Controlled thermally-driven mass transport in carbon nanotubes using carbon hoops

Controlling mass transportation using intrinsic mechanisms is a challenging topic in nanotechnology.Herein,we employ molecular dynamics simulations to investigate the mass transport inside carbon nanotubes(CNT)with temperature gradients,specifically the effects of adding a static carbon hoop to the outside of a CNT on the transport of a nanomotor inside the CNT.We reveal that the underlying mechanism is the uneven potential energy created by the hoops,i.e.,the hoop outside the CNT forms potential energy barriers or wells that affect mass transport inside the CNT.This fundamental control of directional mass transportation may lead to promising routes for nanoscale actuation and energy conversion.

Resistivity and thermal infrared precursors associated with cemented backfill mass

The stability of cemented backfill mass is important to keep miners and equipment safe in underground backfill miming.The stress-strain behavior, resistivity and thermal infrared(TIR) characteristics of backfill mass under uniaxial compression were investigated. The monitoring system consisted of a TIR observation system, a stress-strain monitoring system and a resistivity measurement system. Precursory information for impending failure of cemented backfill mass was collected, including TIR, strain and resistivity precursors. The sensitivity and difference of different monitoring information to the same failure event were compared.The results show that the time-space evolution process of the resistivity and TIR is basically the same as the whole process from compression deformation to failure of backfill mass, and the time variation of resistivity and TIR is obviously characterized by stage.The resistivity precursor turns out earlier than the TIR and the strain. The resistivity relation with loading compression is anti-symmetry, decreasing as the compression stress increases before the peak strength of backfill mass. However, when the backfill mass enters into the phase of failure, the resistivity starts to increase as the stress increases. The change of the resistivity growth direction can be regarded as the resistivity-caution-point for the failure of backfill mass under uniaxial compression. It is also indicated that the TIR information mainly represents the surface temperature evolution in the process of compression before the backfill enters into the plastic-yield state. It can be a valuable tool to obtain the precursors for failure of cemented backfill mass for backfill mines.

Natural ventilation performance of single room building with fluctuating wind speed and thermal mass

Natural ventilation is driven by either buoyancy forces or wind pressure forces or their combinations that inherit stochastic variation into ventilation rates. Since the ventilation rate is a nonlinear function of multiple variable factors including wind speed, wind direction, internal heat source and building structural thermal mass, the conventional methods for quantifying ventilation rate simply using dominant wind direction and average wind speed may not accurately describe the characteristic performance of natural ventilation. From a new point of view, the natural ventilation performance of a single room building under fluctuating wind speed condition using the Monte-Carlo simulation approach was investigated by incorporating building facade thermal mass effect. Given a same hourly turbulence intensity distribution, the wind speeds with 1 rain frequency fluctuations were generated using a stochastic model, the modified GARCH model. Comparisons of natural ventilation profiles, effective ventilation rates, and air conditioning electricity use for a three-month period show statistically significant differences （for 80% confidence interval） between the new calculations and the traditional methods based on hourly average wind speed.

Geologic-Geophysical Indicators of the Deep Structure of Zones of Geothermal Anomalies for Allocation of Channels of the Deep Heat and Mass Transfer

On the basis of the analysis of field thermogeochemical data along abnormal zones of a thermal stream in the Bukhara-Khiva, oil-and-gas region of the Turan (Tegermen, Chagakul, Shimoly Alat, Beshtepa) was succeeded to obtain important data on a deep structure of sites. Data of gas-chemical and geothermal observations show about confinedness of abnormal concentration of methane to zones of the increased values of the temperature field the measured values of temperatures (Tegermen Square and others). On geoelectric section mines 2-D of inversion of the MT-field depth of 4000 m are lower, among very high-resistance the chemogenic and carbonate deposits of the Paleozoic is traced the subvertical carrying-out abnormal zone. This zone is identified as the channel of a deep heat and mass transfer with which hydrocarbon (HC) deposits are connected. It is shown that electro-investigation when using a geophysical complex can and has to become “advancing” at exploration by oil and gas.

