

AIM： To identify and understand the regular distribution pattern for Salmonella enteritidis （S. enteritidis） in the internal organs of mice after an oral challenge over a 3 wk period. METHODS： Assays based on the serovar-specific DNA sequence of S. enteritidis from GenBank, and a serovar-specific real-time, fluorescence-based quantitative polymerase chain reaction （FQ-PCR） were developed for the detection of S. enteritidis. We used this assay to detect genomic DNA of S. enteritidis in the blood and the internal organs, including heart, liver, spleen, kidney, pancreas, and gallbladder, from mice after oral challenge at different time points respectively.RESULTS： The results showed that the spleen was positive at 12 h post inoculation （PI）, and the blood was at 14 h PI. The organism was detected in the liver and heart at 16 h PI, the pancreas was positive at 20 h PI, and the final organs to show positive results were the kidney and gallbladder at 22 h PI. The copy number of S. enteritidis DNA in each tissue reached a peak at 24-36 h PI, with the liver and spleen containing high concentrations of S. enteritidis, whereas the blood, heart, kidney, pancreas, and gallbladder had low concentrations. S. enteritidis populations began to decrease and were not detectable at 3 d PI, but were still present up to 12 d PI in the gallbladder, 2 wk for the liver, and 3 wk for the spleen without causing apparent symptoms.CONCLUSION： The results provided significant data for understanding the life cycle of S. enteritidis in the internal organs, and showed that the liver and spleen may be the primary sites for setting itself up as a commensa over a long time after oral challenge. Interestingly, it may be the first time reported that the gallbladder is a site of carriage for S. enteritidis over a 12 d period. This study will help to understand the mechanisms of action of S. enteriCdis infection in vivo.

Sequence boundaries and regularities in the oil-gas distribution of the low swelling slope belt in the continental rift basin

Where are the zones more enriched in sand deposits in the down slope and deep depression of the low swelling slope belt? Are there any screening conditions for oil and gas there? These are the chief geological problems to be solved during exploration of a region. Taking the Paleogene system developed along the east slope belt of Chengdao as an example the concepts of sequence stratigraphy and sedimentary sequenc are applied. A new research method likened to a way ''to get a melon by following the vine'' is proposed to determine the direction for exploring within un-drilled or less-drilled areas. This is the process: ''the characteristics of the sequence boundary ? the forming mechanism of the stratigraphic sequence ? the conditions of oil and gas accumulation ? the distribution zones of oil and gas''. The relationship between the dynamic mechanism of stratigraphic sequence and the forming conditions for oil and gas accumulation establishes that the tectonic disturbance of the slope belt has significant responses as denudation and deposition. Above the stratigraphic sequence boundary there are large scale sand bodies of the low stand system tract (LST) that have developed in the low swelling slope belt and its deep depression. Below the sequence boundary there are the remaining sand bodies of the high stand system tract (HST). On the slope there is a convergence of mudstone layers of the extended system tract (EST) with the mudstone of the underlying strata, which constitutes the screening conditions for the reservoir of the down slope and deep depression. The distribution regularities in preferred sand bodies on the surface of the sequence boundary, and in the system tract, indicate the ordering of oil-gas deposits. From the higher stand down to the depth of the slope there are, in order, areas where exploration was unfavorable, major areas of stratigraphic overlap of oil-gas reservoirs, unconformity screened oil-gas reservoirs, and, finally, sandstone lens oil-gas reservoirs. The low swelling slope belt of Chengdao was tectonically active, which is typical for a continental rift basin. The methodology and results of the present paper are significant for the theory and practice of predicting subtle reservoir and selecting strategic areas for exploration.

Bayesian Regularized Quantile Regression Analysis Based on Asymmetric Laplace Distribution

In recent years, variable selection based on penalty likelihood methods has aroused great concern. Based on the Gibbs sampling algorithm of asymmetric Laplace distribution, this paper considers the quantile regression with adaptive Lasso and Lasso penalty from a Bayesian point of view. Under the non-Bayesian and Bayesian framework, several regularization quantile regression methods are systematically compared for error terms with different distributions and heteroscedasticity. Under the error term of asymmetric Laplace distribution, statistical simulation results show that the Bayesian regularized quantile regression is superior to other distributions in all quantiles. And based on the asymmetric Laplace distribution, the Bayesian regularized quantile regression approach performs better than the non-Bayesian approach in parameter estimation and prediction. Through real data analyses, we also confirm the above conclusions.

