In this work we show that tending to thermal equilibrium in one system, at least in certain cases, is associated with the coherent dynamical evolution of this system in interaction with another identical system. The t...In this work we show that tending to thermal equilibrium in one system, at least in certain cases, is associated with the coherent dynamical evolution of this system in interaction with another identical system. The temperature varying effect with time is manifestly shown in our analyses.展开更多
Based on the porous media theory and by taking into account the efects of the pore fuid viscidity, energy exchanges due to the additional thermal conduction and convection between solid and fuid phases, a mathematical...Based on the porous media theory and by taking into account the efects of the pore fuid viscidity, energy exchanges due to the additional thermal conduction and convection between solid and fuid phases, a mathematical model for the dynamic-thermo-hydro-mechanical coupling of a non-local thermal equilibrium fuid-saturated porous medium, in which the two constituents are assumed to be incompressible and immiscible, is established under the assumption of small de- formation of the solid phase, small velocity of the fuid phase and small temperature changes of the two constituents. The mathematical model of a local thermal equilibrium fuid-saturated porous medium can be obtained directly from the above one. Several Gurtin-type variational principles, especially Hu-Washizu type variational principles, for the initial boundary value problems of dy- namic and quasi-static responses are presented. It should be pointed out that these variational principles can be degenerated easily into the case of isothermal incompressible fuid-saturated elastic porous media, which have been discussed previously.展开更多
Sensitivity analysis of thermal equilibrium parameters in the reservoir module of MIKE 11 model was conducted for the Wuxikou Reservoir in Jiangxi Province of China in order to apply the module to the environmental im...Sensitivity analysis of thermal equilibrium parameters in the reservoir module of MIKE 11 model was conducted for the Wuxikou Reservoir in Jiangxi Province of China in order to apply the module to the environmental impact assessment to accurately predict water temperature of reservoirs.Results showed that radiation parameter A and evaporation-first parameter were much more sensitive than other parameters.The values of the radiation parameter A ranged from 0.10 to 0.34.The values of evaporation-first parameter varied from 0 to 10.The sensitivity of solar absorption parameters was less than that of evaporation parameter,of which light attenuation values ranged from 0.5 to 0.7,and this parameter would not impact model results if it was more than 2.Constants in Beer's law ranged from 0.2 to 0.7.Radiation parameter B was not more sensitive than evaporation parameter and its reasonable range was higher than 0.48.The fitting curves showed consistent changing tendency for these parameters within the reasonable ranges.Additionally,all the thermal equilibrium parameters had much more important effects on surface water temperature than deep water temperature.Moreover,if no observed data could be obtained,the local empirical value would be used to input to the MIKE 11 model to simulate the changes in the discharged outflow-water temperature qualitatively.展开更多
Based on isentropic flow and thermal equilibrium assumptions, a model was derived to calculate discharge flow rate, which unified the rules of room temperature water discharge, high temperature and high pressure water...Based on isentropic flow and thermal equilibrium assumptions, a model was derived to calculate discharge flow rate, which unified the rules of room temperature water discharge, high temperature and high pressure water discharge, two-phase critical flow, saturated steam and superheated steam critical flow, and gave a method to calculate critical condition. Because of the influence of friction, the entropy is increased in the actual discharge process, and the discharge flow rate in thermal equilibrium condition can be obtained by the original model multiplied by an appropriate correction coefficient. The model calculated results agreed well with the experiment data of long nozzle critical flow.展开更多
Phase equilibrium in the ternary CuO-PbO-Ag system has been investigated using differential thermal analysis(DTA),thermogravimetry(TG),scanning electron microscopy(SEM) and X-ray diffraction(XRD) techniques.In the ter...Phase equilibrium in the ternary CuO-PbO-Ag system has been investigated using differential thermal analysis(DTA),thermogravimetry(TG),scanning electron microscopy(SEM) and X-ray diffraction(XRD) techniques.In the ternary CuO-PbO-Ag system,there is a eutectic reaction CuO+PbO+Ag=L at 750℃ and a composition of 12.04 mol.% Ag,16.35 mol.% CuO and 71.61 mol.% PbO.Two miscibility gaps near the two binary tie lines PbO-Ag and CuO-Ag were detected. No binary or ternary compound was detected in the ternary system.SEM and energy dispersive spectroscopy(EDS) confirm the presence of two liquid phases and the eutectic point.展开更多
In this study of temperature rising in vehicular twin-tube hydraulic gas-precharged shock absorbers,thermodynamic analyses were conducted via simulations.Equations on heat conduction,heat convection as well as radiati...In this study of temperature rising in vehicular twin-tube hydraulic gas-precharged shock absorbers,thermodynamic analyses were conducted via simulations.Equations on heat conduction,heat convection as well as radiation were derived by applying certain laws governing heat transfer;an equivalent thermal resistance network model of a shock absorber undergoing heat transfer was established innovatively;moreover,the shock absorber’s thermodynamic model of control volume system was built by using the first law of thermodynamics;and finally,time required for shock absorber to reach thermal equilibrium and corresponding value of steady temperature were calculated by programming.In this way,a lower thermal equilibrium temperature will be achieved,hence help to improve reliability of shock absorbers in work by offering low ambient temperature,by reducing amplitudes and frequencies of external incentives exerted on them and by increasing flow rate of ambient air passing around them.展开更多