Thermal Diffusion Effect on MHD Heat and Mass Transfer Flow past a Semi Infinite Moving Vertical Porous Plate with Heat Generation and Chemical Reaction

The objective of present work is to study the thermo diffusion effect on an unsteady simultaneous convective heat and mass transfer flow of an incompressible, electrically conducting, heat generating/absorbing fluid along a semi-infinite moving porous plate embedded in a porous medium with the presence of pressure gradient, thermal radiation field and chemical reaction. It is assumed that the permeable plate is embedded in a uniform porous medium and moves with a constant velocity in the flow direction in the presence of a transverse magnetic field. It is also assumed that the free stream consists of a mean velocity, temperature and concentration over which are super imposed an exponentially varying with time. The equations of continuity, momentum, energy and diffusion, which govern the flow field, are solved by using a regular perturbation method. The behavior of the velocity, temperature, concentration, Skin-friction, rate of heat transfer and rate of mass transfer has been discussed for variations in the physical parameters. An increase in both Pr and R results a decrease in thermal boundary layer thickness. However, concentration decreases as Kr, Sc increase but it increases with an increase in both So and δ.

Peristaltic flow with convective mass condition and thermal radiation

The primary objective of present investigation is to introduce the novel aspects of convective mass condition and thermal radiation in the peristaltic transport of fluid. Magnetohydrodynamic(MHD) fluid was considered in a symmetric channel. Heat and mass transfer characteristics were analyzed in the presence of Soret and Dufour effects, and the results were presented via two forms of thermal radiation. The temperature, concentration and pressure rise per wavelength were examined. It is observed that the velocity slip and magnetic field parameters have opposite effects on the pressure rise per wavelength. Temperature of fluid is a decreasing function of the radiation parameter. Further, the temperature of fluid decreases by increasing the heat transfer Biot number. It is notified that the heat transfer rate at the wall is a decreasing function of radiation parameter.

Measuring Thermal Mass of Sustainable Concrete Mixes

Thermal mass is currently evaluated with ＂admittance＂ which is the ability of the element to exchange heat with the environment and is based on specific heat capacity, thermal conductivity and density. The aim of this study is to evaluate the effect of thermal properties namely, density, specific heat capacity and thermal conductivity on thermal mass. The objective of the study is to carry out laboratory experiments by measuring such thermal properties of concrete mixes with various percentages of GGBS （ground granulated blast furnace slag）, PFA （pulverized fuel ash）, and SF （silica fume） and RCA （recycled coarse aggregates）. The results obtained from these tests would contribute to the evaluation of how such thermal properties influence the thermal admittance and hence the thermal mass performance of sustainable concrete elements in a building system.

Tidal Effects on the Bottom Thermal Front of North Yellow Sea Cold Water Mass near Zhangzi Island in Summer 2009

Three seabed-mounted TD/CTD chains and two upward-looking acoustic Doppler current profilers (ADCPs) in the southwest of Zhangzi Island are used and a simultaneous cruise observation in the northern North Yellow Sea (NYS) is conducted to study temperature variation in the bottom thermal front zone of the NYS Cold Water Mass (NYSCWM) during the summer of 2009. In the flood-ebb tidal cycles, the bottom temperature decreases (increases) during flood (ebb) tides, which are dominated by the tidal-current induced horizontal advection. The ebb tide-induced temperature increase is larger than the flood tide-induced tempera- ture decrease due to seasonal warming. In the spring-neap tidal cycles, the temperature and the vertical temperature structure show notable fortnightly variation from 16 July to 25 August. The bottom temperature increases from neap to spring tides and decreases from spring to neap. The Richardson number demonstrates strengthened vertical mixing during spring tides but enhanced stratifica- tion during neap tides. The spring-neap variation in vertical shear caused by tidal current is the dominant factor that induces the fort- nightly variation in vertical mixing and thus bottom temperature.