Analysis on Structural Control of Coal Distribution in the Northern Qaidam Basin,NW China

The distribution of the Jurassic coal measures in the northern Qaidam Basin is obviously controlled by the regional structures. Based on the existing data of coalfield exploration and combined with the analysis of coalfield basement structures, features of the main faults, and the distribution of coal measures, this paper brings forward a scheme of coalfield tectonic divisional units and the definition of the coal-controlling structural styles in the northern Qaidam Basin. The structure control of the distribution of coal measures is further discussed. Several stages of regional tectonic activities since the Indosinian has led to the distribution of coal measures into the characteristics of zonation from the north to south and block from east to west. The results indicate that the structural deformations are the most intense in the front of the three uplifted belts, which are characterized by the combination of thrusts. The coal measures are uplifted to the shallow formations, and are easy to be exploited, but the scale of mines is small because of serious damages by the coal distribution. On the contrary, the stress and strain are weak in the three depressions, with the coal-controlling structural styles being mainly the thrust-fold and thrust-monocline combinations. The distribution of coals in the depressions is relatively stable. The shallower part of the depression will become the key areas for exploration and development of coal resources in the northern Qaidam Basin.

Earth Pressure Distribution and Sand Deformation Around Modified Suction Caissons(MSCs) Under Monotonic Lateral Loading

The modified suction caisson(MSC) is a novel type of foundation for ocean engineering, consisting of a short external closed-top cylinder-shaped structure surrounding the upper part of the regular suction caisson(RSC). The MSC can provide larger lateral bearing capacity and limit the deflection compared with the RSC. Therefore, the MSC can be much more appropriate to use as an offshore wind turbine foundation. Model tests on the MSC in saturated sand subjected to monotonic lateral loading were carried out to investigate the effects of external structure sizes on the sand surface deformation and the earth pressure distribution along the embedded depth. Test results show that the deformation range of the sand surface increases with the increasing width and length of the external structure. The magnitude of sand upheaval around the MSC is smaller than that of the RSC and the sand upheaval value around the MSC in the loading direction decreases with the increasing external structure dimensions. The net earth pressure in the loading direction acting on the internal compartment of the MSC is smaller than that of the RSC at the same embedded depth. The maximum net earth pressure acting on the external structure outer wall in the loading direction is larger than that of the internal compartment, indicating that a considerable amount of the lateral load and moment is resisted by the external skirt structure.

Orderliness of Hydrocarbon Accumulation Distribution in Rift Basins of Eastern China

The Cenozoic rift basins in eastern China show a clear temporal and spatial zonation and episodic tectonic evolution, which control their episodic hydrocarbon generation and zonal accumulation. In this paper, based on the study of depositional architecture, hydrocarbon migration system and dynamic evolution in the rift basins, combinations of hydrocarbon accumulation elements were analyzed using sequence stratigraphy. Hydrocarbon distribution in system tracts with different sequence orders was further studied. And we summarized stacking patterns and horizontal combination relationships for different types of reservoirs, such as lithological, tectonic-lithological, tectonic and stratigraphical reservoirs which can be observed from depression center to basin margin. The result reveals that various scales of pools exhibit significant distribution and evolution orderliness in different pool-forming units, i.e., depositional systems, plays and depressions. The regular distribution of various scales of pools is closely related to tectonic evolution and depositional filling in the rift basins. The result can be applied to the fine petroleum exploration in rift basins in eastern China. It will promote the scientific prediction and evaluation of reservoir types and their spatial distribution, lead to the active shifts of exploration targets in different zones, and thus support the stable progress of fine exploration in mature exploration areas.

Distributed Majorization-Minimization for Laplacian Regularized Problems

We consider the problem of minimizing a block separable convex function(possibly nondifferentiable, and including constraints) plus Laplacian regularization, a problem that arises in applications including model fitting, regularizing stratified models, and multi-period portfolio optimization. We develop a distributed majorization-minimization method for this general problem, and derive a complete, self-contained, general,and simple proof of convergence. Our method is able to scale to very large problems, and we illustrate our approach on two applications, demonstrating its scalability and accuracy.

