On the Ancient Educational Thought under the Opposite View of Human Nature of the Pre-Qin Scholars--On its Value to Contemporary Higher Education

The pre-qin Scholars’views on human nature could be divided into two types:malleable human nature and immalleable human nature.Based on the theory of the malleability of human nature,Confucianism formed an educational concept aiming at shaping the ideal personality of Confucianism.The theory of immutability of human nature has become the root of the two distinct educational concepts of Taoism,which advocates letting nature take its course,and Taoism,which aims at reforming human behavior.Either idea has its reasonableness.All of these have a very important impact on our higher education today.

Envisioning the Profile of Chinese Culture——from the Perspective of the Social Value Theory

For a few decades China has undergone an enduring, drastic and complicated transformation. The structure and form of Chinese culture has been profoundly shaped and re-shaped during this process. With careful analysis of the history and the actualities, this paper presents a sketch of Chinese culture that highlights three significant traits; an elegant temperament featuring both classicality and novelty, an intrinsic value focusing on nature and freedom, and an encompassing structure marked by harmonious diversity. A new Chinese culture has already revealed her profile against the sunglow at the dawn of the new era. Beautiful and promising as it is, Chinese people believe that she deserves being heartily applauded, warmly welcomed, and boldly embraced.

Exploring a Deep Analysis Method for “Click-Stream” Information from the Perspective of the Flow of Bidirectional Value of Customer Relations Based on Ricoeur's Hermeneutic Theory

Click-streams of online shopping are the tracks/trails of interactions between a customer and a vendor.We observe that it is of great importance both in theory and practice to explore a deep analysis method for analyzing click-stream information of an individual customer in a specific transaction for understanding the bidirectional value transfer within the machine-human interaction of an online store and for its personalization.We analyze the significance,the hierarchical structure and the characteristics of click-stream information and propose that Ricoeur's hermeneutic theory be the foundation of forming such a deep analysis method.Then we use the empirical context information of the click-stream to improve the naive interpretation put forward by Ricoeur.Moreover,we apply the Grounded Theory to extend the deep analysis of Ricoeur's theory of textual interpretation.The improved theory fits well with the needs of interpretation and the analysis of click-stream information.We exemplify and show the feasibility of this analysis method by using data collected(a single case)from a large study of human-computer interaction.

The Thought of the Oneness Between Man and Nature in Walden

From the view of the ecological theory, this paper tries to analyze that Thoreau uses Chinese traditional philosophical thought--- the oneness of man and nature to deal with the relationship of human beings and the nature in Walden.

A graph theory model using human nature structure

A graph theory model of the human nature structure( GMH) for machine vision and image/graphics processing is described in this paper. Independent from the motion and deformation of contours,the human nature structure( HNS) embodies the most basic movement characteristics of the body. The human body can be divided into basic units like head,torso,and limbs. Using these basic units,a graph theory model for the HNS can be constructed. GMH provides a basic model for human posture processing,and the outline in the perspective projection plane is the body contour of an image. In addition,the GMH can be applied to articulated motion and deformable objects,e. g.,in the design and analysis of body posture,by modifying mapping parameters of the GMH.

An Analysis of the Maximum Lifespan in the World and Japan

Extreme value theory provides methods to analyze the most extreme parts of data. We used the generalized extreme value (GEV) distribution to predict the human lifespan in the world and Japan. The diagnostic plots, which assessed the accuracy of the GEV model, were fitted to the human lifespan, validating the model. The human lifespan in the world and Japan had shape parameters of ?0.1623 and ?0.2949 and had an upper limit. The calculated upper limit in the world was 128.7 years. The world’s oldest record holder, Jeanne Calment’s age of 122.45 years, was close to the 260-year return level and was far from the calculated upper limit. The calculated upper limit in Japan was 120.4 years. Japan’s oldest record holder, Kane Tanaka’s age of 119 years in 2022, was the 500-year return level and was close to the upper limit. In the world, achieving the calculated limit was difficult, but the human lifespan will soon reach the upper limit in Japan.