Thermal apoptosis analysis considering injection behavior optimization and mass diffusion during magnetic hyperthermia

Thermally induced apoptosis for tumors depends mainly on the intrinsic characteristics of biological tissues as well as treatment temperature profile during magnetic hyperthermia.Further,treatment temperature distribution inside tumor depends on the injection behavior of irregular tumors,such as the injection dose and the injection location of nanofluids.In order to improve the treatment effect,the simulated annealing algorithm is adopted in this work to optimize the nanofluid injection behavior,and the improved Arrhenius model is used to evaluate the malignant ablations for three typical malignant tumor cell models.In addition,both the injection behavior optimization and the mass diffusion of nanofluid are both taken into consideration in order to improve the treatment effect.The simulation results demonstrate that the injection behavior can be optimized effectively by the proposed optimization method before therapy,the result of which can also conduce to improving the thermal apoptosis possibility for proposed typical malignant cells.Furthermore,an effective approach is also employed by considering longer diffusion duration and correct power dissipation at the same time.The results show that a better result can then be obtained than those in other cases when the power dissipation of MNPs is set to be QMNP=5.4×10^(7)W·m^(3) and the diffusion time is 16 h.

Direct incorporation of paraffin wax as phase change material into mass concrete for temperature control: mechanical and thermal properties

Taking advantage of heat absorbing and releasing capability of phase change material(PCM),Paraffin wax-based concrete was prepared to assess its automatic temperature control performance.The mechanical properties of PCM concrete with eight different Paraffin wax contents were tested by the cube compression test and four-point bending test.The more Paraffin wax incorporated,the greater loss of the compressive strength and bending strength.Based on the mechanical results,four contents of Paraffin wax were chosen for studying PCM concrete's thermal properties,including thermal conductivity,thermal diffusivity,specific heat capacity,thermal expansion coefficient and adiabatic temperature rise.When the Paraffin wax content increases from 10%to 20%,the thermal conductivity and the thermal diffusivity decrease from 7.31 kJ/(m·h·°C)to 7.10 kJ/(m·h·°C)and from 3.03×10−3 m2/h to 2.44×10−3 m2/h,respectively.Meanwhile the specific heat capacity and thermal expansion coefficient rise from 5.38×10−1 kJ/(kg·°C)to 5.76×10−1 kJ/(kg·°C)and from 9.63×10−6/°C to 14.02×10−6/°C,respectively.The adiabatic temperature rise is found to decrease with an increasing Paraffin wax content.Considering both the mechanical and thermal properties,15%of Paraffin wax was elected for the mass concrete model test,and the model test results confirm the effect of Paraffin wax in automatic mass concrete temperature control.

Study of Non-Thermal DC Arc Plasma of CH_4/Ar at Atmospheric Pressure Using Optical Emission Spectroscopy and Mass Spectrometry

Non-thermal C/H/Ar plasmas are widely applied to carbonaceous material production and processing.In this work,plasma parameters and gaseous species of the atmospheric non-thermal C/H/Ar plasmas produced by an atmospheric-pressure DC arc discharge generator in CH_4/Ar were investigated.The voltage-current characteristics were measured for different CH_4/Ar ratios.Optical emission spectroscopy was employed to analyze the electron excitation temperature,gas temperature and electron density under various discharge conditions.The hydrocarbon molecules produced in the CH4/Ar plasmas were detected with photoionization mass spectrometry.The optical spectral results demonstrated that the electron excitation temperature was 0.4-1 eV,the gas temperature was 2800-4200 K and the electron density was in the range of（5-20）×10^15 cm^-3.The mass spectrum indicated that a variety of unsaturated hydrocarbons（C2H4,C3H6,C6H6,etc.） and several highly unsaturated hydrocarbons（C4H2,C5H6,etc.） were produced in the non-thermal arc plasmas.

