煤矿负碳高效充填开采理论与技术构想

矿山安全高效绿色低碳开采是永恒的主题,近零冲击地压、近零生态损害以及低碳、零碳、负碳的绿色开采将成为保障我国能源安全供应与绿色低碳发展的新要求。充填开采是实现这一要求的必然途径。然而,现有充填开采原理与技术装备体系难以突破高产高效、低碳开采的技术瓶颈,对充填材料及充填模式进行变革已势在必行。针对“千米深井资源开发和千万吨产能矿井充填(两个一千)”与“近零生态损害和近零冲击地压(两个近零)”的煤炭绿色低碳开采战略目标,提出了负碳高效充填开采技术全新构想,系统阐述了负碳高效充填开采的定义与科学内涵,提出和建立了由CO_(2)、矸石与快速胶结物混合而成的负碳高孔隙充填材料结构CGIF(CO_(2)Gangue Inorganic Framework)拓扑构型与强度理论以及CGIF混合物充填体固碳理论、快速黏凝胶结材料反应动力学理论、矿区充填开采防治冲击地压等负碳高效充填理论构想;提出了矸石快速高效胶结高孔隙充填材料制备技术、快速黏凝胶结材料绿色高效制备技术、CGIF充填体负碳高效充填开采技术、多面并采高效充填开采技术与工艺、全周期立体高效充填开采防冲技术等关键技术体系。在此基础上,明确了煤矿负碳高效充填开采“基础研究—技术攻关—工程示范”的“三阶段”发展规划,构建了煤矿负碳高效充填开采理论与技术体系构想;评估了煤矿负碳高效充填CO_(2)封存能力,可望实现煤炭负碳开采、低碳利用的煤炭开发利用全过程自身实现碳中和的新格局。

急倾斜特厚煤层冲击地压防治探索与总结

急倾斜特厚煤层开采顶板破断运动复杂,应力和能量演化规律特殊,在深部“三高一扰动”影响下,冲击地压防治不容乐观。基于某矿2016年冲击地压事故后急倾斜特厚煤层水平分段开采冲击地压防治经验,从急倾斜特厚煤层水平分段开采冲击地压发生机理、瓦斯突出与冲击地压综合防治和冲击地压管理详细介绍了该矿7年来急倾斜特厚煤层冲击地压防治经验。冲击地压发生机理方面,建立了顶板岩层倾斜悬臂梁模型,揭示了顶、底板覆岩结构破断失稳演化过程,划分了夹持煤体受力状态分区,提出了急倾斜特厚煤层冲击“夹持理论”。瓦斯突出与冲击地压综合防治方面,基于冲击地压灾害控制解危技术的强度弱化减冲理论,结合原有防突措施体系,提出了既能防冲且对防突有利的解危措施,形成了某矿瓦斯/CO_(2)突出-冲击地压“双防”技术体系,建立了适用于某矿急倾斜特厚煤层水平分段开采的冲击地压防治体系,以钻屑量和瓦斯吸解值验证了瓦斯突出防治的强度保障,同时以加强实施卸压措施工作面的微震事件分布及各能级总频次和能量对比,论证说明了卸压方案防治效果的有效性。冲击地压管理方面,形成了预测评价、监测预警、治理预防、效果检验、安全防护和教育培训“六位一体”综合防治架构,基于《煤矿安全规程》和《防治煤矿冲击地压细则》等各项规定,制定了Q/YJMD-—FC 0104-2022《窑街煤电集团有限公司煤矿冲击地压防治第四部分:冲击地压防治技术规范》。

矿震与冲击地压防治研究进展

矿震与冲击地压是采矿领域亟待解决的热点、难点和瓶颈问题,为了有效控制矿震与冲击地压,综述矿震定义与分类、矿压假说及矿震与冲击地压防治技术,回顾切顶卸压理论及其在中厚金矿采空区处理与卸压开采、中厚及以下煤矿沿空留巷中的应用,并比较其与110工法的差异。据此,给出矿震定义,指出矿震与冲击地压发生的条件类似,针对厚矿体开采提出深埋坚硬顶板控制爆破切槽放顶技术。研究表明:控制爆破切槽放顶技术仍然是未来矿震与冲击地压防治中释放并转移高地压的主要方法,它还可将深埋厚矿体的“砌体梁”简化成弹簧岩梁承载体系。

簇发振荡能量采集动力学理论研究进展

将自然环境中的振动能,通过能量采集装置转化为电能,为低功耗的电子器件提供清洁可持续的能源,对推动无线传感电子技术的发展具有重要意义.当环境的振动频率远低于采集装置的固有频率时,传统振动能量采集技术的采集效率将会明显降低,无法匹配低频的环境激励,而基于低频激励的簇发振荡通常表现为激发态的大幅振荡与沉寂态的微幅振荡的组合,具有大幅运动的高能轨道,在低频慢变激励的环境下依然保持较为良好的采集性能.因此,开展适应低频激励环境的能量采集技术的研究是很有必要.本文系统地概述了簇发振荡能量采集器的机电耦合能量转换装置、簇发振荡能量采集的动力学机理、簇发振荡能量采集的效率三个方面的研究进展.最后,给出了开展簇发振荡能量采集技术研究的一些建议.

