A creep model for ultra-deep salt rock considering thermal-mechanical damage under triaxial stress conditions

To investigate the specific creep behavior of ultra-deep buried salt during oil and gas exploitation,a set of triaxial creep experiments was conducted at elevated temperatures with constant axial pressure and unloading confining pressure conditions.Experimental results show that the salt sample deforms more significantly with the increase of applied temperature and deviatoric loading.The accelerated creep phase is not occurring until the applied temperature reaches 130℃,and higher temperature is beneficial to the occurrence of accelerated creep.To describe the specific creep behavior,a novel three-dimensional(3D)creep constitutive model is developed that incorporates the thermal and mechanical variables into mechanical elements.Subsequently,the standard particle swarm optimization(SPSO)method is adopted to fit the experimental data,and the sensibility of key model parameters is analyzed to further illustrate the model function.As a result,the model can accurately predict the creep behavior of salt under the coupled thermo-mechanical effect in deep-buried condition.Based on the research results,the creep mechanical behavior of wellbore shrinkage is predicted in deep drilling projects crossing salt layer,which has practical implications for deep rock mechanics problems.

Mechanisms of carbon isotopic fractionation in the process of natural gas generation: Geochemical evidence from thermal simulation experiment

Low maturity coal samples were taken from the Ordos Basin to conduct gold tube thermal simulation experiment in a closed system,and the characteristics of the products were analyzed to find out the fractionation mechanism of carbon isotopes and the causes of abnormal carbon isotopic compositions of natural gas.At the heating rates of 2℃/h(slow)and 20℃/h(rapid),the low maturity coal samples of the Ordos Basin had the maximum yields of alkane gas of 302.74 mL/g and 230.16 mL/g,theδ13C1 ranges of-34.8‰to-23.6‰and-35.5‰to-24.0‰;δ13C2 ranges of-28.0‰to-9.0‰and-28.9‰to-8.3‰;andδ13C3 ranges of-25.8‰to-14.7‰and-26.4‰to-13.2‰,respectively.Alkane gas in the thermal simulation products of rapid temperature rise process showed obvious partial reversal of carbon isotope series at 550℃,and at other temperatures showed positive carbon isotope series.In the two heating processes,theδ13C1 turned lighter first and then heavier,and the non-monotonic variation of theδ13C1 values is because the early CH4 is from different parent materials resulted from heterogeneity of organic matter or the carbon isotope fractionation formed by activation energy difference of early enriched 12CH4 and late enriched 13CH4.The reversal of carbon isotope values of heavy hydrocarbon gas can occur not only in high to over mature shale gas(oil-type gas),but also in coal-derived gas.Through thermal simulation experiment of toluene,it is confirmed that the carbon isotope value of heavy hydrocarbon gas can be reversed and inversed at high to over mature stage.The isotope fractionation effect caused by demethylation and methyl linkage of aromatic hydrocarbons may be an important reason for carbon isotope inversion and reversal of alkane gas at the high to over mature stage.

Solid fraction evolution characteristics of semi-solid A356 alloy and in-situ A356–TiB_2 composites investigated by differential thermal analysis

The key factor in semi-solid metal processing is the solid fraction at the forming temperature because it affects the microstructure and mechanical properties of the thixoformed components. Though an enormous amount of data exists on the solid fraction-temperature re- lationship in A356 alloy, information regarding the solid fraction evolution characteristics of A356-TiB2 composites is scarce. The present article establishes the temperature-solid fraction correlation in A356 alloy and A356-xTiB2 （x = 2.5wt% and 5wt%） composites using dif- ferential thermal analysis （DTA）. The DTA results indicate that the solidification characteristics of the composites exhibited a variation of 2℃ and 3℃ in liquidus temperatures and a variation of 3℃ and 5℃ in solidus temperatures with respect to the base alloy. Moreover, the eutectic growth temperature and the solid fraction（fs） vs. temperature characteristics of the composites were found to be higher than those of the base alloy. The investigation revealed that in-situ formed TiB2 particles in the molten metal introduced more nucleation sites and reduced undercooling.

