Physical mechanism of seismic attenuation in a two-phase medium

High-frequency seismic attenuation is conventionally attributed to anelastic absorption. In this paper, I present three studies on high-frequency seismic attenuation and propose that the physical mechanism results from the interference of elastic microscopic multiple scattering waves. First, I propose a new theory on wave propagation in a two-phase medium which is based on the concept that the basic unit for wave propagation is a nano- mass point. As a result of the elasticity variations of pore fluid and rock framework, micro multiple scattering waves would emerge at the wavelength of the seismic waves passing through the two-phase medium and their interference and overlap would generate high- frequency seismic attenuation. Second, I present a study of the frequency response of seismic transmitted waves by modeling thin-layers with thicknesses no larger than pore diameters. Results indicate that high-frequency seismic waves attenuate slightly in a near-surface water zone but decay significantly in a near-surface gas zone. Third, I analyze the seismic attenuation characteristics in near-surface water and gas zones using dual-well shots in the Songliao Basin, and demonstrate that the high-frequency seismic waves attenuate slightly in water zones but in gas zones the 160-1600 Hz propagating waves decay significantly. The seismic attenuation characteristics from field observations coincide with the modeling results. Conclusions drawn from these studies theoretically support seismic attenuation recovery.

An extended multiple-support response spectrum method incorporating fluid-structure interaction for seismic analysis of deep-water bridges

The effects of ground motion spatial variability(GMSV)or fluid-structure interaction(FSI)on the seismic responses of deep-water bridges have been extensively examined.However,there are few studies on the seismic performance of bridges considering GMSV and FSI effects simultaneously.In this study,the original multiple-support response spectrum(MSRS)method is extended to consider FSI effect for seismic analysis of deep-water bridges.The solution of hydrodynamic pressure on a pier is obtained using the radiation wave theory,and the FSI-MSRS formulation is derived according to the random vibration theory.The influence of FSI effect on the related coefficients is analyzed.A five-span steel-concrete continuous beam bridge is adopted to conduct the numerical simulations.Different load conditions are designed to investigate the variation of the bridge responses when considering the GMSV and FSI effects.The results indicate that the incoherence effect and wave passage effect decrease the bridge responses with a maximum percentage of 86%,while the FSI effect increases the responses with a maximum percentage of 26%.The GMSV and FSI effects should be included in the seismic design of deep-water bridges.

A note on the equivalence of three major propagator algorithms for computational stability and efficiency

It is shown in this note that the three methods, the orthonormalization method, the minor matrix method and the recursive reflection-transmission matrix method are closely related and solve the numerical instability in the original Thomson-Haskell propagator matrix method equally well. Another stable and efficient method based on the orthonormalization and the Langer block-diagonal decomposition is presented to calculate the response of a horizotttal stratified model to a plane, spectral wave. It is a numerically robust Thomson-Haskell matrix method for high frequencies, large layer thicknesses and horizontal slownesses. The technique is applied to calculate reflection-transmission coefficients, body wave receiver functions and Rayleigh wave dispersion.

Bayesian Markov chain Monte Carlo inversion for anisotropy of PP-and PS-wave in weakly anisotropic and heterogeneous media

A single set of vertically aligned cracks embedded in a purely isotropic background may be con- sidered as a long-wavelength effective transversely iso- tropy （HTI） medium with a horizontal symmetry axis. The crack-induced HTI anisotropy can be characterized by the weakly anisotropic parameters introduced by Thomsen. The seismic scattering theory can be utilized for the inversion for the anisotropic parameters in weakly aniso- tropic and heterogeneous HTI media. Based on the seismic scattering theory, we first derived the linearized PP- and PS-wave reflection coefficients in terms of P- and S-wave impedances, density as well as three anisotropic parameters in HTI media. Then, we proposed a novel Bayesian Mar- kov chain Monte Carlo inversion method of PP- and PS- wave for six elastic and anisotropic parameters directly. Tests on synthetic azimuthal seismic data contaminated by random errors demonstrated that this method appears more accurate, anti-noise and stable owing to the usage of the constrained PS-wave compared with the standards inver- sion scheme taking only the PP-wave into account.

