The Three Principles of Institutional Safeguards for Women's Participation in Legislation in China

The participation of women in legislation is an important aspect and means of safeguarding women’s rights.Feminist theory,based on criticism of both the“citizenship identity theory as rights”and the“citizenship identity theory as responsibilities,”proposes the“citizenship identity theory as subjectivity.”Observing the current practice of women’s participation in legislation in China,two institutional safeguard principles can be summarized:the“minimum proportion”and the“influence evaluation.”However,each of these principles has its inherent limitations.Therefore,it is necessary to supplement them with the principle of“subjective participation”in a reflective manner.This principle requires women to participate substantively in the legislative process as subjects,express women’s needs and demands,input women’s perspectives and experiences,and reconstruct the distribution of rights and responsibilities in the existing legislation.The three principles complement each other and work together to comprehensively constitute the institutional structure of women’s participation in legislation,thereby promoting the reproduction of corresponding action structures.

Psychosocial Stress,the Unpredictability Schema,and Cardiovascular Disease in Women

Depression/anxiety-related disorders and psychosocial stress have been implicated as cardiovascular disease(CVD)risk factors.Women are at considerable risk for affective disorders and report greater severity from psychosocial stress,compared to men.Affective disorders and cardiovascular disease likely share underlying pathophysiological mechanisms that are potentiated among women–especially younger women.Environmental stressors that threaten the safety,security,and status of an individual are appraised by the brain,producing a cascade of evoked physiological and cognitive responses.In the short term,these processes overcome stressors,but come with long-term health implications.Chronic psychosocial stress leads to a dysregulation of the stress response systems that can lead to a heightened stress appraisal schema called the unpredictability schema,a construct that might arguably place women at heightened risk for CVD.

Women and the Transnational Dynamics of Science Education in Early Twentieth Century China:A Quiet Revolution

This article explores both the personal and transnational dimensions of domestic science education and study abroad for the pioneering generation of Chinese women in science.By focusing on women’s unique calculus of risk and reward,the article not only distinguishes Chinese women’s experiences from those of their male counterparts but also delineates the special contours of the Chinese case within the global advancement of women in science.The article begins by outlining some of the features and dynamics of early Chinese girls’schools that affected students’interest in and preparation for further scientific study.Then it traces the emerging college-level opportunities that made it possible for women who were studying science in China to contemplate advanced work overseas.Turning to study abroad,the article highlights the radicalness of the decision to study abroad by examining the impact of both family background and national circumstances on Chinese women’s strategies of mobility.The article argues that if we are to take women’s experiences seriously,we cannot just look at scientific pursuits in terms of achievements in the development of Chinese science,we also need to consider the ways that·scientific ambitions forced individuals—both male and female—to navigate and reimagine multiple social norms and expectations.

基于数量化理论Ⅰ的女西服款式感性评价

为了设计出符合消费者感性需求的服装产品,以女西服为研究对象,提出感性工学与数量化理论Ⅰ相结合的款式设计研究方案。首先通过语意差异法获取消费者对女西服样本的感性评价,利用SPSS软件对感性评分进行分析,提取感性因子,创建女西服二维感性分布空间。同时分析款式特征,归纳出女西服主要设计要素,在此基础上应用数量化理论Ⅰ,通过线性回归分析得出感性因子与设计要素之间的关联预测,并构建数学模型。经验证,该模型实测值与预测值之间拟合度较高,符合正态分布要求,模型有效可行。最后通过案例设计与验证,进一步证明该模型能够实现人的感性需求与女西服设计要素之间的有效转换,对女西服款式设计与感性评价提供一定借鉴作用。

重写文明史:建构中国自主知识体系的底座

中国自古便有完整的哲学体系、文论体系、史学体系、艺术体系、教育体系、医学体系、科学技术体系以及其他各个学科的自主知识体系。然而,中国原有的自主知识体系在现当代基本上不被承认。这一问题的根源在文明观,文明观是基础,是自主知识体系的底座。近现代以来支撑各学科知识生产的标准、内涵、体系都建立在西方文明的底座上。文明底座是西方的,所构建的知识体系也就必然唯西是从,直接导致了对中国文明的贬低,对中国知识体系的全盘否定,形成了中国自主知识体系整体性的垮塌,走上了自毁长城之歧途。建构中国自主知识体系,首先要“重塑文明观”,重塑文明观则必须“重写文明史”,再从文明底座上建构哲学、史学、医学、科学技术等各个学科的自主知识体系,重获各学科知识体系本来的“话语权”,向世界呈现“理论中的中国”“创新中的中国”“文明中的中国”,建构自立自强的中国自主知识体系。

