Effects of Rice-duck Mutualism on Diseases Insect Pests and Weeds and Economic Benefits

[Objective] Study on the effects of rice-duck mutualism on weeds and insects pests and economic benefits of paddy field. [Method] Comparison of the incidence of weeds, sheath blight and insects pest under rice-duck mutualism, conventional cultivation and control treatment, the yield and economic benefits were analyzed under the 3 treatments. [Result] Average occurrence of weeds in rice-duck mutualism group decreased by 2.33 and 52.0g ind/m^2 compared with that in conventional cultivation and control treatment ; the control rate of mutualism was up to 75% against rice hopper, but just between 25% -60% against rice leaf roller and Chilo suppressalis. The rates of diseased plant and diseased bell against rice sheath blight were higher and disease indices were lower compared with control group. The yield of mutualism group was identical with conventional cultivation, Which was greatly higher than that of control group. The results suggested an higher economic benefits and lower cost benefit ratio for rice-duck mutualism treatment. [Conclusion] Rice-duck mutualism gives birth to a positive effect to control the diseases, insect pests and weeds, as well as to economic benefits, providing basis on extension of rice-duck mutualism system.

Effects of silicon amendment on the occurrence of rice insect pests and diseases in a field test

Rice is one of the most important staple foods for the world population,but it is attacked by a number of destructive pests.While evidence from greenhouse and laboratory tests has shown that silicon（Si）amendment can confer enhanced resistance to pests in rice,few studies have directly demonstrated the Si-mediated protection from pests in a field situation.In this study,field plots with silicon amendments at 0,75,150 and 300 kg SiO2 ha-1 in early-and late-season rice were employed to evaluate the effects of silicon amendment on the occurrence of major insect pests and diseases and rice yield.Compared with the control plots without silicon amendment,plant damage by stem borer and leaf folder and population size of planthopper were significantly lower in three to five of the seven monitoring observations in each season in the plots amended with 300 kg SiO2 ha-1.The disease index of rice blast in the early-season rice was lower in the plots amended with Si at 300 kg SiO2 ha-1 than in the control plots,while Si protection from rice blast in the late-season rice and from rice sheath blight in the early-season rice were not apparent.An insignificant increase of rice yield by 16.4%（604 kg ha-1）was observed in the plots amended with 300 kg SiO2 ha-1 over the control plots.Our results indicate that Si amendment at 300kg SiO2 ha-1 can provide substantial protection from some of the rice pests under field conditions.These findings support the recommendation of silicon amendment as a key component of integrated management of rice pests.

Application of Self-propelled Boom Sprayers for Control of Rice Insects and Diseases

Comparisons were performed between self-propelled boom sprayer and traditional mechanis, such as knapsack sprayer and sprayer-duster, stretcher-type powered sprayer, as well as single rotor unmanned sprayer and multi-rotor un- manned sprayer. The effects on rice injury, lodging, and rehabilitation were conclud- ed and drug uniform distribution, sedimentation and prevention effects were ana- lyzed. The results showed that the self-propelled boom sprayer is characterized by high degree of automation, convenient operation, high adaptability, and high work efficiency. What＇s more, the sprayed fog quality is better, and fog distribution is more uniform. During the work process, fog loss would be diminished substantially, improving work efficiency and cutting down drug and water. It is notable that the underpart of the sprayer can be widely applied to plant protection in large-scale ar- eas in Jiangsu Province, significantly advancing whole-process mechanization of rice production.

Effects of Six Cultivation Patterns on Occurrence of Major Diseases and Pests and Yield of Rice

The occurrence rules of major diseases and pests in rice were investigated under six cultivation patterns, i.e., mechanical plowing-artificial transplanting, mechanical plowing-mechanical transplanting, mechanical plowing-scattered transplanting,cattle plowing-artificial transplanting, cattle plowing-mechanical transplanting and cattle plowing-scattered transplanting. The results showed that the six cultivation patterns showed small effects on the occurrence of rice sheath blight, second-generation rice planthopper, rice stem borer and rice false smut, but showed great effects on the occurrence of rice leaf folder, third-and fourth-generation rice planthopper and weeds; there were certain differences in the rice yield among different cultivation patterns, and the rice yield under the pattern of mechanical plowing-mechanical transplanting ranked first, while that under the pattern of cattle plowing-scattered transplanting ranked last.