基于量纲分析的深埋硬岩相似材料研究

为获得具有岩爆倾向性的深埋灰岩相似模型,基于量纲分析方法引入岩爆能量原理建立岩爆相似准则,参考原岩相关参数结合岩爆相似准则推算相似模型对应的原岩目标相关参数。引入岩爆倾向性指数、弹性能和耗散能,以石英粉含量、重晶石粉含量、石膏水泥质量比、水含量为影响因素采用4因素5水平的正交试验方案,进行单轴抗压试验得到各项参数。对试验结果进行敏感性分析并将优选试件进行二次优化试验完善配比,将试件与目标相似模型参数误差降低在10%以内,结果表明,二次优化后的模型试件与目标相似模型误差为5%。对优化后的试件设置不同的冲击速度进行动态冲击力学试验,其峰值应力规律符合灰岩动态破坏时规律,为灰岩室内静力学与动力学相关研究提供参考。

自相似输入流在N-Burst/D/1排队系统的性能分析

提出一种基于N-Burst自相似过程的排队模型(N-Burst/D/1模型);采用N-Burst自相似过程对信源建模,分析了自相似业务流对高速网络中排队系统性能的影响;结合系统业务量的动态变化,考察了系统的分组平均等待时间等排队系统参数;分析并得出了在不同系统负载下,单信源与多信源N-Burst/D/1排队系统中分组平均等待时间的近似估计。与基于泊松过程的传统M/D/1模型相比较,通过数学分析得出两种模型的分组平均等待时间等参数随系统利用率的增加而产生显著差异。

基于迭代模糊理论的山岭隧道施工风险评价

针对山岭隧道修建时施工风险影响因素多、影响周期长等问题,为减少隧道建设过程中塌方涌水事故的发生,根据山岭隧道建设风险影响因素的特点,依托莆炎高速文笔山一号隧道工程,采用迭代确权的模糊层次综合分析法对隧道塌方涌水的施工风险因素权重进行确定排序,并结合建立的山岭隧道施工风险后果评估模型,提出一种可以快速、简便、准确地评估山岭隧道坍塌涌水施工风险程度的模型。结果表明:评估得到的山岭隧道坍塌涌水施工风险等级与隧道建设现场实际相吻合,所建立的山岭隧道坍塌涌水施工风险评价体系具有一定的科学性与有效性,可为类似工程提供参考。

基于TWF评价法的煤矿冲击危险性评价

冲击地压作为煤矿生产过程中常见的动力灾害,给煤矿安全生产带来极大威胁,因此,工作面回采前进行冲击危险性评价尤为重要。为构建冲击地压危险性的科学评价模型,本文收集和研究了140个煤矿工作面实例,分析了冲击地压的影响因素,从每个案例中提取14项评价指标,并建立了数据库。基于数量化理论评价法与模糊评价法,建立了适用性更强的TWF(theory of quantification with fuzzy evaluation)评价法,该方法继承了数量化理论和模糊评价法的优势,并将煤矿冲击危险程度划分为5个等级。以河南某煤矿工作面为背景,采用TWF冲击危险性评价模型对该工作面进行了冲击危险性评价,得出危险性指数为19.83,评价结果为无冲击危险性,与现场实际相符,表明该评价模型具有较强的适用性;开发了TWF综合评价系统,持续的案例补充可不断提高TWF评价模型的评价精度,研究成果可为冲击地压危险评价提供一定的理论参考。

Relationships between Relative Spectral Lags and Relative Widths of Gamma-ray Bursts

The phenomenon of gamma-ray burst （GRB） spectral lags is very common, but a definitive explanation has not yet been given. From a sample of 82 GRB pulses we find that the spectral lags are correlated with the pulse widths, however, there is no correlation between the relative spectral lags and the relative pulse widths. We suspect that the correlations between spectral lags and pulse widths might be caused by the Lorentz factor of the GRBs concerned. Our analysis on the relative quantities suggests that the intrinsic spectral lag might reflect other aspect of pulses than the aspect associated with the dynamical time of shocks or that associated with the time delay due to the curvature effect.