Thermal behavior and mass spectrometry analysis of N-methyl-N-nitroso-p-toluenesulfonamide

The effect of temperature on the functional groups transition of N-methyl-N-nitroso-p-toluenesulfonamide （Diazald） and thermal decomposition were investigated by Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy （FT-IR） and Differential Scanning Calorimeter （DSC）. The results showed that the functional groups transition of Diazald was temperature dependent, and thermal decomposition of Diazald was accelerated above 47.7℃. The HPLC-ESI-MS method was used for Diazald analysis, which indicated the strong hydrogen bonding between Diazald and water and instability of the NO group.

The Study of Thermal Mass as a Passive Design Technique for Building Comfort and Energy Efficiency

The day/night （diurnal） changes in temperature and solar radiation pose challenges for maintaining human thermal comfort in buildings. Passive and energy-conserving buildings seek to manage the available thermal energy by lowering peaks and dampening the fluctuations in order to maintain conditions for human comfort. Appropriate use of thermal mass moderates the internal temperatures by averaging diurnal extremes. Thermal mass is one of the powerful tools which architects and designers can use to control temperature. It can be used to optimize the performance of energy-conserving buildings that rely primarily on mechanical heating and cooling strategies. Massive building envelopes-such as masonry, concrete, earth, and insulating concrete forms （ICFs） can be utilized as one of the simplest ways of reducing building heating and cooling loads. This article analyses the role and effectiveness of thermal mass as a strategy for providing indoor thermal comfort for passive solar and energy conserving buildings.

Temperature-free mass tracking of a levitated nanoparticle

Mass measurement is an essential analytical tool in the characterization of materials.Here we present a method for measuring the mass of an individual nanoparticle which has a fg-level mass.This method enables a temperatureindependent mass measurement with the assistance of a sinusoidal electrostatic driving force.With this approach,we successfully track the change in properties of an optically levitated nanoparticle,such as mass,temperature,and electric charge,with air pressure.An abrupt change in the mass of silica nanoparticles is found to violate the Zhuravlev model.This method can be utilized to extend the mass analysis of materials,such as thermogravimetric analysis,to individual microor nano-particles.

High Precision Thermal Ionization Mass Spectrometric Dating of Corals and Its Application to Paleo-Environmental Study

Global change has become a hot spot in Quaternary geology, and high\|precision, high\|sensitivity dating is also an urgent problem which needs to be solved. This paper presents some achievements in U\|series dating of marine corals by thermal ionization mass spectrometry (TIMS) and its application to the study of paleo\|environments. Recently, coral samples were determined for their ages on a MAT\|262 mass spectrometer and satisfactory results have been obtained.

Spatial Thermal Crack Control in Mass Concrete

The finite element software,MIDAS is used to predict the distribution of temperatures and,analyzes the cracking control methods within a hydrating mass concrete.The temperature control of mass concrete has great significance in assuring the project quality.Adiabatic or semi adiabatic temperature measurement is mostly used for measuring and controlling the temperature fluctuation during construction.The temperature distribution produced by the finite element thermal analysis of the model is used to quantify the maximum allowable internal temperature difference before crack initiation on concrete.This study analyzes the data from one high-rise structure project in Shanghai are used to verify the finite element model developed.Results suggest that reliance on a limiting maximum temperature differential to control cracking in massive concrete applications should be supplemented with a requirement for analysis showing the calculated spatial temperature and stress response to the predicted temperature distribution within the concrete,to ensure that the induced tensile stresses will not exceed the tensile strength of the concrete and so minimize the risk of having thermal cracks at early age.

硼同位素的正热电离质谱法测定新进展

在不同环境下, B具有不同的^(11)B/^(10)B值。因此, B同位素作为一种灵敏的示踪剂被广泛应用于地球化学、环境化学和食品科学等领域。正热电离质谱法(PTIMS)因测试精度高,是测定B同位素组成最精确的方法。本文详细总结了PTIMS测定B同位素组成的基本原理、带材料选择、石墨影响、石墨涂样顺序、点样形式、同质异位素的干扰以及离子峰接收方式,尤其是近几年在静态双接收测定B同位素上取得的成果和最新进展,以促进B同位素地球化学研究的进一步发展。

