Comparison of Testing Clothing Thermal Resistance on 2 Thermal Manikins

The paper compares clothing thermal resistance of the same ensemble tested by different thermal manikins in different laboratories. It also examines the consistence of the two groups of total thermal resistance by Paired-Sample T Test method, which proves that there is no remarkable difference in testing results under the same experiment method and requirement. It is of great significance in promoting the application of thermal manikin testing technology and academic exchange among different institutes.

Clothing Thermal Insulation for Typical Seasonal Clothing of Infant with Infant Thermal Manikin

Infants are less thermally adapted to their environment and can be considered as needing protective measures against thermal environments. It is not ethical to conduct subject experiments on infants. Thermal insulation in clothing is an essential control coefficient for the evaluation of the thermal environment of an infant. A thermal manikin can be used as an alternative method for carrying out experiments and to control the thermal manikin based on heat balance. The purpose of this study was to clarify the thermal insulation of infants’ clothing. An infant thermal manikin was used to clarify the thermal insulation (Icl) of typical summer, mid-season, and winter clothing combinations for infants. The thermal insulation of typical seasonal clothing combinations was 0.30 clo for summer clothing, 0.57 clo for mid-season clothing and 1.02 clo for winter clothing. It was clarified that it is essential to consider clothing conditions by taking into account differences in posture and to define the clothing thermal insulation (Icl) when designing and evaluating thermal environments. When designing and evaluating an infant’s thermal environment, it is essential to investigate using data from infants.

Heat Production Rate Calculation of Thermal Manikin with a Compensation Method

Thermal manikin plays important roles in simulating thethermal state of human bodies to facilitate the evaluationof thermal comfort properties of various clothing assem-blies.Based on the heat balance principle and analysis ofrelated factors,the heat production rate of manikin isrecommended as an efficient evaluation index.Whereas,its inside heat production which occurs as a result of theexistence of temperature difference between its insidepart and outside surface,should not be ignored.Through a series of theoretical analysis and calculations,a compensative equation is deduced in this paper.

Airflow Distribution Measurements around the Human Body Using a Thermal Manikin by Particle Image Velocimetry

The human body is a heat source in a room. As the human body has a complex shape, it is difficult to accurately measure the airflow distribution around the human body using a conventional anemometer. This study measured the airflow distribution around a thermal manikin acting as a human body by visualization and particle image velocimetry (PIV). The thermal manikin was 1700 mm in height, and its surface temperature was set to 30oC. The experiments were performed in the conditions when the manikin was seated on a chair. The ambient air temperature and wind velocity were experimental variables. The airflow distribution around the manikin was reported by considering the relationships between convection and ambient wind velocity. There were no differences in the airflow distribution around the manikin due to the ambient air temperature when the wind velocity in the chamber was set as 1.0 m/s. Hence, it was assumed that the ambient wind velocity was dominant in this condition. Various airflow distributions were formed around the manikin due to the difference between the body surface temperature and the ambient air temperature in the case where the wind velocity in the chamber was set to approximately equal to 0.0 m/s.

Thermal Manikin of Infant

Compared to an adult, an infant requires more consideration regarding the thermal environment so it is necessary to evaluate the thermal environment as it affects infants. However, experiments on infant subjects regarding their thermal environment based on the different heat balance of their body cannot ethically be conducted. We could instead consider using a thermal model for the human body, but thermal manikins based on heat transfer per unit area are rare. Therefore, this study aims to develop a thermal manikin to model the heat transfer per unit area and the body form of an infant in order to evaluate the infant’s thermal environment. When evaluating the thermal environment or heat balance of the body in the outside environment, it is essential to consider the asymmetry and unevenness of the temperature of the skin, as an element of the human body, and not just the unevenness and asymmetry of physical factors in the environment. Moreover, when receiving short wavelength direct solar radiation, light and shaded areas have significant differences in skin temperature. The following 20 body parts were investigated in the study: anterior head, posterior head, ventral trunk, dorsal trunk (including buttocks), right medial arm, right lateral arm, left medial arm, left lateral arm, right dorsal hand, right palmar hand, left dorsal hand, left palmar hand, right anterior leg, right posterior leg, left anterior leg, left posterior leg, right dorsal foot, right plantar foot, left dorsal foot, and left plantar foot. This paper measured the body surface area for each part of an infant’s body in order to establish the form of an infant model from the view of the heat transfer area, and verified the validity of the model.

Thermal comfort of Frail People under dynamic and non-uniform thermal environments using a thermal manikin with thermoregulatory control:An experimental study

The thermal comfort of frail people has to be considered carefully,mainly because of the high thermal sensitivity of this population and the negative influences that unsatisfactory thermal conditions have on their health.Most existing thermal comfort works have been conducted under steady-state,uniform thermal environments,with far fewer being performed in dynamic and non-uniform thermal environments,and even less for frail people.This study aimed at assessing the thermal responses of frail people under transient and non-uniform thermal environments,using a thermal manikin and a climatic test cell.Thermal responses were investigated and discussed in both genders.The analysis of variance showed a significant difference in thermal comfort and thermal sensation between females and males over time,under hot exposure.Under cold exposure,results showed a significant difference in thermal sensation between females and males over time,but no significant difference was observed in term of thermal comfort.Analysis revealed also significant differences in the dynamic thermal sensation between the sexes under cold exposure,while results confirmed that there is no significant difference in the dynamic thermal sensation between sexes under hot exposure.