Constraints on generalized Chaplygin gas model including gamma-ray bursts

Generalized Chaplygin gas （whose equation of state is PGCG = -A/ρGCG^α） was proposed as a candidate for unification of dark energy and dark matter. We investigate constraints on this model with the latest observed data. We test the model with type-Ia supernovae （SNe Ia）, cosmic microwave background （CMB） anisotropy, X-ray gas mass fractions in clusters, and gamma-ray bursts （GRBs）. We calibrate the GRB luminosity relations without assuming any cosmological models using SNe Ia. We show that GRBs can extend the Hubble diagram to higher redshifts （z 〉 6）. The GRB Hubble diagram is well behaved and delineates the shape of the Hubble diagram well. We measure As≡A/ρGCG,0^α＋1 =0.68-0.08^＋0.04（where PGCG,0 is the energy density today） and α=-0.22 -0.13^＋0.15 at the 1σ confidence level using all the datasets. Our results rule out the standard Chaplygin gas model （α = 1） at the 3σ confidence level. The ACDM is allowed at the 2σ confidence level. We find that acceleration could have started at a redshift of z - 0.70. The concordance of the generalized Chaplygin gas model with the age estimate of an old high redshift quasar is found. In addition, we show that GRBs can break the degeneracy between the generalized Chaplygin gas model and the XCDM model.

煤矿冲击地压源头防治理论与技术架构

我国煤矿安全状况虽持续好转,但煤矿冲击地压灾害的影响却愈发严重,仅近5 a就发生了8起冲击地压事故,累计死亡48人。我国煤矿冲击地压防治多为“头痛医头、脚疼医脚”,冲击地压发生源头、孕灾机理不清。同时,以山东巨野、兖州等煤田为代表的东部充分采动矿井,具有开采深度大、采动影响因素复杂等特征;以内蒙古鄂尔多斯和陕西彬长矿区为代表的西部非充分采动矿井,则具有高强度开采、厚硬岩层等特征,均给冲击地压防治带来了新的挑战。因此,煤矿冲击地压源头防治已成为当前亟待解决的重大工程科学问题。针对这一难题,从冲击地压基础理论与模拟技术、监测及危险区判识技术、区域与局部防控技术装备等3方面系统的分析了当前冲击地压研究取得的成果与不足,结合前期研究基础与现场实践,提出了煤矿冲击地压源头防治思想。进而将其梳理为煤矿冲击地压源头属性与特性、煤矿冲击地压全过程孕灾与源头防治原理等2个科学问题,冲击地压全过程精细模拟技术、矿井全生命周期煤岩体应力与全尺度覆岩结构监测技术、冲击危险精准甄别与智能识别技术、煤矿冲击地压井上下协同防控技术等4个技术问题。根据生产矿井和新建矿井的特点,分别制定了相应的防治思路与技术框架。研究成果为我国煤矿冲击地压防治提供了一种新的思路,为煤矿“零冲击”目标提供理论依据与技术支撑。

Can the bump in the composite spectrum of GRB 910503 be an emission line feature of gamma-ray bursts?

Appearing in the composite spectral data of BATSE, EGRET and COMPTEL for GRB 910503, there is a bump at around 1600keV. We perform a statistical analysis on the spectral data, trying to find out if the bump could be accounted for by a blue-shifted and significantly broadened rest frame line due to the Doppler effect of an expanding fireball surface. We made an F-test and adopted previously proposed criteria. The study reveals that the criteria are well satisfied and the feature can be interpreted as the blue shifted 6.4 keV line. From the fit with this line taken into account, we find the Lorentz factor of this source to be F = 116-9^＋9 （at the 68% confident level, △X^2 = 1） and the rest frame spectral peak energy to be E0,p=2.96-0.18^＋0.24 ke V.Although the existence of the emission line feature requires other independent tests to confirm, the analysis suggests that it is feasible to detect emission line features in the high energy range of GRB spectra when taking into account the Doppler effect of fireball expansion.