Alternative Diesel Grade Fuel Transformed from Polypropylene (PP) Municipal Waste Plastic Using Thermal Cracking with Fractional Column Distillation

Day by day worldwide use of plastics is increasing because of their light weight and durable characteristics. Waste plastics are major environmental problems all over the world. Waste plastics are not bio-degradable, it remains in the landfill for a long period of time causing vegetation and aquatic ecosystem dilemmas. Abandoned waste plastic thrown into the ocean causes friction of ocean waves and then broken down by sunlight into small pieces and takes the shape of plastic like soup. Aquatic organism mistakes the plastic soup as their food and can’t digest, either they die or through food chain it affects human health. To avoid severe environmental degradation problems of waste plastics some countries and big cities banned or restricted the use of plastic products. The worldwide generation of waste plastics is approximately 280 million tons/year. All most all of these waste plastics are dumped either in land or ocean. City municipalities spend huge amount of money each year just to dispose of these waste plastics into landfill because most waste plastics are not recycled. When the waste plastics are subjected to incineration, they release harmful toxic gas into the environment causing severe pollution. These waste plastics gradually enhance the hazardous environmental problems. Generally plastics are made from crude oil, however crude oil is a very limited natural resource and non-renewable. Every year millions of barrels of crude oil are to produce the waste plastics and when plastics are discarded after use the energy source is lost. A new developed technology plan minimizes the environment pollution problems simultaneously boost up energy sector by renovating the waste plastics into high energy content fuel. The produced fuel is obtained using a unique thermal degradation of waste plastics and converting them into hydrocarbon fuel like materials. Preliminary tests proved that this fuel burns cleaner and the production cost is very low. Unique production setup demonstrated to produce 93% fuel from waste plastic in the pilot scale. The Fuel produced has been tested and proven to work on majority types of internal combustion engines. This technology utilized can avoid waste plastic pollution problem worldwide by the implementation of newly developed technology. Through the utilization of the technology the use of reliable plastics won’t need to be banned and serve as a very reliable alternate source of energy. The technology will also help reduce a significant amount of import oil from foreign countries and help provide a steady economy.

A Numerical Algorithm Based on Quadratic Finite Element for Two-Dimensional Nonlinear Time Fractional Thermal Diffusion Model

In this article,a high-order scheme,which is formulated by combining the quadratic finite element method in space with a second-order time discrete scheme,is developed for looking for the numerical solution of a two-dimensional nonlinear time fractional thermal diffusion model.The time Caputo fractional derivative is approximated by using the L2-1formula,the first-order derivative and nonlinear term are discretized by some second-order approximation formulas,and the quadratic finite element is used to approximate the spatial direction.The error accuracy O(h3+
t2)is obtained,which is verified by the numerical results.

Model of Fractional Heat Conduction in a Thermoelastic Thin Slim Strip under Thermal Shock and Temperature-Dependent Thermal Conductivity

The present paper paper,we estimate the theory of thermoelasticity a thin slim strip under the variable thermal conductivity in the fractional-order form is solved.Thermal stress theory considering the equation of heat conduction based on the time-fractional derivative of Caputo of order
is applied to obtain a solution.We assumed that the strip surface is to be free from traction and impacted by a thermal shock.The transform of Laplace(LT)and numerical inversion techniques of Laplace were considered for solving the governing basic equations.The inverse of the LT was applied in a numerical manner considering the Fourier expansion technique.The numerical results for the physical variables were calculated numerically and displayed via graphs.The parameter of fractional order effect and variation of thermal conductivity on the displacement,stress,and temperature were investigated and compared with the results of previous studies.The results indicated the strong effect of the external parameters,especially the timefractional derivative parameter on a thermoelastic thin slim strip phenomenon.

Intrinsic Kinetic Modeling of Thermal Dimerization of C5 Fraction

This work aims to investigate the intrinsic kinetics of thermal dimerization of C_5 fraction in the reactive distillation process. Experiments are conducted in an 1000-m L stainless steel autoclave under some selected design conditions. By means of the weighted least squares method, the intrinsic kinetics of thermal dimerization of C_5 fraction is established, and the corresponding pre-exponential factor as well as the activation energy are determined. For example, the pre-exponential factor A is equal to 4.39×105 and the activation energy E4 a is equal to 6.58×10J/mol for the cyclopentadiene dimerization reaction. The comparison between the experimental and calculated results shows that the kinetics model derived in this work is accurate and reliable, which can be used in the design of reactive distillation columns.