What will I be like at eighty? How human values contribute to expected real and ideal self-images in old age in a Germanic/Austrian cultural context

According to Grawe’s Consistency Theory, congruence between an individual’s aims and reality is fundamental for psychological health. We examined the real and ideal self-images of N = 440 participants in a Germanic/Austrian cultural context as perceived in presence and as anticipated for an age of 80 years and examined their relationship to value orientations as a coping resource. From adjective ratings on the Semantic Differential for the real self-image at presence, two dimensions were extracted, one representing Warmth (W) and one representing Competence (C) in the sense of the Stereotype Content Model. Cluster analysis yielded one type of respondents with a cautiously optimistic, and one with a moderately pessimistic view of the present and the future. A third cluster devalued W and C in favor of Religiosity and Conservatism and had the highest degree of congruence between real and ideal self-images. Thus, hypotheses with regard to Religiosity and Conservatism as coping resources were confirmed.

Human Capital or Humane Talent?Rethinking the Nature of Education in China from a Comparative Historical Perspective

In order to analyze the impact of human capital theory on contemporary Chinese education,this paper first draws a conceptual outline of how this theory was introduced and interpreted to suit the Chinese quest for modernization.The study then adopts a comparative historical approach to the points of similarity between Neo-Confucian educational ideas and those of British humanism in an earlier transitional period that has some parallels.The aim of this comparison is to connect the ideas of Neo-Confucians and humanist educators to Ronald Dore’s concept of the role of education and his insights on the diploma disease.Within this core framework,this paper exposes the problems that have come from a melding of the examination tradition and the notion of human capital.It suggests that a revival of another aspect of Chinese tradition-education for fostering one’s humanity-may help balance contemporary Chinese education and restore it to health.

“生成式人工智能”(AIGC)及其哲学意蕴

从“生成式的AI”或“生成式的人工智能”(AIGC)的角度看,需要关注“自然生成”“人工智能生成”“社会生成”或“伦理生成”之间的关联和区分。人工智能具有确定性与生成性,它从一个侧面体现了being与becoming的沟通和统一。从传统意义上的人禽之辨到人机之辨,体现了重要的转换,但二者在本质上都关乎何为人的追问。人工智能所体现的理性具有非原创的意义,人所具有的理性推论能力作为人的本质,则具有原创性。相对于人而言,AI作为一种机器,归根到底还是属于“器”,只具有工具意义,不具有独立的人格,也难以获得伦理主体的地位。此外,人工智能主要表现为人的创造的一种结果,真正的原创意义上的智能只有人才具有。从这一意义上说,只有人才是原始的创造者,把人工智能看作比人更高级的动物,并不合乎事实。人工智能发展可以取代很多人的工作,这在本质上如同在近代工业的发展过程中,机器不断取代手工操作,二者情形相近,原理也一致。从更深远的意义上说,这也是人不断地走向人性化的社会、达到真正自由存在形态的一个环节或前提。科技的发展可以使我们对世界的细节、对某些方面越来越深化,但是总体上对世界的把握离不开哲学。另一方面,科学发展具有自主之性或惯性,后者需要哲学为其提供价值引导。

新时代青年使命担当的马克思人学理论释析

新时代青年要担承实现中华民族伟大复兴的使命。马克思人学理论是基于唯物史观对人的整体观照,关涉人的当下和未来的发展。马克思人学理论中“人的价值”的内外二分阐释新时代青年使命存在的必然与合理,“人的本质”的彰显过程启示新时代青年践行使命的方法和路径,“人的存在”的三种形态鞭策新时代青年践行使命的主动与自觉。用科学的理论武装青年的头脑,助推青年认知、认同并主动投身实践担承其时代使命。