A micro-kinetic model of enhanced foam stability under artificial seismic wave

To get a deeper understanding on the synergistic enhancement effect of low frequency artificial seismic wave on foam stability,a micro-kinetic model of enhanced foam stability under low frequency artificial seismic wave is established based on a vertical liquid film drainage model and elastic wave theory.The model is solved by non-dimensional transformation of the high order partial differential equations and a compound solution of implicit and explicit differences and is verified to be accurate.The foam film thickness,surfactant concentration distribution and drainage velocity under the action of low frequency artificial seismic wave are quantitatively analyzed.The research shows that low-frequency vibration can reduce the difference between the maximum and minimum concentrations of surfactant in the foam liquid film at the later stage of drainage,enhance the effect of Marangoni effect,and improve the stability of the foam liquid film.When the vibration frequency is close to the natural frequency of the foam liquid film,the vibration effect is the best,and the best vibration frequency is about 50 Hz.The higher the vibration acceleration,the faster the recovery rate of surfactant concentration in the foam liquid film is.The higher the vibration acceleration,the stronger the ability of Marangoni effect to delay the drainage of foam liquid film and the better the foam stability is.It is not the higher the vibration acceleration,the better.The best vibration acceleration is about 0.5 times of gravity acceleration.Reasonable vibration parameters would greatly enhance the effect of Marangoni effect.The smaller the initial concentration of surfactant,the better the vibration works in enhancing Marangoni effect.

Kirchhoff型偏移理论的研究历史、研究现状与发展趋势展望——与光学绕射理论的类比、若干新结果、新认识以及若干有待于解决的问题

对Kirchhoff型偏移理论的研究历史、研究现状以及在今后一段时间内的发展趋势进行了简要的回顾和评述,并对加权函数、偏移孔径、子波拉伸、振幅畸变、垂向与横向分辨率等问题进行了相对详尽的讨论。还对若干有待于解决的问题进行了探讨,并对笔者在近几年内所取得的一些与Kirchhoff型偏移理论有关的新认识和新结果进行了介绍。为了充分地顾及反射地震成像和光学成像之间的渊源关系,采用了一种新的讨论方式,即首先对Kirchhoff绕射理论的主要内容进行概略的回顾,然后再通过类比的方式引入Kirchhoff型偏移成像的基本概念和基本方程。在过去的几十年中,在Kirchhoff型偏移理论研究方面已经取得了重大进展,一个完整的理论体系已经形成。尽管如此,仍有一些遗留的或新出现的理论问题有待于解决,例如加权等时面分布叠加偏移的输出场分析和模型空间中的最优偏移孔径等等。由于Kirchhoff型偏移理论的研究对象是加权绕射叠加而不是加权等时面分布,也由于GPU/CPU协同计算技术的出现已经使得加权绕射叠加的计算量问题不再形成瓶颈,所以在今后的发展中Kirchhoff型偏移在理论和实践上将达到统一,即将在实现上从加权等时面分布回归到加权绕射叠加。与此同时,在今后一个时期内的研究重点将会与Green函数的数学表述、局部相关反射信号(locally coherent events)的表示和处理、广义加权绕射叠加以及在模型空间中定义的最优偏移孔径等问题有关。

Dynamics of risers for earthquake resistant designs

It is well known that no criterion about seismic design for risers is available, and relevant research has not been reported. A comprehensive study of riser dynamics during earthquakes is performed in this paper. A dynamic model for seismic analysis of risers is developed in accordance with the working environment of the risers and the influence of inertia force of the pipelines. The dynamic equations for the developed model are derived and resolved on the basis of the energy theory of beams. Numerical simulation for an engineering project in the Bohai Oil Field, China shows that the fundamental frequency of the riser plays the major role in the seismic responses, and for platforms in shallow water in Bohai Bay, the risers demonstrate a much lower stress response due to prominent differences between the riser frequency and the earthquake wave frequency. The presented model and its corresponding method for seismic analysis are practical and important for riser design resistant to earthquake waves.

Reliability of Attenuation Properties Recovery for Viscoelastic Media

The inverse problem of seismology for media with attenuation is considered in this paper. Generalized Standard Linear Solid is used to describe viscoelastic media. In the numerical solution certain parameterizations can be coupled, it means that true heterogeneity of the only one of parameters can be restored only as a perturbation of another. This is why important to investigate reliability of parameters recovery. By using method based on diffraction patterns it is possible to see whether the parameters are coupled. Singular value decomposition was used to study the possibility of recovering the parameters in practice. It was investigated the possibility of reconstructing of the density, impedances and attenuation properties. Coupling appears on the attenuation properties and impedances separately corresponding to the P-wave and S-wave. It is also should be noted that coupling decreases with increasing frequency range and the condition number.