Determination of One Unknown Thermal Coefficient through the One-Phase Fractional Lamé-Clapeyron-Stefan Problem

We obtain explicit expressions for one unknown thermal coefficient (among the conductivity, mass density, specific heat and latent heat of fusion) of a semi-infinite material through the one-phase fractional Lamé-Clapeyron-Stefan problem with an over-specified boundary condition on the fixed face . The partial differential equation and one of the conditions on the free boundary include a time Caputo’s fractional derivative of order . Moreover, we obtain the necessary and sufficient conditions on data in order to have a unique solution by using recent results obtained for the fractional diffusion equation exploiting the properties of the Wright and Mainardi functions, given in: 1) Roscani-Santillan Marcus, Fract. Calc. Appl. Anal., 16 (2013), 802 - 815;2) Roscani-Tarzia, Adv. Math. Sci. Appl., 24 (2014), 237 - 249 and 3) Voller, Int. J. Heat Mass Transfer, 74 (2014), 269 - 277. This work generalizes the method developed for the determination of unknown thermal coefficients for the classical Lamé-Clapeyron-Stefan problem given in Tarzia, Adv. Appl. Math., 3 (1982), 74 - 82, which is recovered by taking the limit when the order .

天津宝坻地区地下水水文地球化学特征

天津宝坻地区地震观测井是京津冀地区的前兆敏感井,但其水文地球化学特征研究程度比较薄弱。本文选取宝坻断裂南北两侧的3个地震观测井,分析离子组分浓度、氢氧同位素组成、二氧化硅及碳同位素含量,开展水文地球化学特征研究。结果表明:(1)宝坻断裂北部的宝坻新井及周边冷水井的水化学类型以Na-SO_(4)·HCO_(3)型为主,宝坻断裂南部的王3井、王4井及周边地热井的水化学类型以Na-HCO_(3)型为主。(2)地下水来源皆为大气降水,补给区为北部燕山山地。宝坻断裂两侧的冷水和地热水位于未成熟水区,表明两者在向上运移过程中皆受到浅表冷水的混合作用。断裂南侧的地热水循环深度明显高于北侧冷水,且地热水Cl^(-)具有深部来源成因。(3)冷水和地热水的无机碳同位素表现出分区特征,断裂北侧冷水中碳酸盐矿物不饱和,断裂南侧地热水的碳来源为补给区碳酸盐矿物的淋滤作用及碳酸盐岩含水层的溶解作用。(4)宝坻断裂两侧冷水和地热水的补给区虽然同为北部燕山山地,但由于观测井所在地水文地质条件、循环路径、循环深度等差异,以及宝坻断裂对两侧地下水水文地球化学演化的控制作用,形成了断裂两侧不同类型的地下水。本文研究结果丰富了京津冀地区地球化学背景场数据,为分析区域地下流体地球化学特征提供了科学依据。

基于无人机多光谱与热红外数据的冬小麦土壤水分反演

引入植被覆盖度会在一定程度上提高土壤水分反演模型的精度,但大多数研究均基于归一化植被指数NDVI估算植被覆盖度,未深入研究基于其他植被指数估算植被覆盖度对模型的影响。为此,以河南省驻马店市西平县人和乡冬小麦部分种植区域为实验区,基于分辨率高、机动性强的无人机平台搭载多光谱与热红外成像仪开展冬小麦覆盖地表的土壤水分反演研究,探究引入不同植被覆盖度参数后模型精度的变化,并弥补基于卫星遥感影像的土壤水分监测分辨率低、时效性差的不足。基于随机森林算法,将温度植被干旱指数TVDI、垂直干旱指数PDI两种干旱指数分别与7种植被指数估算的植被覆盖度参数耦合搭建土壤水分反演模型,并根据最优模型的反演结果对实验区的土壤水分空间分布情况进行分析。同时,建立耦合TVDI与PDI指数、不引入植被覆盖度的土壤水分反演模型TP模型为对照组。结果表明:在0~10 cm和>10~20 cm深度时,TP模型的决定系数R^(2)分别为0.606、0.670,均方根误差RMSE分别为0.045、0.041。7种引入植被覆盖度的模型精度较TP模型精度均有一定程度的提升,其中最优模型TPOSAVI的R^(2)较TP模型分别提高0.143、0.158,RMSE分别降低0.7百分点、0.8百分点。基于干旱指数引入植被覆盖度能够提高模型精度,且不同植被覆盖度参数对模型精度的提升程度有差异。