万物负阴而抱阳——老子母性论思想论析

健全的人性系统应包括自然性(个体性)、社会性(父性)与母性三个维度。但历史上人们往往更多地关注了人的社会性与自然性,而一定程度上忽视了人性的母性维度。老子针对父权制社会的种种弊端,提出“万物负阴而抱阳”的母性论命题,意在重建人心的秩序。然而,老子母性论并非仅在话语的表层区分于父权,而在于彰显母性“大爱”的品格,其既不同于儒家的仁爱与墨家的兼爱,也不同于基督教背景下的博爱。老子母性论有三个思想特质:一是母性是人对自身的完全舍弃与对存在的绝对给予;二是母性在人与社会的发展中起着根本性的奠基作用;三是母性意味着个体对于家国共同体的认同和归属。研究老子母性论的意义在于探讨人心的现代性问题。真正意义上的社会的现代化发展应体现在社会制度与人心两个层面上,后者则是现代性的真正实现。

有限主义视域下的人工智能价值对齐

现有人工智能(artificial intelligence,简称AI)价值对齐方案试图借助自然科学的经验证据与实证方法厘清人类道德的自然主义基础,并通过技术手段将其应用到AI对人类价值观的学习之中,忽视了道德的自然主义解释的根本性缺陷,引发了AI价值对齐难题。有限主义认为,现有AI价值对齐方案主张使AI具备类人道德,在本质上遵循AI发展的自由主义进路。这过于乐观化、理想化。在现实中,时空有限性、类人有限性与算法有限性等难题导致AI价值对齐的功能有限性。同时,AI价值对齐的功能有限性又伴随着各类技术风险与社会风险,即AI失控风险、人类机器化风险、无人担责风险与AI滥用风险。对此,应坚持有限主义的AI价值对齐方案,反对通用AI价值对齐的路线,坚持AI价值对齐的去道德化,制度化防止AI道德责任对齐,以及控制AI价值对齐的应用范围。

课程美学论纲

课程美学兴起于20世纪70年代的美国课程研究领域,当前国内的相关研究既缺乏整体的理论框架,也未能观照中国美育传统与课程改革的现实。基于本体论、人性论、认识论与价值论四个方面构建课程美学研究的整体框架。以“心理本体”来考察课程与美学的关系,阐明课程美学是将课程本身视为美的存在,以美学的理论和方法来建构课程理论及探究课程问题。以“和合人性”作为课程美学建构的理想参照,课程结构要依据人性结构来设置。以“审美认识”的辨明为前提,课程教学实践是一种认识型艺术,与审美认识具有高度的契合性。课程美学的价值旨趣在于追寻“成人之美”的人格理想,确立“反观自身”的方法论立场,恢复课程知识与生活世界的感性联系。课程美学要以课程审美化建构开展实践,而圆满性、融合性、动态性是课程的审美性特质。

儒家气性论的出场及其理论旨归——任鹏程著《先秦两汉儒家气性论研究:从孔子到王充》评介

人性论是中国哲学的核心话题。任鹏程的《先秦两汉儒家气性论研究:从孔子到王充》以哲学史的方式展现中国哲学家的人性论,论述重点聚焦先秦两汉儒家并提出一种新的理解模式——气性论。此书精彩之处在于,作者旗帜鲜明地提出,先秦两汉儒家存在一个脉络清晰的气性论传统,将气性论的理论源头追溯至孔孟,并从历史脉络和逻辑自洽相结合的思想视角,深度还原了先秦两汉儒家气性论的基本内涵、发展脉络及理论旨归,为我们全面理解儒家人性学说提供了新的视角和理论框架,同时也存在一些可商榷之处。

主观利己抑或有限利他:罗尔斯的人性观及其伦理反思

人性问题不是罗尔斯《正义论》重点论述的内容,但对人性的界定与使用,却为其整个正义理论的走向提供了前提和基础。在《正义论》中,罗尔斯把原初状态下的人性预设为两个特征:一是人性冷漠而理性利己;二是人性有限利他。这看似矛盾的人性观,实际上是为了满足理想契约环境之下的论证需要。从西方人性传统和文本逻辑上看,罗尔斯的人性论依然倾向于自利目的的利己性而非利他性。虽然罗尔斯的利己人性观在满足分配正义的论证上有其合理性,但理论与实践的脱节使得差别原则在现实中难以落实。因此,反思罗尔斯自利与利他两种人性设计的本义,也为研究罗尔斯正义理论提供了一种新的解释。