“四史”融入高校思政课的德鲁克之问及其全流程优化研究

应然目标和实然效果之间长期难以消弭的巨大落差所构成的“特殊矛盾性问题”,使得高校思政课改革具有了明显的可拓性特征;而广泛涉及马克思主义理论、教育学、历史学、心理学等多学科范畴,则又规定了其跨学科性。在IDS理论看来,学科交叉融合和学科视角变换常会产生意想不到的突破性创新。因此,将鲜活的“四史”融入高校思政课不仅有利于增添内容丰富性、教学趣味性,也有利于增加历史厚重感和学生获得感,提升教育教学效果,也是马克思主义中国化、时代化、青年化的重要举措。然而,诸如生硬嵌入、半合移植,以及理念不够先进、边界不太清晰、内容时有重叠、途径比较单一、评价不尽科学等一系列问题表明,碎片化的改革难以达到有效对治。这给教育改革的战略—战术之间带来了无形的张力,同时也引发“德鲁克式”的经典追问,迫切要求从理念、内容、途径到评价等环节进行全流程整合优化予以应答,以避免“融而不入”“入而不深”“深而不化”,从理论自觉和实践自觉两方面协同发力,不断推进“四史”融入高校思政课的集成性改革走深走实走细。

书写母亲的历史——二战后日本国民历史学运动与妇女史的实践

第二次世界大战之后,日本左翼思潮兴起,马克思主义的影响尤为重要。由马克思主义史家石母田正领导的国民历史学运动便是一例。这一运动倡导知识分子协助民众,书写工人、农民等民众的历史,进而重构日本历史的主体。在国民历史学运动中,妇女史书写是重要的组成部分,而“母亲的历史”的书写又是最为核心的内容。通过书写母亲的历史这一史学实践,国民历史学运动从立场、方法、资料等多个维度拓展了日本近现代史学发展的空间。

马克思精神生产视阈下中国共产党人的精神谱系

马克思精神生产理论为中国共产党人的精神谱系探析提供了可靠的分析视阈。马克思精神生产理论的历史向度使中国共产党人的精神谱系具有了深刻的理论内涵。在马克思精神生产视域下,中国共产党人的精神谱系是党的理论研究的精神生产成果,是中国共产党人在各个时代优秀精神产品的总和,体现了马克思精神生产理论蕴含的规律性原则,体现着马克思精神生产活动的历史使命。弘扬中国共产党人的精神谱系,首先要对伟大精神生产成果进行谱系化传承,在坚定马克思主义信仰中不断增强伟大精神生产成果的引导力,在党的自我革命的推进中不断增强伟大精神生产成果的生命力,在中国共产党党史的研究与学习中不断增强伟大精神生产成果的穿透力,在中华优秀传统文化的浸润中不断增强伟大精神生产成果的凝聚力。

延安时期党史学习的历史考察及经验启示

延安时期党中央开展党史学习有着深刻的历史背景,建设大党与推进革命事业发展是党史学习的重要政治因素,解决根据地干部“本领恐慌”及提高干部素质是党史学习的重要人员因素,纠正各种错误思想及统一全党认识是党史学习的重要思想因素。延安时期党史学习既有常规性学习,也有全党范围的学习运动。考察延安时期党史学习的背景、内容和形式,总结延安时期党史学习的历史经验,可以为新时代党史学习与教育活动提供一定的历史借鉴。

How did women’s education and differential family planning policies shape transition to second and third births in historical China? New evidence from micro data

The influence of China’s family planning policies on fertility transition is widely acknowledged in research studies.However,little is known about how improve-ments in women’s education have shaped reproductive decisions of Chinese women across different family planning regimes,particularly at micro level.This study uses retrospective pooled birth history data from five consecutive population and fam-ily planning surveys collected over the period 1982-2006 to systematically examine the interrelationship between family planning policies and women’s education,and their interactive effect on the second and third birth transitions.We hypothesize that family planning policies had a differential influence on educational groups in reduc-ing the transition to second and third births.The results from discrete time com-plementary log-log survival models provide strong evidence of differential repro-ductive behavior of education groups across time in China,and the simultaneous influence of women’s education and family planning policies in lowering risks to higher parities.The rates of progression to second and third births tend to be lower after the introduction of rigid family planning policies,and more importantly,the policy impact persisted even after adjusting for demographic and socioeconomic factors.The increase in women’s education overall had a depressing effect on transi-tion to higher parities,and family planning policies implemented overtime have had differential effects on women from different educational groups.The findings show that both family planning policies and women’s education have been instrumental in shaping fertility behavior in China.