Combination and distribution of reservoir space in complex carbonate rocks

This paper discusses the reservoir space in carbonate rocks in terms of types,combination features,distribution regularity,and controlling factors,based on core observations and tests of the North Truva Oilfield,Caspian Basin.According to the reservoir space combinations,carbonate reservoirs can be divided into four types,i.e.,pore,fracture-pore,pore-cavity-fracture,and pore-cavity.Formation and distribution of these reservoirs is strongly controlled by deposition,diagenesis,and tectonism.In evaporated platform and restricted platform facies,the reservoirs are predominately affected by meteoric fresh water leaching in the supergene-para-syngenetic period and by uplifting and erosion in the late stage,making both platform facies contain all the above-mentioned four types of reservoirs,with various pores,such as dissolved cavities and dissolved fractures,or structural fractures occasionally in favorable structural locations.In open platform facies,the reservoirs deposited continuously in deeper water,in an environment of alternative high-energy shoals（where pore-fracture-type reservoirs are dominant） and low-energy shoals（where pore reservoirs are dominant）.

Study by Inverse Method the Size Distribution of the Particle of Carbonaceous Generated in RF Discharge

One of the difficulties encountered in the study of dusty plasmas is related to the knowledge of the size of the dust particles present. A variety of sources, physical and chemical mechanisms of formation, causes a wide variety of sizes and morphologies of dust. The diameter of a dust will not be unique but spread over several orders of magnitude. Its distribution in number, surface, mass or volume is called distribution. It is important to know this distribution in particle size because it strongly impacts the physical and radiative processes. To have a dust distribution in situ is very difficult;the reverse method can identify the particle populations from light extinction measures. In this study, we present an inversion procedure with a Tikhonov regularization dedicated to the determination of volume size distribution (V-PSD) from extinction measurements corresponding to the different wavelengths obtained by the Extinction Spectrometry technique.

Method for Caution Values Calculation of Dissolved Gases in Transformers Based on Statistical Distribution and Correlation Analysis

Before diagnosed by DGA (dissolved gas analysis) methods, gas caution values, which index the level of gas formation, must be used to evaluate the possibility of incipient faults to reduce the misdiagnosis in the normal state. However, the calculation of these values is now only based on cumulative percentile method without taking into account operating conditions. To overcome this disadvantage, a new approach to calculate the transformer caution values is presented. This approach is based on statistical distribution and correlation analysis, and it takes the individual variation and fluctuation caused by internal and external factors into consideration. Then 6550 transformer DGA data collected from North China Power Grid are analyzed in this paper. The results show that the volume fraction of TH (total hydrocarbon) approximately obeys normal distribution when the 3-sigma rule is used to calculate its caution value. The volume fraction of CO has a strong positive correlation with oil temperature. For H2, the negative correlation with oil temperature is significant when the volume fraction is not very low. The caution value curves for CO and H2 are obtained by regression analyses. Thus, the gas caution values/curves obtained using the new method are not always constant, but vary with oil temperature, which is an advantage of the proposed method compared with cumulative percentile method. The variation of gas caution values/curves also reflects the influence of the external factors, for instance, va- rying with monitoring time ensures that the gas caution values are always consistent with operating status.

REGULARITY OF SOLUTIONS TO NONLINEAR TIME FRACTIONAL DIFFERENTIAL EQUATION

We find an upper viscosity solution and give a proof of the existence-uniqueness in the space C^∞（t∈（0,∞）;H2^s＋2（R^n））∩C^0（t∈[0,∞）;H^s（R^n））,s∈R,to the nonlinear time fractional equation of distributed order with spatial Laplace operator subject to the Cauchy conditions ∫0^2p（β）D＊^βu（x,t）dβ=△xu（x,t）＋f（t,u（t,x））,t≥0,x∈R^n,u（0,x）=φ（x）,ut（0,x）=ψ（x）,（0.1） where △xis the spatial Laplace operator,D＊^β is the operator of fractional differentiation in the Caputo sense and the force term F satisfies the Assumption 1 on the regularity and growth. For the weight function we take a positive-linear combination of delta distributions concentrated at points of interval （0, 2）, i.e., p（β） =m∑k=1bkδ（β-βk）,0〈βk〈2,bk〉0,k=1,2,…,m.The regularity of the solution is established in the framework of the space C^∞（t∈（0,∞）;C^∞（R^n））∩C^0（t∈[0,∞）;C^∞（R^n））when the initial data belong to the Sobolev space H2^8（R^n）,s∈R.