面向复杂介质的地震散射波采集技术

地震勘探是一项以地震采集技术为基础的系统工程。变革地震采集技术既是采集装备升级、波场理论创新的发力点,也是解决地震处理、解释技术问题的源头。地震勘探发展历程体现了采集装备能力提升、地质需求驱动、波场理论拉动的作用,其中,地震采集技术既充满活力,也面临着深刻的挑战。面对小尺度、非层状、非均匀介质成像问题,以及大数据与人工智能高速发展的时代背景,以共中心点叠加为特征,采用稀疏、规则、单一观测系统的反射波地震采集技术越来越显示出不适应性,为适应小尺度、非层状、隐蔽性目标成像要求,以共中心点离散化为特征,采用随机、遍历性、多观测系统的散射波地震采集技术势在必行。作为散射波地震采集技术的理论基础,随机理论及概率波的研究逐渐得到重视。

OBN地震数据成像处理基本逻辑与关键方法技术

海洋油气勘探逐渐进入深水深层勘探领域,地下地质构造复杂(横向变速剧烈)、目标油藏复杂(由以构造油气藏为主转向构造与地层岩性油气藏并重),同时还可能伴随海底地形及附近岩性的复杂变化,所有因素促使海洋油气地震勘探技术不断变革。提高海洋油气勘探效益的首要问题是发展尽可能满足高精度地震波成像需求的地震数据采集技术及对应的高精度地震波成像技术。当前,无论海上和陆上油气地震勘探,“两宽一高”地震数据采集技术和全波形反演(FWI)/最小二乘逆时偏移(LS_RTM)为代表的地震波成像技术是标志性的领先技术。海上油气地震勘探中,海底节点(OBN)地震数据采集是目前业界公认的、最有可能真正实现“两宽一高”地震数据采集的技术。与拖缆数据采集相比,OBN数据采集具有宽方位照明、数据信噪比高、无检端鬼波、存在实测的(至少一阶自由表面相关)下行波场、四分量观测等优点。尤其是宽方位照明和存在至少一阶自由表面下行波场的特点,使得OBN数据具备了对中深层复杂构造和近海底介质进行高精度成像的能力。着重讨论了高精度地震波成像对地震数据采集的要求,指出OBN数据采集在海洋油气勘探中的必要性;分析了OBN数据采集的地震波场的特点,据此提出OBN数据地震波成像处理的基本逻辑及相应的关键技术;认为海洋油气勘探中地震波成像处理的特殊问题主要由特征反射层引起,海水面、海底面和地下介质中若干强反射层构成了这些特征反射层,提出了模型驱动波动理论特征反射层相关多次波预测与压制的技术路线,并对比了几种代表性的多次波预测的基础理论;指出对应当前的线性化偏移成像算子叠前数据域与叠前成像域是等价的,据此以成像道集后处理为中心,给出期望成像道集的定义,将弱旁瓣、定量的反射系数作为保真高分辨地震波成像的目标,在两个域中尽可能完美实现地下同一反(绕/散)射点、不同炮检距反(绕/散)射子波的同相位叠加,尽可能好地实现保真高分辨带限反射系数的成像;提出最好把带限反射系数成像推进到宽带波阻抗成像的技术路线;结合OBN数据的特点,给出了OBN数据地震波成像处理的基本技术流程,指出各环节的关键方法技术。最后,针对OBN数据四分量观测的特点,指出是实际观测的多波地震波场中的波现象(主要是P_SV波)与地震波传播及模拟理论不匹配导致了当前多波成像结果达不到预期,建议重点研究实际观测的多波地震波场中的波现象与地震波传播及模拟理论不匹配的物理根源,而不是发展更高端的矢量波成像算法。期望本文的思想观点对OBN地震勘探在海洋油气勘探中的进一步应用产生积极的促进作用。

An analysis of seismic attenuation in random porous media

The attenuation of seismic wave in rocks has been one of the interesting research topics, but till now no poroelasticity models can thoroughly explain the strong attenuation of wave in rocks. In this paper, a random porous medium model is designed to study the law of wave propagation in complex rocks based on the theory of Biot poroelasticity and the general theory of stochastic process. This model sets the density of grain, porosity, permeability and modulus of frame as random parameters in space, and only one fluid infiltrates in rocks for the sake of better simulation effect in line with real rocks in earth strata. Numerical simulations are implemented. Two different inverse quality factors of fast P-wave are obtained by different methods to assess attenuation through records of virtual detectors in wave field (One is amplitude decay method in time domain and the other is spectral ratio method in frequency domain). Comparing the attenuation results of random porous medium with those of homogeneous porous medium, we conclude that the attenuation of seismic wave of homogeneous porous medium is far weaker than that of random porous medium. In random porous media, the higher heterogeneous level is, the stronger the attenuation becomes, and when heterogeneity σ = 0.15 in simulation, the attenuation result is consistent with that by actual observation. Since the central frequency (50 Hz) of source in numerical simulation is in earthquake band, the numerical results prove that heterogeneous porous structure is one of the important factors causing strong attenuation in real stratum at intermediate and low frequency.