New Evidence, Conditions, Instruments &Experiments for Gravitational Theories

Two significant findings compel a rethink of physical theories. First, using a 7-billion-year-old gamma-ray burst, Nemiroff (2012) showed that quantum foam could not exists. And second, Solomon (2011) showed that gravitational acceleration is not associated with the gravitating mass, that gravitational acceleration g is determined solely by τ the change in time dilation over a specific height multiplied by c2 or g = τc2. Seeking consistency with Special Theory of Relativity, as means to initiate this rethink, this paper examines 12 inconsistencies in physical theories that manifest from empirical data. The purpose of this examination is to identify how gravitational theories need to change or be explored, to eliminate these 12 inconsistencies. It is then proposed that spacetime is much more sophisticated than just a 4-dimensional continuum. And, that the Universe consists of at least two layers or “kenos” (Greek for vacuous), the 4-dimensional kenos, spacetime (x, y, z, t) and the 3-dimensional kenos, subspace (x, y, z) that are joined at the space coordinates (x, y, z). This explains why electromagnetic waves are transverse, and how probabilities are implemented in Nature. This paper concludes by proposing two new instruments and one test, to facilitate research into gravitational fields, the new torsion-, tension- and stress-free near field gravity probe, the gravity wave telescope, and a non-locality test.

The Relationship between the Rise Width and the Full Width of γ-ray Burst Pulses and Its Implications

We investigate the relationship between the rise width and the full width of gamma-ray burst pulses. Theoretical analysis shows that either width is proportional to Г^-2△τθ,FWHMRc/c（Г the Lorentz factor of the bulk motion, △τθ,FWHM a local pulse＇s width, Rc the radius of fireballs and c the velocity of light）. We study the relationship for four samples of observed pulses. We find： （1） merely the curvature effect could reproduce the relationship between the rise and full widths with the same slope as derived from the model of Qin et al.; （2） gamma-ray burst pulses, selected from both the short and long GRBs, follow the same sequence in the rise width vs. full width diagram, with the shorter pulses at one end; （3） all GRBs may intrinsically result from local Gaussian pulses. These features place constraints on the physical mechanism（s） for producing long and short GRBs.

Different Features of Jets and Isotropic Fireballs in Gamma-ray Burst Phase

We investigated physical quantities including the spectrum, emission lines and pulse profiles expected from a uniform jet, a spherical fireball and the 1/Г region （the portion of the spherical fireball with opening angle 1/Г） in the prompt emission phase, after taking into consideration of the Doppler effect under the fireball framework. Our study shows that： a） for these physical quantities the spherical fireball and the uniform jets do not present obvious differences, so we cannot use these to distinguish a spherical fireball from a uniform jet; b） for the spherical fireball and a uniform jet, the observed quantities mainly come from the 1/Г region, so we can simply use the 1/Г region in approximate calculations; c） broadening of emission lines is a general phenomena, which mainly comes from the curvature effect; d） the 1/Г region plays different roles in different frequency ranges, and the radiation from the 1/Г region is greater in the higher than in the lower frequencies.

Disturbance response instability theory of rock bursts in coal mines and its application

Aiming at the rock burst prevention in coal mines,this study argue that a rock burst is the instability of the coal mass deformation system with the infinite deformation response subjected to a small disturbance,and the concepts of control,disturbance and response variables of the coal mass deformation system are proposed.The analytical solution of rock bursts of circular roadways is derived,using a mechanical model of the coal mass deformation system of circular roadways,and the stress and energy conditions of the disturbance response instability of a rock burst are also presented.Based on the disturbance response instability theory,this study identifies the factors controlling the occurrence of rock bursts,involving the coal uniaxial compressive strength,coal bursting liability and roadway support stress.The relationship between the critical stress and the critical resistance zone of surrounding rock in roadways,the coal uniaxial compressive strength,roadway support stress,roadway geometric parameters and coal burst liability is revealed,and the critical stress index evaluation method of rock burst risk is proposed.Considering the disturbance and response variables of rockburst occurrence,a monitoring system of rock burst based on stress and energy monitoring is established.Considering managing the disturbance and control variables,regional and local prevention measures of rock burst are proposed from four aspects:destressing in coal mass,avoiding the mutual disturbance between multi-group mining or excavation,reducing the dynamic load disturbance and weakening of the physical properties of the coal mass.Based on the enhancement principle of the roadway support stress on the critical load of rockburst occurrence and the energy absorption effect of the support,an energy absorption and anti-bursting support technology for roadways are proposed.The disturbance response instability theory of rock bursts has formed a technical system from the aspects of mechanism,prediction and prevention to guide the engineering practice for rock burst mitigation.