论儒家人性学说的卵茧之喻

为了对人性问题做出描述、论证,儒家学者发明了大批“妙喻取譬”“辞喻横生”的譬喻。其中,以卵、茧对人性做出比喻,在先秦两汉时期得到学者的广泛使用。学者用其阐明恶之来源、论证政教秩序的合理性、标著归复善性的路径,使得卵茧之喻成为与儒家人性论关系密切、体系完备的譬喻。持此说者既有儒家经生,也有道家哲人。两汉之后,这一譬喻消沉千余年,在明清时期重新得到儒家士绅、学者的热烈讨论。卵茧之喻的隐显起伏,蕴藏着学者对人性论关注重点的转移轨则。

濂溪中和论性思想及其对儒家人性论的独特贡献——兼论其对湖湘学派的影响

人性论是中国哲学史和思想史上聚讼不已的重要问题.濂溪以“中正”“中和”“太和”为核心范畴、主要特征和终极依归,并以此为基点,做了上下打通的工作,其人性论上通既存有又活动的太极“太和”原初本体,下通未发已发中和中节的德性修养工夫,并由此扩充为“中正仁义”的伦理政治制度安排,可谓天人相合、内外相通、本末兼赅、有体有用.濂溪中和论性思想对儒家人性论有着独特的贡献,尤其深刻影响了湖湘学派,使得湖湘学具备了独具一格的理论特色.

性善说的强化与弱化:从荀子到董仲舒

孟子性善说旨在说明人性中先天具足为善的能力,理论旨趣上颇合乎康德伦理学“应当蕴含能够”这一基本原则。思想史上,该说往往被强化为这样一种观点:人于现实中必然会为善,因而礼义、王教乃至一切后天努力均为多余。荀、董二子都是基于对孟子性善说的这一“强化”解读而对其予以批评;为说明后天教化的可能性条件,二家又不得不肯定人性中包含某些有待后天进一步培养和发展的善质,清代以降的不少学者即循此思路理解孟子的性善说,但这本质上是对孟子之说的“弱化”。

课程思政融入高职教材建设路径探赜

教材作为课程系统的核心要素之一,是课程思政实施不可或缺的载体,起着重要的支撑作用,承载着落实立德树人的根本任务,是实践“三全育人”教育理念、创新“三教”改革的最佳着力点。课程思政融入教材建设还存在一些薄弱环节,是今后需要重点解决的方向。课程思政融入高职教材建设应遵循突显价值性、坚持人本性、体现创新性的原则。高职院校可以从健全高职教材课程思政建设的管理机制、组建高素质教材编写团队、优化高职教材课程思政的建设内容、创新课程思政融入高职教材建设的支持系统、注重课程思政融入高职教材建设的评价等方面进行探索。

论实践理性自然法之不证自明性

面对近代事实与价值二分法对自然法理论的冲击,当代自然法学家约翰·菲尼斯试图以自然法不证自明性跨越自然法认识论困境。然而,菲尼斯所提出的自然法不证自明性概念既继承了中世纪典范自然法学家托马斯·阿奎那的自明性传统,又包含了现代希尔伯特几何公理的自明性概念,二者在形而上学实在论立场上相互对立。这使菲尼斯的自然法不证自明性概念面临着本体论实在论与非实在论之间的张力,其对事实与价值二分法的回应以及自然法伦理学的构建也因此受到质疑。一种对自然法不证自明性的自洽理解可以从理论理性判断与实践理性判断的同一性之中得出,自然法原则作为理论理性判断是可推导的,但作为实践理性判断是无源出且不证自明的,这种理解也为弥合事实与价值之间的鸿沟提供了一种可能。