Simulation and characteristics analysis of a wavefield in a thermoelastic medium adopting the rotated staggered-grid pseudospectral method and L-S theory

The simulation of wave propagation in high-temperature media requires thermoelastic theory.In this paper,we apply the rotated-staggered-grid pseudo-spectral method(RSG-PSM)to solving thermoelastic governing equations based on L-S theory.A time splitting method is used to solve the stiffness problem of the equations,and we introduce the rotated staggered pseudo-spectral operator and centered pseudo-spectral operator to compute the first-order spatial derivatives and second-order spatial derivatives,respectively.In the case of the heterogeneous-medium model,the Crank-Nicolson explicit method is used instead of the pseudo-spectral method to compute the wavefield.The properties and propagation of the thermal coupled wavefield are discussed,and we compare the simulation results obtained using the pseudo-spectral method,staggered-grid pseudo-spectral method,and RSG-PSM.In the case of an isotropic homogeneous medium,we obtain stable and highly accurate results using the time splitting method combined with the RSG-PSM.However,the algorithm cannot be applied with a large time step when the thermal conductivity changes dramatically,and the algorithm is unstable when the reference temperature has a gradient distribution.The optimal combined application of the mesh generation mode and numerical algorithm is explored,laying a foundation for the extension of these methods to thermoporoelasticity,thermoviscoelasticity,and anisotropy.

面向井周高陡构造的VSP地震干涉成像方法研究

随着我国油气勘探的不断深入,复杂高陡构造区越来越成为当今油气勘探的重点,现有成像方法无法满足井周高陡构造的成像需求。针对井中高陡构造,地震干涉法基于源检互易定理,对不同检波点处VSP资料进行相关/褶积处理,重构虚拟震源数据,得到以某一检波点为虚拟震源,另一检波点处接收到的虚拟SWP地震记录。根据地震干涉原理,将VSP资料的不同波场成分进行分离,并对不同波场成分进行数学运算来生成干涉道集。通过地震干涉法能够使虚拟观测系统更靠近目标区域,提高对高陡界面的成像分辨率,实现面向井周高陡构造的高精度成像。笔者等先是对地震干涉原理进行理论推导,基于扰动理论对VSP干涉道集的波场成分进行分析,验证了不同波场成分在地震干涉中的作用及虚假同相轴产生原因。引入窗函数滤波器,对远离虚拟源和虚拟检波器的记录进行衰减,压制干涉过程中生成的虚假同相轴。最后利用干涉成像条件对处理后的地震资料进行成像,并用盐丘模型进行数值试算,得到其高精度成像结果。

基于孔裂隙理论的岩石物理实验研究与理论应用

地下地质构造中含有一系列不同尺度的孔隙和裂缝,相比于裂隙,孔隙不易发生形变而裂隙在压力作用下易于变形闭合,这一特性显著影响着岩石中弹性波的传播。在此背景下,提出的新理论模型,就裂隙对弹性介质的影响进行了分析,引入了“挤喷流”(squirt flow)效应的贡献.

地震诱发岩体崩塌的力学机制

危险岩体失稳崩塌是震时地震诱发的最严重的地质灾害类型之一,严重地制约着灾区灾后重建工作。然而目前有关地震诱发岩体崩塌的力学机制还不清晰,不能很好地给出相关危岩的诊断和防治措施。为此,基于震区危岩体实际结构特征,借助岩石断裂力学知识,从能量角度研究震时震波能量在危岩体上的输入与耗散机制,分析岩体裂缝失稳扩展的条件和过程,并给出扩展量的计算方法,明晰地震诱发岩体崩塌的力学机制。最后通过算例计算和展示,验证模型的合理性,阐明震时崩塌本质上是震波作用下危岩体裂缝扩展贯通的结果。

地震波散射理论及应用研究综述

回顾了地震波散射的概念、研究历史及分类.对散射理论及应用研究成果进行了系统评述,特别对前人关于散射波数值模拟和应用研究的不足进行了总结:(1)观测系统设计不合理;(2)对散射波的特征研究缺乏系统性;(3)对复杂散射波场的识别方法没有进行系统研究;(4)适合散射成像的处理软件还有待开发.并介绍了作者关于地震散射波场特征数值模拟研究的初步成果.