THE DEVELOPMENT OF A MANIKIN TO SIMULATE THE THERMAL PHYSIOLOGY OF PREMATURE INFANTS

This paper describes a manikin (also known as mannequin) to simulate the thermal physiology of premature infants and experiments performed on it.The performance of the manikin is shown to compare well with that a selection of premature infants in terms of their rate of heat loss.

服装热阻研究中的数据分析及可视化方法

为明确服装热阻研究的数据分析思路并探求更优的可视化方法,从实验设计、热阻测评、数据处理和数据分析等4个阶段对相关文献进行梳理,明确了常用的数据分析和可视化手段。研究表明服装热阻受环境、服装、人体等多方面因素影响,主要采用暖体假人或真人实验的方法获得。数据较多以二维图像或组图的形式呈现,适用3项以内影响因素结果的分析。采用人工智能方法能够纳入更多影响因素实现服装热阻的准确预测,为不同环境下服装的选择、性能优化及人体热舒适的提升提供科学指导。

充气调温抗浸服的研制与保暖性评价

为满足海上作业人员在不同作业环境中对服装保暖性的需求,研制了一种保暖层为气凝胶材料的充气调温抗浸服。采用“Newton”出汗暖体假人测试了在不同保暖材料(气凝胶、丝绵)、压力状态(无压、低压、高压)和充气量(未充气、1/3充气量、2/3充气量、充满气)下的抗浸服总热阻和局部热阻。结果表明:无压条件下,充气调温抗浸服(未充气)的热阻显著高于丝绵抗浸服;随着压力的增大,抗浸服的总热阻和局部热阻均降低,但2件抗浸服的保暖性无显著差异;在施压条件下,充气调温抗浸服随着充气量的增加,服装总热阻显著高于未充气状态的热阻。因此,所制备充气调温抗浸服可动态调节服装的保暖性能。

基于暖体假人的套装局部热阻及预测模型研究

对多名成年男女全年各季节着装行为进行了现场调研,得到了我国成年男女全年各季节典型着装搭配情况。在实验室条件下利用暖体假人模型进行了各季节典型着装搭配下的套装热阻测试,得到了34组成套服装的整体与局部热阻值,建立了全年各季节典型套装的局部服装热阻数据库。在此基础上分析了套装局部与整体热阻值的关系,获得了基于套装整体热阻值的局部热阻预测模型。

防寒服开口设计对其保暖性能的影响研究

为探究开口设计对防寒服隔热性能的影响程度,文章对门襟、袖口及领口三个主要的服装开口进行排列组合,通过暖体假人实验探究不同环境温度下、不同开口设计对防寒服隔热性能的影响。结果表明:三种开口的优化设计均对防寒服总热阻有显著影响(p<0.05),其影响程度为领口>袖口>门襟,同时温度会影响三种开口设计对服装隔热性能的提升效果;5℃时服装总热阻最大提升率达7.20%,-10℃时同款防寒服总热阻仅提升5.27%。门襟设计对上臂、下胸及后腰部位的服装隔热性能提升明显,局部服装热阻变化率达6%;环境温度5℃下袖口束紧设计可将手部及下臂部位的服装局部热阻提升7.00%;领口束紧设计可将下胸、腹部、后背、后腰部位的服装局部热阻提升10.00%。研究结果可为防寒服的开口结构设计提供量化的依据和参考。

风速与风向对人体热交换影响的CFD仿真模拟

为了提升灾害环境中人体热损伤评估精度并保障应急救援人员的生命安全,首先将暖体假人进行三维激光扫描得到数值假人,并按照人体生理构造将其划分为20个区块,通过ICEM软件建立气候室,设置0°~180°的风向;然后通过FLUENT软件计算得到0.2~5.0 m/s风速时的人体显热换热量和辐射换热量,在此基础上求得对流换热量;最后将模拟结果与文献中数据进行对比验证,并分析不同风速与风向对人体热交换的影响。结果表明:提出的计算流体动力学(CFD)仿真模拟方法可有效模拟人体不同部位的换热量;风速的增加会促进人体与环境之间的热交换,当风速从0.2 m/s增加到5.0 m/s时,人体整体对流换热量从56 W/m^(2)增加到360 W/m^(2);人体表面局部部位之间对流换热量有明显的差异,其中四肢部位与环境之间的热交换受风速影响更为明显;风向对人体整体对流换热几乎没有影响,但躯干部位对流换热量受风向的影响较大;在非对称风向(45°、90°、135°)下,人体对流换热量呈现非对称式分布。本研究可为人员安全评估、极端环境下人体热反应建模、防护装备研发等提供基础数据。

Effects of Dressing Poses on Clothing Thermal Insulation

With a thermal manikin, the effects of dressing poses on clothing thermal insulation are studied. It is found that the thermal insulation of still air layer over human body has not been influenced by the dressing poses, but the dressing poses have effects on the thermal insulation of clothing system.