基于修正分数Poynting-Thomson模型的高压XLPE海缆绝缘评估

为利用频域介电谱准确评估高压交联聚乙烯(XLPE)海缆的绝缘状态,建立考虑直流电导率的修正分数Poynting-Thomson模型(分数P-T模型)以解析高压XLPE海缆的介电特性。首先,通过加速老化试验制备不同老化程度的高压XLPE海缆试样,并测得各组老化试样的力学、理化和介电数据。然后,应用修正分数P-T模型对实测介电曲线进行拟合,对比修正前后分数P-T模型表征实测介电曲线的效果。最后,通过仿真探究模型参数对介电曲线的影响规律,构建模型参数与绝缘程度之间的联系,将提出的老化特征参数与断裂伸长率(EAB)进行量化研究。研究结果表明,修正分数P-T模型能够准确拟合出不同老化程度高压XLPE海缆试样的介电曲线,提出的老化特征参数α、ε_(a)、ε_(b)和σ_(dc)可实现对高压XLPE海缆绝缘状态的量化评估。

空间平台与分离式载荷一体化热控设计

随着航天探索需求发展,对组合式航天器通过空间平台在轨完成释放,分离出有效载荷或舱段来实现更复杂功能的需求愈加迫切.空间平台为分离前舱段或载荷提供服务保障.在假设的空间平台和分离式载荷条件下,提出一种空间平台与分离式载荷一体化热控设计,进行热控方案设计,并对载荷存储控温、载荷与平台互相影响、分离时平台温度变化进行热仿真,同时开展初步热真空试验,验证稳态工况下热设计的正确性,并校正热模型以开展更多工况的分析.通过热试验和仿真获得了该设计的温度特性和热量传递特性,数据分析表明该设计合理有效,验证了热耦合的载荷和平台进行独立热试验方法的可行性,可为此类航天器热控制提供依据.

C_(5)/C_(9)共聚石油树脂热聚合成工艺影响因素分析

为了得到浅色优质C_(5)/C_(9)共聚石油树脂,本文以C_(5)馏分、双环戊二烯(DCPD)和C_(9)馏分为原料,在原料配比C_(5):(DCPD):C_(9)=350ml:350ml:200ml时,详细考察了反应温度和反应时间对共聚石油树脂的收率、软化点和色度的影响。结果表明:当反应温度为240~245℃时,反应时间为7~8h,可得色度为4#左右的优质石油树脂,并且石油树脂的收率高达60%以上。

温度梯度相互作用色谱在聚烯烃表征中的应用

研究了高温-温度梯度相互作用色谱(HT-TGIC)在聚烯烃表征中的应用,并与结晶分级技术进行了对比,同时分析了实验条件对HT-TGIC曲线的影响。实验结果表明,相比结晶分级技术,HT-TGIC在表征结晶度较低或完全无定形树脂时具有明显优势。HT-TGIC可用于定量表征聚烯烃树脂及其共混物的化学组成分布,并具有良好分辨率。优化的操作条件为:尽可能快的冷却速度、升温速率/淋洗流量的比值在一定范围内、动态降温、较小的动态吸附流量、冷却循环最终温度高于结晶温度。利用辛烯含量差与HT-TGIC淋洗峰偏离值呈线性关系,可快速确定共聚单体含量,包括高共聚单体含量树脂。

GC/MS Analysis of Organic Compounds in Hot Water-Extractable Fraction from Shenfu Coal

Shenfu Coal was extracted with hot pure water and slurry was isolated. The concentrated benzene-soluble fraction (CBSF) was analyzed with GC/MS and four types of organic compounds (OCs) were detected: HACOCs,DTEs,DMDT and LCAs. The amount of benzyl benzoate which is the most abundant OC was calculated by an inter-nal standard method with an indicated amount of BP. The broken hydrogen bonds and ether bonds were responsible for the extraction of OCs from the coal .DTEs,DMDT and LCAs are essentially insoluble in water,whereas they are soluble,probably owing to intermolecular interaction of OCs with HACOCs.

Time fractional dual-phase-lag heat conduction equation

We build a fractional dual-phase-lag model and the corresponding bioheat transfer equation, which we use to interpret the experiment results for processed meat that have been explained by applying the hyperbolic conduction. Analytical solutions expressed by H-functions are obtained by using the Laplace and Fourier transforms method. The inverse fractional dual-phase-lag heat conduction problem for the simultaneous estimation of two relaxation times and orders of fractionality is solved by applying the nonlinear least-square method. The estimated model parameters are given. Finally, the measured and the calculated temperatures versus time are compared and discussed. Some numerical examples are also given and discussed.