地震各向异性——多组裂隙对横波偏振的影响

通过对多分量地震资料的分析,我们发现随着频率的增加横波分裂时差减小.对于深部接收的VSP数据来说快横波的偏振方向保持不变,而对于浅层接收的VSP数据来说偏振方向却存在一个最大可以达到20°的旋转.尽管多尺度随机分布微裂隙岩石物理模型已经成功地模拟并解释了横波分裂时差随频率变化的现象,却不能解释与频率相关的横波分裂.据推测,如果微裂隙的排列方向和大裂隙的排列方向不同,利用低频信息获得的偏振方向将指示裂隙主方向,而利用高频信息获得的偏振方向则指示微裂隙方向.在背景多孔隙介质中存在多组裂隙的情况下,推导出垂直入射条件下横波偏振方向的解析式,给出了系统研究横波在介质中传播的方法.研究结果表明,横波偏振方向会随着频率的变化而变化,并且在入射方位、角度一定的条件下,是裂隙方位和密度的函数,这些认识可能有助于揭示观测到的、依赖频率变化的横波偏振现象.

具有离散裂缝空间分布的二维固体中地震波传播的有限差分模拟

结合有限差分方法和等效介质理论,模拟了离散分布裂缝介质中地震波的传播.基于等效介质理论,利用二维有限差分实现封闭裂缝的离散分布;裂缝可以处理成固体岩石中的高度柔性界面,并可以用线性滑动或者位移间断模型进行裂缝的物理描述.对于含有多组裂隙的破裂固体,其有效柔度可以认为是固体骨架背景柔度和裂缝附加柔度之和.在一阶近似条件下,固体骨架和裂缝参数可以通过有效各向异性系数联系起来,有效各向异性系数决定了各向异性(裂缝效应)对于地震波传播的影响.通过与射线理论方法的对比检验,说明本文提出的模拟方法的有效性,并通过几个数值算例说明本方法可有效模拟不同的裂缝分布效应.结果表明,即使在裂缝密度很小的情况下,具有相同裂缝密度的不同的空间分布可以产生不同的波场特征.同时,也验证了不同裂缝尺度对波长的不同影响,以及裂缝尺度具有幂率分布(分形)时,尺度对波场的影响.最后得出结论:在运用建立在等效介质理论基础上的地震各向异性概念来描述裂缝固体的特征时,要倍加小心,等效介质理论中尚未合理处理的裂缝尺度和空间分布对波的传播特征具有重要的影响.

高面板坝地震动非一致输入响应规律

在多点输入方法和等价黏弹性模型的基础上,采用半解析的波函数组合法实现了面板堆石坝在非一致输入下的动力计算。从频域散射角度对计算方法的合理性进行了验证。对比了非一致输入与一致输入下高面板堆石坝的动力响应,发现在采用基岩自由表面点的振动过程相同的对比标准下,非一致输入的整体动力响应较小;在面板坝防渗系统相对薄弱的止水结构附近,非一致输入的动拉应力最大值比一致输入的结果更大;非一致输入下大坝动力响应值的分布相比一致性输入呈现出中间小、周边大的特性。并基于波动理论进一步分析了不同种类地震波入射角度对高面板堆石坝动力响应的影响,揭示了P波、SV波和SH波入射下高面板堆石坝动力响应规律:随着入射角的增大,SH波入射时,高面板坝动力响应强度基本不变;SV波入射时,存在一个临界角,当入射角在临界角左右时高面板坝动力响应强度急剧增大和减小,之前基本不变,之后一直减小;P波入射时,存在一个特征角度,在入射角小于特征角度时高面板坝动力响应强度基本不变,大于特征角度时高面板坝动力响应强度减小。

P、SV波作用下层状土层随机波动分析

提出了P、SV波作用下层状土层地震反应分析的随机波动分析方法。在这一方法中,将波动理论和随机振动理论结合起来,求解波动方程和土层地震反应的统计参数,可以准确而又方便考虑地震波斜入射及基岩弹性刚度对土层地震反应的影响。文中进一步通过算例分析,探讨了P、SV波的入射角度、土层厚度以及基岩和土层间的剪切波速比等因素对土层随机地震反应的影响。