Exploring the effects of mask wearing on outdoor thermal comfort at different walking speeds—A thermal manikin-based experiment

Face masks’wearing for a long duration brings thermal discomfort,especially in hot climate cities.The face masks’thermal insulation and its effect on outdoor thermal comfort have been rarely investigated.In this study,five types of face masks and their thermal insulations have been tested by using a thermal manikin in the climate chamber.Experimental results are assessed by using physiological equivalent temperature(PET)and standard effective temperature(SET^(*))for thermal comfort with masks at three walking speeds both in summer and winter.Slight differences in thermal insulation are observed among the different masks,the values of PET and SET^(*)rise with increasing mask thermal insulation,and they are generally higher in summer than in winter.Moreover,the variation of SET*is more obvious than PET with same masks at different walking speeds.And the differences of SET^(*)with and without masks appear to rise significantly for fast walking.Results further indicate that the individuals’physical discomfort caused by wearing masks cannot simply be assumed as an additional effect of the clothing thermal insulation.The findings enrich the clothing thermal insulation database,explore the differences in thermal indices if the face mask is used,and provide advice on heat mitigation with masks outdoors.

Thermal Insulation Distribution Pattern of Layered Clothing Ensemble

With a thermal manikin, the distribution pattern of thermal insulation in multi-layered clothing ensemble is studied. It is found that the thermal insulation of multi-layered clothing ensemble has certain statistical relationship with the thermal insulation of each layer, and the prediction equation has been established.

Influence of Stroller upon Thermal Insulation of Infant

In outdoor spaces, infants in strollers are significantly affected by thermal radiation from the ground surface due to their proximity to it. Infants are at increased risk of heat stroke while riding in a stroller. Infants are less thermally adapted to their environment and can consequently be considered to need protective measures against thermal environments. In order to treat strollers as clothing, in the present study, experiments were conducted to clarify the thermal environment of an infant riding in a stroller. Using an infant thermal manikin, the clothing area factor fcl and the clothing thermal insulation Icl of the stroller were determined. The stroller clothing area factor fcl was 3.21 and the stroller clothing thermal insulation Icl was 0.47 clo. Therefore, it can be inferred that strollers have a pronounced effect on the body heat balance between an infant and their environment.

充气式抗浸服保暖层优化设计与性能研究

抗浸服作为冷水域救援人员的防护装备,其内层保暖层的性能对充气式抗浸服的穿着舒适性至关重要。以现有产品的优劣分析和实际使用情况的市场调研结果为基础,对充气式抗浸服的保暖层进行结构设计和优化,并对优化后产品的防护性能进行测试分析。结果表明,充气保暖内层材料的优化以及服装结构的改进设计可显著提升服装的漂浮性和保暖性。

基于营造及评价非均匀热环境目标的人体对流换热系数研究

为了精确评价非均匀热环境下人体热舒适性以营造低碳健康建筑环境,需要了解各方向气流下人体局部对流换热系数。本文基于实测实验及CFD模拟,对水平及竖直方向气流对人体局部对流换热系数的影响进行了研究,得到了人体各部位对流换热系数的计算模型,分析了各方向气流对人体对流换热系数的影响机制。结果显示:水平气流工况下的人体整体对流换热系数大于竖直气流工况;位于肢体末端的手部、小臂、脚部的对流换热系数较大;处于人体中心部位的腰腹部和背部的对流换热系数较小,且受不同方向气流影响较小。

服装的热湿舒适性研究进展

为丰富和发展服装热湿舒适性的研究方法,归纳总结了服装热湿传递机理和影响因素及服装热湿舒适性的评价方法。分别从主观和客观两个方面进行了阐述,即暖体假人法、人体生理实验法、数值模拟法和主观评价法,最后指出现阶段对服装舒适性研究的不足,并对未来服装舒适性研究方向提出建议。

冷环境下基于暖体假人的帐篷内部热舒适性研究

为了解冷环境下帐篷内部温度变化规律和人员服装需求热阻(IREQ)及身体区域失温风险,以国标救灾帐篷和非标防疫棉帐篷为对象,利用暖体假人开展-10~10℃环境下试验,探究不同类型帐篷的保温性能,并利用经验公式评价人员在帐篷内热舒适性,根据服装热阻对人与环境换热过程的影响,分析暖体假人各部位温度变化情况及加热服对身体区域的改善效果。研究结果表明:国标救灾帐篷比非标防疫棉帐篷保温性能好,且温度越低两者相差越大;人在帐篷内部的热舒适性随温度降低而降低,其中,地板温度对人体局部不满意率影响较大;当服装热阻低于需求热阻时,暖体假人左前臂和右小腿温度下降幅度最大,分别为4.7和5.3℃,当打开加热服加热,服装覆盖区域温度明显上升;当环境温度降到-10℃,即使打开45℃加热档位暖体假人各区域温度仍出现明显下降,其中暖体假人左前臂下降5.3℃,右前臂下降6.5℃左右。