We study the quantum discord of the bipartite Heisenberg model with the Dzyaloshinski-Moriya （DM） interaction in thermal equilibrium state and discuss the effect of the DM interaction on the quantum discord. The qua...We study the quantum discord of the bipartite Heisenberg model with the Dzyaloshinski-Moriya （DM） interaction in thermal equilibrium state and discuss the effect of the DM interaction on the quantum discord. The quantum entanglement of the system is also discussed and compared with quantum discord. Our results show that the quantum discord may reveal more properties of the system than quantum entanglement and the DM interaction may play an important role in the Heisenberg model.展开更多
We study the quantum discord in a two-spin-1/2 XXZ model in thermal equilibrium at temperature T in the presence of an external magnetic field B. Special attention is paid to the dependence of quantum discord on the t...We study the quantum discord in a two-spin-1/2 XXZ model in thermal equilibrium at temperature T in the presence of an external magnetic field B. Special attention is paid to the dependence of quantum discord on the temperature T and magnetic field B. It is found that quantum thermal discord is more robust than concurrence against temperature, in the sense that quantum thermal discord does not vanish at finite temperatures, but concurrence vanishes completely at a critical temperature.展开更多
The thermal stress in a magnetic core–shell nanoparticle during a thermal process is an important parameter to be known and controlled in the magnetization process of the core–shell system. In this paper we analyze ...The thermal stress in a magnetic core–shell nanoparticle during a thermal process is an important parameter to be known and controlled in the magnetization process of the core–shell system. In this paper we analyze the stress that appears in a core–shell nanoparticle subjected to a cooling process. The external surface temperature of the system, considered in equilibrium at room temperature, is instantly reduced to a target temperature. The thermal evolution of the system in time and the induced stress are studied using an analytical model based on a time-dependent heat conduction equation and a differential displacement equation in the formalism of elastic displacements. The source of internal stress is the difference in contraction between core and shell materials due to the temperature change. The thermal stress decreases in time and is minimized when the system reaches the thermal equilibrium. The radial and azimuthal stress components depend on system geometry, material properties, and initial and final temperatures. The magnitude of the stress changes the magnetic state of the core–shell system. For some materials, the values of the thermal stresses are larger than their specific elastic limits and the materials begin to deform plastically in the cooling process. The presence of the induced anisotropy due to the plastic deformation modifies the magnetic domain structure and the magnetic behavior of the system.展开更多
In recent years, plasma technology has emerged as a novel technique for the manufacture of newer and better materials. The thermodynamic state of thermal plasma approaches local thermodynamic equilibrium, temperature ...In recent years, plasma technology has emerged as a novel technique for the manufacture of newer and better materials. The thermodynamic state of thermal plasma approaches local thermodynamic equilibrium, temperature of heavy particle is higher （ 10^3 -10^4 K ） and the temperature range of electron is 10^4- 10^6 K. The state of thermal plasma can be described by an unitive thermodynamic temperature. The characteristics of thermal plasmas are high temperature, high enthalpy, high energy density, controllable atmosphere, steep temperature gradient etc. It has been widely applied in field of processing, metallurgy, material, chemical engineering, environmental protection.展开更多
With recent advancements in information and communication technology,a huge volume of corporate and sensitive user data was shared consistently across the network,making it vulnerable to an attack that may be brought ...With recent advancements in information and communication technology,a huge volume of corporate and sensitive user data was shared consistently across the network,making it vulnerable to an attack that may be brought some factors under risk:data availability,confidentiality,and integrity.Intrusion Detection Systems(IDS)were mostly exploited in various networks to help promptly recognize intrusions.Nowadays,blockchain(BC)technology has received much more interest as a means to share data without needing a trusted third person.Therefore,this study designs a new Blockchain Assisted Optimal Machine Learning based Cyberattack Detection and Classification(BAOML-CADC)technique.In the BAOML-CADC technique,the major focus lies in identifying cyberattacks.To do so,the presented BAOML-CADC technique applies a thermal equilibrium algorithm-based feature selection(TEA-FS)method for the optimal choice of features.The BAOML-CADC technique uses an extreme learning machine(ELM)model for cyberattack recognition.In addition,a BC-based integrity verification technique is developed to defend against the misrouting attack,showing the innovation of the work.The experimental validation of BAOML-CADC algorithm is tested on a benchmark cyberattack dataset.The obtained values implied the improved performance of the BAOML-CADC algorithm over other techniques.展开更多
基金National Natural Science Foundation of China under Grant No.10775097the Specialized Research Fund for the Doctorial Progress of Higher Education(SRFDP)
文摘In this work we show that tending to thermal equilibrium in one system, at least in certain cases, is associated with the coherent dynamical evolution of this system in interaction with another identical system. The temperature varying effect with time is manifestly shown in our analyses.