双低位亚关键层破断能量聚散及控制研究

为研究综放工作面巷道围岩变形和能量聚散的关系,以屯宝煤矿WII02040501综放工作面为工程背景,通过理论分析、现场监测和工程验证相结合的方法,开展了工作面顶板关键层分析,计算了不同层位关键层释放能量传递至工作面特征规律,研究了工作面回采期间微震分布规律,开展了顶板切顶工程实践和效果检验。研究表明:WII02040501综放工作面顶板存在6个亚关键层和1个主关键层,微震事件主要分布于煤层上覆100 m范围,104J能级及以上微震事件分布在上覆50 m范围,计算得到2个亚关键层破断传递至工作面的弹性能分别为7.80×107J和3.13×10^(5)J,综合判识距离工作面近的2个亚关键层为诱冲关键层,设计工作面切顶爆破方案并开展工程实践,微震事件分析及周期来压步距分析表明围岩应力降低、来压步距有效降低,巷道变形量得到有效控制,实现了工作面安全生产。

基于改进局部变权理论的底板突水脆弱性评价方法研究

为更加科学地解决煤层底板突水预测评价难题,首先系统全面地查阅、比较了以往底板突水危险性评价理论与方法,并深入细致地分析了目前最为先进的基于局部变权理论的底板突水脆弱性评价方法,结果认为该方法在局部状态变权函数的构建、变权区间及调权参数的确定中依据不够充分,存在一定改进的空间;为此,基于现有理论与认识构建出了新型的三区间局部状态变权函数,将常权权重与常权相关系数加入到状态变权函数中,给出了基于主控因素归一值累积频率的变权区间阈值确定新方法,并采用在初步给定经验值的基础上根据评价结果不断调整确定调权参数最终取值的方法;其次,利用新型的三区间变权模型及其参数确定方法对研究区底板奥灰突水脆弱性进行了评价,圈定了相对脆弱区;最后,分析了改进后的变权模型的权重调整规律,并通过灵敏度分析的方法确定了常权相关系数的限定条件,结果表明,加入常权权重与常权相关系数的新型三区间变权模型不仅体现了现有变权模型权重随因素状态值及其组合状态的变化而改变的核心特征,还能够实现权重调整程度与常权权重呈正相关关系,说明本次对变权脆弱性评价模型的改进是科学的、可行的,研究成果对提升底板突水预测评价方法的科学性与实用性具有重要意义。

基于博弈论综合赋权-物元可拓理论的岩爆倾向性预测

在岩爆倾向性预测研究中,单一赋权方法赋权结果的随机性大,权重组合计算不够科学合理,使得岩爆预测精度较低。分别采用乘法组合赋权、粗糙集理论(RS)、CRITIC法、博弈论综合赋权法等4种方法确定权重,引入物元可拓理论,依据最大关联度准则确定岩爆等级;选取应力系数、强度脆性系数、弹性能量指数、围岩完整性系数为评价指标,以国内外20组典型岩爆数据为样本进行分析,对比由4种赋权方法得到的岩爆等级预测结果的准确率,结果表明:基于博弈论综合赋权-物元可拓理论的岩爆预测模型预测准确率达95%,高于其他3种赋权方法的预测准确率。将该模型运用于锦屏二级水电站引水隧洞的岩爆预测中,所得结果与现场结果一致,进一步验证了本文模型的可靠性。

冲击倾向煤样在不同应变率载荷作用下破裂的声发射及碎片分形特征

现有研究针对岩石受载破坏过程的声发射特征和试件碎片分形特征进行了相关分析,并取得了一定成果,但针对冲击倾向煤样在不同应变率单向受载条件下破坏程度的定量描述及与加载应变率定量关系的研究较少。针对该问题,基于MTS-C64.106型电液伺服系统对原煤试件在单轴静态载荷基础上施加不同应变率载荷试验,试验中采用PCI-2卡型声发射卡对试件受载破裂过程开展实时监测,同时应用分形理论对试件破裂碎片进行处理分析,定量评价试件破碎程度及与载荷应变率的关系。结果表明:(1)在静态载荷基础上,试件破坏的峰值强度随着应变率动载荷的升高而逐渐上升。(2)随着加载应变率增大,声发射总体数量减少,高能声发射事件增多,声发射振铃计数和能量幅值经历缓增-急增-突增的一致转变过程。(3)试件受载的能量输入速率与声发射振铃计数、内部撞击数增长趋势基本一致,即也会经历缓增-急增-突增的变化。(4)声发射与震动强弱正相关的常数随加载应变率增大而减小,与高低能震动数之比负相关的常数随加载应变率增大而增大;原煤试件的破坏模式会发生剪切破坏-劈裂破坏-爆裂破坏的转变。(5)当加载应变率较低时,试件主要是上半部分破坏,应变率增大后由试件中部逐渐向下半部分延伸破坏,原煤试件在动载应变率作用下的破坏过程主要是裂纹的脆性扩展行为。(6)试件冲击碎片质量分维与加载应变率呈二次函数关系,即存在加载应变率极值使试件破坏程度达到最大,试验显示该值为2.8×10^(-3)s^(-1)。