Asymptotic Harmonic Behavior in the Prime Number Distribution

We consider on x > 0, where the sum is over all primes p. If Φ is bounded on x > 0, then the Riemann hypothesis is true or there are infinitely many zeros . The first 21 zeros give rise to asymptotic harmonic behavior in Φ(x) defined by the prime numbers up to one trillion.

Spatial Pressure Distribution of Cultivated Land and the Analysis of Food Safety in Kunming City,China

The social and economical condition,cultivated land resources and general situation of grain production of research area are introduced.According to relevant data of cultivated land of Kunming City in 2006,taking the minimum per capita cultivated land and index model of cultivated land pressure,and combining with two conditions of per capita grain demand which are 300 kg and 400 kg,the comparative research method was used to calculate and analyze the minimum per capita cultivated land and index model of cultivated land pressure.The results show that when per capita grain demand-Gr is 300 kg,the per capita cultivated land in Kunming City has regional differences,reflects different regular patterns of spatial distribution,and presents obvious and typical radial distribution.Urban area of Kunming has the lowest point and be taken as the center,per capita cultivated land decreases progressively from suburban to the periphery;when per capita grain demand-Gr is 400 kg,under the same consumption level,cultivated land pressures of each county in Kunming City are different,and so are the driven factors;when per capita grain demand-Gr is 300 kg or 400 kg,the indexes of cultivated land pressure in Kunming are all greater than 1,cultivated land pressure is enormous,the indexes of cultivated land pressure of each county(district) have two conditions-greater than 1 and less than 2,and the reasons differ from one another.Combining with the spatial distribution characteristics of the cultivated land and food and the situation of industrial development,the countermeasures and suggestions are put forwarded to make full use of back-up cultivated land,to plan the distribution of industrial structure in each county(district) of Kunming City as a whole,to dispose cultivated land resources reasonably and so on.

细粒沉积岩优质储集层发育主控因素分析:以渤海湾盆地沾化凹陷为例

为了深化对湖相细粒沉积岩储集层的认识,以渤海湾盆地济阳坳陷沾化凹陷渤南洼陷沙三下亚段(Es3L)为研究对象,利用岩心描述、薄片鉴定、扫描电镜观察、物性分析和测井曲线,揭示了储集层特征、分布规律及其主控因素。基于矿物组成、沉积构造和有机质含量,将渤南洼陷Es3L细粒沉积岩划分为6类岩相:富有机质纹层状灰质细粒混积岩(LF1)、富有机质纹层状长英质细粒碳酸盐岩(LF2)、富有机质层状灰质细粒混积岩(LF3)、富有机质层状/块状长英质细粒碳酸盐岩(LF4)、富有机质层状含长英细粒碳酸盐岩(LF5)、含有机质块状含长英细粒碳酸盐岩(LF6)。储集层的主要储集空间为粒间孔、晶间孔、溶蚀孔和层间微裂缝,储集层孔隙度主要介于0.67%~5.56%之间(平均值为4.93%),渗透率主要介于(0.02~4.87)×10^(-3)μm^(2)之间(平均值为0.59×10^(-3)μm^(2))。渤南洼陷Es3L细粒沉积岩储集层分布的主控因素包括岩相、沉积环境、成岩作用和有机质热演化。渤南洼陷Es3L的中下部的陆源输入水平低、水体盐度大、水体分层性强,主要发育岩相LF2和LF4,容易发育Ⅰ类和Ⅱ类优质储集层。渤南洼陷Es3L细粒沉积岩储集层处于中成岩A阶段,黏土矿物转化作用、溶蚀作用、重结晶和白云石化以及有机质热演化产生次生孔缝,改善了储集层物性。