Biological control of rice disease and insect by chitinase-producing bacterium X2-23

Enriched by the-medium containingchitin and cell wall of Phizoctoniasolani AG-1,a bacterium X2-23 withhigher chitinase activity was isolatedfrom 166 chitinase-producing bacteria.It could distinctly inhibit the fungi

Evaluation and screening for resistance of some varieties(lines)to major diseases and insect pests of rice

During 1984-1988,2,231 varieties(lines)from International Rice Testing Program(IRTP)were evaluated and screened for resistance to riceblast(Bl),bacterial blight(BB),sheath blight

云南曲靖和蒙自万寿菊主栽区有害生物调查与分析

近年来,我国万寿菊单一种植规模不断扩大,有害生物的发生越发严重,影响万寿菊产量与品质,造成较大的经济损失。关于万寿菊有害生物调查,前人报道多集中于吉林、海南、黑龙江、贵州、甘肃、山西等地,对云南万寿菊主产区的有害生物缺乏系统调查。因此,本次研究在全国最大的万寿菊种植区和近两年来万寿菊叶黄素含量最高的种植区,即曲靖市沾益区和蒙自市冷泉镇进行有害生物系统调查,发现曲靖地区万寿菊主要病害有褐斑病和枯萎病;主要害虫包括美洲斑潜蝇、斜纹夜蛾、棉铃虫等10种;主要杂草有粗毛牛膝菊、鬼针草、马唐、千针苋等19种。蒙自地区万寿菊主要病害有褐斑病和炭疽病;主要害虫包括美洲斑潜蝇、四斑长跗萤叶甲、棉铃虫等9种;主要杂草有粗毛牛膝菊、马唐、尼泊尔蓼、细柄野荞麦等13种。

2013—2022年我国水稻病虫害发生特点与绿色防控技术集成

水稻是我国第一大粮食作物,水稻病虫害防治直接关系着粮食稳产增产。本文在对2013年至2022年全国植保专业统计资料的分析基础上,总结回顾了水稻病虫害发生种类和特点、发生面积和为害损失等情况,分类梳理了水稻病虫害防治面积、挽回损失以及主要措施应用等防控概况,尤其是针对近年来生态调控、天敌保护和利用等绿色防控技术应用面积和发展趋势进行了研判总结,同时分别从技术覆盖、内容集成等角度分析探讨了水稻病虫害绿色防控技术发展成效,并对下一步绿色防控工作提出了思考和建议,旨在为我国未来水稻安全生产提供相应参考。

2023年邹城市春花生植保贡献率的测算评估

为了客观反映植保工作在花生生产中对病虫草害的控制效果,评价植保工作在花生生产中的作用,2023年选取全国花生绿色防控示范县邹城为测试点,开展花生重大病虫害植保贡献率的评价。试验设严格综防区、农户自防区和空白对照区,通过试验示范区的防控效果、花生产量、投入成本三个指标进行综合评估。结果表明:2023年邹城市试验区花生病虫草害的防控植保贡献率为33.1%,严格综防区较农户自防区增收11642.85元/hm^(2),表明农户自防区还有很大的增收空间。本项工作通过科学防控可实现增产增效目的,为其他地区春花生植保贡献率的评估提供了技术参考。

稻-龟-鳖-鱼综合种养模式对稻田病虫草害和水稻产量、品质的影响

设置稻-龟-鳖-鱼综合种养(DGBY)、稻-龟-鱼综合种养(DGY)、水稻单作(DCK)及水稻生态空白种植(DCK0)4个处理,研究不同综合种养模式对稻田病虫草害的防治效果及对水稻产量和品质的影响,以期促进稻渔综合种养生产力的提质增效。结果表明,与DCK0处理相比,DGBY和DGY处理对水稻纹枯病、稻瘟病和稻曲病均有防治效果,其中对纹枯病的防效最好,但防效较DCK处理极显著降低,分别为15.36%和13.19%;DGBY和DGY处理对第5代稻飞虱的防治效果较好,虫量较DCK0处理分别降低56.79%和48.85%,较DCK处理分别降低32.29%和16.95%,对第3代二化螟幼虫的防效次之,虫量较DCK0处理降低39.29%和33.93%,比DCK处理降低15.00%和7.50%。动物放养后50 d,DGBY处理对杂草密度、干质量的防效分别为38.38%、40.15%,DGY处理分别为32.99、35.39%,均与DCK处理无显著差异。除了DCK处理水稻实际产量显著高于DCK0处理外,其他处理间无显著差异。DGBY和DGY处理精米率均较DCK0处理极显著提高,垩白粒率和垩白度均较DCK处理降低,具有改善稻米品质的作用。综上,稻-龟-鳖-鱼、稻-龟-鱼综合种养模式均能在一定程度上减少病虫草的危害,达到稳产增质,减少化肥、农药使用量的目的。