铁棍山药片热风干燥过程中传热传质规律

[目的]探明热风干燥过程中铁棍山药片的传质情况,以及干燥空间和山药片的传热情况。[方法]选用7种薄层干燥数学模型对山药片热风干燥曲线进行拟合,找出最适传质动力学模型;测定不同温度下山药的导热系数和比热容,在此基础上利用ANSYS软件模拟热风干燥过程中干燥空间温度场变化和山药片温度变化。[结果]Modified Page模型能准确预测不同热风温度条件下山药片的水分变化情况(R2为0.998 96~0.999 86)。热风干燥过程中干燥室空间温度总体呈水平面上距进出风口近处温度高,远处温度稍低,竖直面上呈上高下低的状态,但温差均不大。热风干燥过程中山药片中心处温度最低,外表面温度最高,内外层温差逐渐缩小,前期温度变化较快而后期缓慢,实测值与模拟值间的温差最大达7.75℃,最小仅为0.07℃,说明模拟结果准确度较高。[结论]Modified Page模型和ANSYS软件能够准确模拟热风干燥过程中山药片的传热传质。

双流路顶空热脱附-气相色谱质谱联用测定水中土臭素和二甲基异莰醇

建立双流路顶空热脱附-气相色谱质谱联用测定水中土臭素和2-甲基异莰醇的方法。采用双流路顶空提取针将顶空气体进行连续吹扫至冷阱吸附,快速升温解吸,载气反向将待测组分送入气相色谱质谱联用仪分析。对恒温时间、温度等实验条件进行了优化,内标法定量,土臭素和2-甲基异莰醇在2.0~100ng·L^(-1)线性回归相关系数≥0.999,方法最低检出浓度为0.74ng·L^(-1)和1.50ng·L^(-1),5ng·L^(-1)、20ng·L^(-1)和100ng·L^(-1)三个浓度加标回收率在90.3~105%,精密度在1.76~6.91%。方法简便、灵敏、重现性好,可用于环境水和生活饮用水中土臭素和2-甲基异莰醇检测。

动态顶空萃取结合气相色谱-嗅觉测量-质谱联用技术解析不同品种烘青绿茶的挥发性成分

通过优化茶叶用量、捕集温度、孵化温度、吹扫总流量、吹扫速率以及干燥速率等动态顶空(dynamic headspace,DHS)提取参数,建立了基于DHS萃取联合热脱附/气相色谱-质谱的烘青绿茶挥发性成分的最优提取及分析方法,并结合气相色谱-嗅觉测量-质谱(gas chromatography-olfactometry-mass spectrometry,GC-O-MS)联用技术系统解析不同品种烘青绿茶的关键嗅感物质。结果表明,当茶叶用量为200 mg、捕集温度为70℃、孵化温度为70℃、吹扫总流量为350 mL、吹扫速率为10 mL/min、干燥速率为10 mL/min时,萃取效果最佳。继而对3个代表性品种制备的烘青绿茶中的挥发性成分进行提取分析,共鉴定出74种挥发性成分;多元统计分析结果表明,不同品种烘青绿茶的香气化学物质基础差别迥异,共18种化合物被鉴定为关键差异性挥发性成分,其中异亚丙基丙酮及芳樟醇在龙井43烘青绿茶中含量最高,6-甲基-5-庚烯-2-酮、辛醛、环己酮、苯乙酮、古巴烯、表荜澄茄油烯醇等在福鼎大白茶中含量最高。进一步的GC-O-MS分析共识别出烘青绿茶中的28种嗅感物质,它们主要呈现青香、清新、花果香、草本香、木香、甜香等气味属性,其中花果香属性的香气强度总和最高,青香、清新属性次之。综合分析结果表明,芳樟醇、菖蒲烯、δ-杜松烯、6-甲基-5-庚烯-2-酮和辛醛是3个不同品种烘青绿茶间的关键差异性嗅感物质,芳樟醇在龙井43烘青绿茶中贡献显著,而后四者对福鼎大白茶烘青绿茶的香气品质形成贡献显著。