Beijing Society of Women's Theory

THE Beijing Society of Women’s Theory was founded in 1985 during an unusual time in China. Economic reform was happening gradually throughout China. The new economic order broke the one-sided pattern of a planned economy which had existed in the country for many years. The trend of this economic reform affected everybody—especially women—to varying degrees. It forced enterprises to break the mindset of maintaining a large pot of rice in favor of economic efficiency, so that

History of the National Women's Congress

The First National Women’s Congress Meeting dates: March 24-April 3, 1949 Location: Beiping (now Beijing) Number of attendees: 474 The opening speech, given by Cai Chang, was followed by a working report read by Deng Yingchao, entitled "The Present Strategies and Tasks of the Chinese

客家女子服饰的演变

从客家民系形成历史入手,以王东的"语言习俗形成说"为标志的民系形成理论为基础(即认为客家民系形成于明代中期),将客家女子服饰演变划分为3个时期并将各时期服饰形制及其特点进行归纳总结:第1时期为明代中期至清末,是客家妇女服饰形成阶段,其服装样制与中原基本一致,出现了与南方少数民族相类似的服饰特点;第2时期为清末民初的客家女子传统服饰成熟阶段,客家传统服饰样制与文化特征基本形成;第3时期从民初至20世纪中叶,为客家妇女服饰的消亡期,传统服饰与现代服饰并存。

论历史教学论的学科定位及研究范式

历史教学论要想摆脱目前的发展窘境，在教师教育发展中赢得一席之地，在学科定位上必须重新审视，将之界定为一门具有历史专业特点的教学理论；在研究内容上关注历史课程论问题，冲破狭隘的研究藩篱，拓展研究空间；在研究范式上超越低层次的经验总结或案例分析式的研究方法，走学术型历史教学研究之路。

农村妇女的家庭地位是如何逆转的——实践视角下的妇女家庭纵向地位变迁

本文利用关中平原S村实地调研材料,借助布迪厄"实践亲属关系"的分析视角,通过对农村纯女户生命历程的考察,分析农村纯女户家庭中妇女在个人人生阶段的角色及经历的事件来揭示妇女家庭纵向地位的转变过程。研究发现,在纯女户家庭中妇女的生命历程里,她们既是家庭秩序的接受者,更是家庭秩序的挑战者、再造者,纯女户家庭中的妇女正是在这种个体与环境的拉锯中实现了家庭纵向地位的逆转。

明清江南妇女游风述论

明清时代江南商品经济繁荣发展,提高了人们的消费水平,丰富了人们的精神生活。自明中叶以来,江南民众广泛参与旅游活动,从一个侧面展示了江南社会生活的若干新气象。其中妇女游风特别引人注目。江南妇女旅游类型多样,并呈现出普遍性、季节性、宗教性及节日狂欢性等特点,凸显了江南妇女特有的精神面貌和世风的替嬗。对此现象的探讨对中国妇女史研究具有一定的启发意义。

《华阳国志》中的妇女传记与常璩的史识

常璩是两晋时期著名史学家。他的《华阳国志》为我国史学、方志学留下了一份十分宝贵的财富。本文单就《华阳国志》中妇女传记的史料价值、对历史编纂学的贡献和常璩对妇女历史地位与作用的独特识见三个方面来探索常璩卓越的史识 ,说明要全面研究评价常璩与《华阳国志》 。

从研究到学科化并通向行动主义:中国妇女学30年反观与理论化

自上世纪80年代初到90年代以来,国内妇女学走过以妇女问题和性别议题为对象的研究为主的妇女学,到本世纪以学科背景下的学术研究、高校内的课程发展与组织体制的机制化探索的学科化推动的历程。同时对30年来,特别是本世纪以来具有代表性的妇女学推动者(集体或个人)在学理、概念和推进策略、方法上的异同及产生的影响进行梳理并力图理论化。在此基础上,展望妇女学的未来走向——通向学术女性主义与行动女性主义的联手推动中国社会的积极变革。

马克思唯物主义历史观的生态意蕴——评生态马克思主义者J.B.福斯特对马克思主义的解释

J.B.福斯特认为马克思的生态理论主要体现在《1844年经济学哲学手稿》和《共产党宣言》这两部著作之中。紧密结合劳动异化来分析自然异化;强调自然异化是人为造成的,具体地说,是由私有财产和金钱的统治造成的;提出自然异化给人带来的严重后果就是使人丧失掉基本的生活要素;力主通过"联合"的道路来消除私有制,进而消除自然异化,构成了马克思《1844年经济学哲学手稿》的生态世界观的主要内容。J.B.福斯特驳斥了一些西方学者把《共产党宣言》说成是"反生态"的种种误解,强调正是在《共产党宣言》中,马克思和恩格斯已经把关于建立与自然的可持续性关系的思考作为"关于共产主义建设论证的一个重要组成部分"。马克思的生态世界观的一些核心理论实际上在《共产党宣言》中已经形成,这就是:所有生态问题都是由资本主义生产方式所引起的。

试析中国特色社会主义妇女理论构建中的六个关系

现阶段中国妇女实现什么样的发展和怎样发展,亟须得到理论层面的回答和指导。在构建中国特色社会主义妇女理论的过程中,中国特色社会主义妇女理论与马克思主义妇女理论、中国特色社会主义妇女理论与中国特色社会主义理论体系、中国特色妇女解放和发展道路与中国特色社会主义发展道路、中国特色妇女解放和发展的制度保障与中国特色社会主义制度、中国特色社会主义妇女理论与妇女解放和发展的实践、中国特色社会主义妇女理论与西方女性主义理论等六个关系,是首先需要关注和厘清的基本问题。