利用改进MobileNet V2网络识别水稻叶片病虫害的方法

针对传统水稻叶片病虫害分类效率不高、精度低和模型占用空间过大等问题,改进MobileNet V2网络,并结合迁移学习策略对水稻叶片病虫害进行识别。实验以4种常见水稻叶片病虫害作为研究对象,利用注意力机制对MobileNet V2进行改进,通过修改模型残差结构引入通道注意力机制,并采用迁移学习策略对改进模型进行训练。实验表明,相比于原始模型,引入注意力机制并采用迁移学习的改进模型CAM_qianyi的准确率提升了0.82个百分点,达到了84.32%,其准确率也高于轻量化卷积神经网络ResNet18(82.54%)和未采用迁移学习的改进模型CAM(73.65%)。改进模型能准确提取水稻叶片病虫害特征,有效提高了识别效率和精度。

辽宁水稻种植技术与病虫害防治研究

水稻是辽宁省重要的粮食作物。以辽宁省为例,详细分析全省水稻种植现状、水稻种植技术与病虫害防治等内容,进一步阐述水稻种植要点,旨在为其他地区推动水稻生产提供一定的参考。

Allelopathy:Potential Role to Achieve New Milestones in Rice Cultivation

Rice fields are ecosystems with many types of plants, microbes, invertebrates, birds and animals. The rice farming protects the biodiversity of the region and maintains the ecosystem for the benefit of environment. Some rice varieties release biocidal allelochemicals which might affect major weeds, microbial and pathogenic diversity around rice plants, even soil characteristics. A large number of compounds such as phenolic acids, fatty acids, indoles and terpenes have been identified in rice root exudates and decomposing rice residues, as putative allelochemicals which can interact with surrounding environment. Since these allelopathic interactions may be positive, they can be used as effective contributor for sustainable and eco-friendly agro-production system. Genetic modification of crop plants to improve their allelopathic properties and enhancement of desirable traits has been suggested. Development of crops with enhanced allelopathic traits by genetic modification should be done cautiously, keeping in view of the ecological risk assessment(non-toxic and safe for humans and ecosystem, crop productivity, ratio of benefit and cost, etc.).

Analysis on Green Development Strategy of Xinjiang Cotton

Through on-the-spot investigation and survey in Xinjiang cotton region and relevant data( containing statistical data,online information and government documents,etc.),the characteristics of water resource,wind-sand disaster,soil salinization,cotton diseases,insect pests and weeds in Xinjiang are studied. It is proposed reasons and specific programmes of green development strategy of Xinjiang cotton,and specific strategies contain ecological water supply,land desertification control,soil improvement,and ecological control of diseases,insect pests and weeds,thereby providing the support for sustainable development of Xinjiang cotton.

Impact of Climate Change on Epidemiology of Various Pests of Wheat Crop in Punjab Pakistan

Wheat [Triticum aestivum L. (Poaceae)] is the staple diet of people in Pakistan. It is attacked by many types of pests. Therefore the purpose of this study was to assess the impact of climate change on the ecology and epidemiology of various wheat pests in Punjab, Pakistan. Results indicate that maximum weeds hot spots 242 (5.98%) Phalaris minor, 45 (1.18%) wild oat and 203 (5.01%) broad leaf weeds were noted in 2015. Aphid 31 (0.86%) hot spots were recorded in 2016 while maximum army worm 13 (0.26%) hot spots were noted in 2017. Maximum 70 (1.73%) spots of yellow rust and 85 (2.10%) hot spots of brown rust were observed during 2015 while 84 (4.16%) spots of loose smut were observed during 2017. ANOVA shows that years have no significant difference (P > 0.05) but weeks have significant effect on occurrence of these pest incidences except brown rust. But regression ANOVA was significant (P ≤ 0.05) and regression models equations have been developed on the bases of recorded data. Pest incidence was taken as dependent variable Y and weather factors i.e. minimum temperature as X1, maximum temperature as X2, relative humidity as X3 and rain fall as X4 were taken as independent variables. This study will help in recommendations for moving forward aiming at integration of biology of rust and smut diseases of wheat with changing climate for development of resistant varieties for resilient and durable management of these pathogens.