The thermal effect in diode-end-pumped continuous-wave 914-nm Nd:YVO_4 laser

The thermal effect and the heat generation in diode-end-pumped continuous-wave 914-nm Nd：YVO4 lasers are investigated in detail. A theoretical model of a diode end-pumped solid-state laser is constructed to analyse the influence of fractional thermal loading on the thermal effect in the Nd：YVO4 laser based on finite element analysis. The thermal focal lengths and the end-surface deformations of laser rods in Nd：YVO4 quasi-three-level and four-level lasers are measured and compared with the results obtained by ordinary interferometry for the demonstration of higher thermal loading in 914-nm laser. Finally the fractional thermal loading in the Nd：YVO4 quasi-three-level laser is calculated by matching the experimental and the simulated end deformations.

Experimental Study of Filling Ratio Effect on the Thermal Performance in a Multi-Heat Pipe with Graphene Oxide/Water Nanofluids

This experimental study is performed to investigate heat transfer performance of a multi-heat pipe cooling device in the condition of different filling ratios (40%, 60%, 80% and 100%) and different constant heat fluxes (10 - 30 W). Here, pure water (distilled water) and graphene oxide (GO)/water nanofluids are employed respectively as working fluid. GO/water nanofluids were synthesized by the modified Hummers method with 0.05%, 0.10%, 0.15%, and 0.20% volume concentrations. Multi-heat pipe is fabricated from copper;the heating and cooling sections are the same size and both are connected by four circular parallel tubes. Temperature fields and thermal resistance are measured for different filling ratio, heat fluxes and volume concentrations. The results indicated that the thermal performance of heat pipe increased with increasing the concentration of GO nanoparticles in the base fluid, while the maximum heat transfer enhancement was observed at 0.20% volume concentration. GO/water nanofluids showed lower thermal resistance compared to pure water;the optimal thermal resistance was obtained at 100% filling charge ratio with 0.20% volume concentration. Studies were also demonstrated that heat transfer coefficient of the heat pipe significantly increases with increasing the input heat flux and GO nanoparticles concentration.

南岭高分异花岗岩成岩与成矿

南岭是我国花岗岩研究程度最高的地区。特别是由于这一地区花岗岩与钨、锡、铌、钽、锆、铪、铜、钼、铅、锌、银、铋、锑、铀、锂、铍、稀土等金属成矿作用关系密切而受到国内外学术界关注。一般认为,南岭花岗岩及相关的成矿作用与花岗岩浆的高度结晶分异作用有关,但高分异作用发生的原因却并不明确。本文通过详细梳理南岭中生代燕山早期花岗岩的特征提出,这些花岗岩的结晶分异作用表现为岩浆房内晶粥体和残留岩浆的长期不断分凝。区内大面积的粗粒似斑状花岗岩为岩浆房早期结晶的堆晶体(主体),而晚期细粒花岗岩则为残留的高硅熔体(补体)。岩浆房发生充分结晶分异作用受控于两个因素:其一是岩浆房自身在演化过程中不断受到来自深部热的补给,使岩浆房内富含金属元素的残留熔体不断发生抽离,并向上运移。花岗岩体顶端的伟晶岩壳是保证抽离的熔体在近封闭环境下不断发生分异的另一个重要因素。这些特征使得南岭花岗岩的分异机制明显有别于喜马拉雅淡色花岗岩,后者以沿大型拆离断层就位并发生分异结晶为主要机制,两者可分别归类为热驱动分异和构造驱动分异类型,构成高分异花岗岩发生的两大重要机制。未来应结合锂资源的国家重大战略需求,对南岭地区高分异花岗岩,特别是晚期钨锡铌钽成矿花岗岩展开全面检查与评价,着重研究铁锂云母花岗岩及云英岩的岩石序列、矿物演变、金属元素富集和岩浆储存机制等,使南岭花岗岩与成矿作用研究再上新台阶。

Fractional Order Two Temperature Thermo-Elastic Behavior of Piezoelectric Materials

A new mathematical model of time fractional order heat equation and fractional order boundary condition have been constructed in the context of the generalized theory of thermo piezoelasticity. The governing equations have been applied to a semi infinite piezoelectric slab. The Laplace transform technique is used to remove the time-dependent terms in the governing differential equations and the boundary condition. The solution of the problem is first obtained in the Laplace transform domain. Furthermore, a complex inversion formula of the transform based on a Fourier expansion is used to get the numerical solutions of the field equations which are represented graphically.