基金Project supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.10272070)and the Development Foun-dation of the Education Commission of Shanghai,China.
文摘Based on the porous media theory and by taking into account the efects of the pore fuid viscidity, energy exchanges due to the additional thermal conduction and convection between solid and fuid phases, a mathematical model for the dynamic-thermo-hydro-mechanical coupling of a non-local thermal equilibrium fuid-saturated porous medium, in which the two constituents are assumed to be incompressible and immiscible, is established under the assumption of small de- formation of the solid phase, small velocity of the fuid phase and small temperature changes of the two constituents. The mathematical model of a local thermal equilibrium fuid-saturated porous medium can be obtained directly from the above one. Several Gurtin-type variational principles, especially Hu-Washizu type variational principles, for the initial boundary value problems of dy- namic and quasi-static responses are presented. It should be pointed out that these variational principles can be degenerated easily into the case of isothermal incompressible fuid-saturated elastic porous media, which have been discussed previously.
基金Under the auspices of Research&Development Special Fund for Public Welfare Industry of Ministry of Environmental Protection(No.201309062201309003)
文摘Sensitivity analysis of thermal equilibrium parameters in the reservoir module of MIKE 11 model was conducted for the Wuxikou Reservoir in Jiangxi Province of China in order to apply the module to the environmental impact assessment to accurately predict water temperature of reservoirs.Results showed that radiation parameter A and evaporation-first parameter were much more sensitive than other parameters.The values of the radiation parameter A ranged from 0.10 to 0.34.The values of evaporation-first parameter varied from 0 to 10.The sensitivity of solar absorption parameters was less than that of evaporation parameter,of which light attenuation values ranged from 0.5 to 0.7,and this parameter would not impact model results if it was more than 2.Constants in Beer's law ranged from 0.2 to 0.7.Radiation parameter B was not more sensitive than evaporation parameter and its reasonable range was higher than 0.48.The fitting curves showed consistent changing tendency for these parameters within the reasonable ranges.Additionally,all the thermal equilibrium parameters had much more important effects on surface water temperature than deep water temperature.Moreover,if no observed data could be obtained,the local empirical value would be used to input to the MIKE 11 model to simulate the changes in the discharged outflow-water temperature qualitatively.
文摘Based on isentropic flow and thermal equilibrium assumptions, a model was derived to calculate discharge flow rate, which unified the rules of room temperature water discharge, high temperature and high pressure water discharge, two-phase critical flow, saturated steam and superheated steam critical flow, and gave a method to calculate critical condition. Because of the influence of friction, the entropy is increased in the actual discharge process, and the discharge flow rate in thermal equilibrium condition can be obtained by the original model multiplied by an appropriate correction coefficient. The model calculated results agreed well with the experiment data of long nozzle critical flow.
文摘Phase equilibrium in the ternary CuO-PbO-Ag system has been investigated using differential thermal analysis(DTA),thermogravimetry(TG),scanning electron microscopy(SEM) and X-ray diffraction(XRD) techniques.In the ternary CuO-PbO-Ag system,there is a eutectic reaction CuO+PbO+Ag=L at 750℃ and a composition of 12.04 mol.% Ag,16.35 mol.% CuO and 71.61 mol.% PbO.Two miscibility gaps near the two binary tie lines PbO-Ag and CuO-Ag were detected. No binary or ternary compound was detected in the ternary system.SEM and energy dispersive spectroscopy(EDS) confirm the presence of two liquid phases and the eutectic point.