水稻病虫害生物防治应用研究进展

生物防治技术是一种无公害、无残留、对动物和人类安全的防治方法。为符合农业可持续发展的要求,保障水稻质量安全,生物防治技术被广泛应用于水稻病虫害防治。本文概述了生物防治的定义,综述了害虫天敌控制、植物源农药、微生物制剂和昆虫信息素等生物防治技术的研究和应用进展,分析了目前存在的问题,展望了未来研究方向:充分利用生防微生物来拮抗病原菌,充分发挥天敌对水稻害虫的调节作用,加强微生物代谢产物生物农药的研发。

稻蟹共生对稻田病草害和水稻产量的影响

为明确稻蟹共生对田间病草害的防控作用,通过开展微区试验,设置水稻单作持续淹水模式(RMF)、水稻单作晒田模式(RM-D)和稻蟹共生模式(RC)3种处理,对微区主要杂草和稻瘟病发生情况及水稻产量进行调查分析。结果表明,稻蟹共生模式能基本控制杂草的危害,与水稻单作模式相比,有效控制了水绵的发生,能显著抑制稻瘟病的发生,叶瘟发病率平均降低了14.8个百分点,穗颈瘟发病率平均降低了7.2个百分点,降低了水稻产量但差异不显著。水稻单作晒田模式相对于持续淹水模式,显著增加了三棱水葱[Schoenoplectus triqueter(L.)Palla]的数量,增加了稻瘟病的发生率,叶瘟发病率显著提高了8.3个百分点,穗颈瘟发病率显著提高了4.5个百分点,水稻产量有降低的趋势。

洪湖莲藕病虫草害和无人机施药情况调查及分析

洪湖莲藕(Nelumbo nucifera Gaertn.)营养丰富,具有保健和药用等功能,一直以来深受大众喜爱。随着莲藕产业的不断发展,莲藕病虫草害发生频率逐渐升高,粗放式施药既不科学也达不到防治病虫草害的效果,反而影响莲藕的质量,对洪湖莲藕产业的可持续发展造成了严重的威胁。通过实地考察、问卷调查、统计分析等方式,对湖北省洪湖市6个乡镇103位种植户莲藕病虫草害发生情况、农药使用情况和无人机施药情况进行调研,分析了洪湖地区莲藕农药使用和无人机施药所存在的问题,并提出前景展望,研究为莲藕产业绿色现代化种植提供一些新思路。

合成生物学助力链霉菌天然产物农药创制与产业化

病虫草害防控是国家总体安全建设的重要组成部分。微生物天然产物农药是病虫草害绿色防控体系的重要成员,在保障国家粮食安全、生态安全和农产品质量安全,筑牢国家生物安全屏障中具有重要作用。链霉菌以能够产生丰富的次级代谢产物而著称,是天然产物农药的资源宝库,也是重要的天然产物药物的工业生产菌。然而,随着病虫草害抗药性增强,新发、突发病虫草害增多等问题不断涌现,以及天然产物研究面临新骨架、高活性化合物发现难度增大,工业菌株产量提升困难等瓶颈,链霉菌天然产物农药创制与应用正面临巨大挑战。合成生物学作为一门交叉学科,突破了生物学研究的传统模式,为天然产物药物研发提供了新的思路与策略。本文综述了近年来合成生物学在链霉菌研究领域的技术革新,以及合成生物学在推动链霉菌天然产物资源发现、天然产物高效生物制造等方面的研究进展,并对合成生物学助力链霉菌天然产物农药的创制与产业化进行了展望。

基于FastBert的水稻病虫害实体关系抽取研究

针对水稻病虫害知识图谱构建所需实体和关系,提出了一种基于FastBert模型的中文实体关系抽取方法.首先,在中文语料收集的基础上,使用Hanlp工具和农业词典提取了与水稻病虫害相关的领域实体,并依据实体间关系的特点定义了病虫害别名、为害部位、为害地区、防治方法等7种类型.然后,在词嵌入和句子嵌入的基础上通过FastBert模型实现水稻病虫害关系的抽取.该模型与Robert、Electra、Distilbert等其它Bert相关模型的关系抽取结果比较显示,基于FastBert模型的中文水稻病虫害关系抽取效果更好,模型获得的实体间关系F1值达0.72,模型精度达0.69.该方法为中文农业病虫害知识图谱的自动化构建提供了参考.