基金Sponsored by the Ministerial Level Advanced Research Foundation (0020707)
文摘In this study of temperature rising in vehicular twin-tube hydraulic gas-precharged shock absorbers,thermodynamic analyses were conducted via simulations.Equations on heat conduction,heat convection as well as radiation were derived by applying certain laws governing heat transfer;an equivalent thermal resistance network model of a shock absorber undergoing heat transfer was established innovatively;moreover,the shock absorber’s thermodynamic model of control volume system was built by using the first law of thermodynamics;and finally,time required for shock absorber to reach thermal equilibrium and corresponding value of steady temperature were calculated by programming.In this way,a lower thermal equilibrium temperature will be achieved,hence help to improve reliability of shock absorbers in work by offering low ambient temperature,by reducing amplitudes and frequencies of external incentives exerted on them and by increasing flow rate of ambient air passing around them.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant Nos. 10905007 and 61078011)the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities
文摘We study the quantum discord of the bipartite Heisenberg model with the Dzyaloshinski-Moriya （DM） interaction in thermal equilibrium state and discuss the effect of the DM interaction on the quantum discord. The quantum entanglement of the system is also discussed and compared with quantum discord. Our results show that the quantum discord may reveal more properties of the system than quantum entanglement and the DM interaction may play an important role in the Heisenberg model.
基金Project supported by the National Fundamental Research Program of China (Grant No. 2007CB925204)the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant No. 10775048)+1 种基金the Key Project of the Chinese Ministry of Education (Grant No. 206103)the Construction Program of the National Key Discipline
文摘We study the quantum discord in a two-spin-1/2 XXZ model in thermal equilibrium at temperature T in the presence of an external magnetic field B. Special attention is paid to the dependence of quantum discord on the temperature T and magnetic field B. It is found that quantum thermal discord is more robust than concurrence against temperature, in the sense that quantum thermal discord does not vanish at finite temperatures, but concurrence vanishes completely at a critical temperature.
基金Project supported by Romanian CNCS–UEFISCDI project IDEI-EXOTIC(Grant No.185/25.10.2011)
文摘The thermal stress in a magnetic core–shell nanoparticle during a thermal process is an important parameter to be known and controlled in the magnetization process of the core–shell system. In this paper we analyze the stress that appears in a core–shell nanoparticle subjected to a cooling process. The external surface temperature of the system, considered in equilibrium at room temperature, is instantly reduced to a target temperature. The thermal evolution of the system in time and the induced stress are studied using an analytical model based on a time-dependent heat conduction equation and a differential displacement equation in the formalism of elastic displacements. The source of internal stress is the difference in contraction between core and shell materials due to the temperature change. The thermal stress decreases in time and is minimized when the system reaches the thermal equilibrium. The radial and azimuthal stress components depend on system geometry, material properties, and initial and final temperatures. The magnitude of the stress changes the magnetic state of the core–shell system. For some materials, the values of the thermal stresses are larger than their specific elastic limits and the materials begin to deform plastically in the cooling process. The presence of the induced anisotropy due to the plastic deformation modifies the magnetic domain structure and the magnetic behavior of the system.
文摘In recent years, plasma technology has emerged as a novel technique for the manufacture of newer and better materials. The thermodynamic state of thermal plasma approaches local thermodynamic equilibrium, temperature of heavy particle is higher （ 10^3 -10^4 K ） and the temperature range of electron is 10^4- 10^6 K. The state of thermal plasma can be described by an unitive thermodynamic temperature. The characteristics of thermal plasmas are high temperature, high enthalpy, high energy density, controllable atmosphere, steep temperature gradient etc. It has been widely applied in field of processing, metallurgy, material, chemical engineering, environmental protection.
基金This work was funded by the Deanship of Scientific Research at Princess Nourah bint Abdulrahman University,through the Research Groups Program Grant No.(RGP-1443-0051)。
文摘With recent advancements in information and communication technology,a huge volume of corporate and sensitive user data was shared consistently across the network,making it vulnerable to an attack that may be brought some factors under risk:data availability,confidentiality,and integrity.Intrusion Detection Systems(IDS)were mostly exploited in various networks to help promptly recognize intrusions.Nowadays,blockchain(BC)technology has received much more interest as a means to share data without needing a trusted third person.Therefore,this study designs a new Blockchain Assisted Optimal Machine Learning based Cyberattack Detection and Classification(BAOML-CADC)technique.In the BAOML-CADC technique,the major focus lies in identifying cyberattacks.To do so,the presented BAOML-CADC technique applies a thermal equilibrium algorithm-based feature selection(TEA-FS)method for the optimal choice of features.The BAOML-CADC technique uses an extreme learning machine(ELM)model for cyberattack recognition.In addition,a BC-based integrity verification technique is developed to defend against the misrouting attack,showing the innovation of the work.The experimental validation of BAOML-CADC algorithm is tested on a benchmark cyberattack dataset.The obtained values implied the improved performance of the BAOML-CADC algorithm over other techniques.
