Shear flow induced vibrations of long slender cylinders with a wake oscillator model

A time domain model is presented to study the vibrations of long slender cylinders placed in shear flow. Long slender cylinders such as risers and tension legs are widely used in the field of ocean engineering. They are subjected to vortex-induced vibrations（VIV） when placed within a transverse incident flow. A three dimensional model coupled with wake oscillators is formulated to describe the response of the slender cylinder in cross-flow and in-line directions. The wake oscillators are distributed along the cylinder and the vortex-shedding frequency is derived from the local current velocity. A non-linear fiuid force model is accounted for the coupled effect between cross-flow and in-line vibrations. The comparisons with the published experimental data show that the dynamic features of VIV of long slender cylinder placed in shear flow can be obtained by the proposed model,such as the spanwise average displacement,vibration frequency,dominant mode and the combination of standing and traveling waves. The simulation in a uniform flow is also conducted and the result is compared with the case of nonuniform flow. It is concluded that the flow shear characteristic has significantly changed the cylinder vibration behavior.

Near Wake of a Horizontal Circular Cylinder in Stably Stratified Flows

The near wake of a circular cylinder in linearly stratified flows of finite depth was experimentally investigated by means of flow visualization and measurements of vortex shedding frequencies, at Reynolds numbers 3.5 × 103-1.2 × 104 and stratification parameters kd 0-2.0. The non-dimensional parameter kd is defined as kd = Nd/U, where N is the Brunt-Vaisala frequency, d, the diameter of the cylinder, and U, the approaching flow velocity. The study demonstrates that as kd increases from zero, the vortex shedding from a circular cylinder progressively strengthens, while the Strouhal number gradually becomes lower than that for homogeneous flow. This phenomenon can be explained by the effect of the increasingly stable stratification which enhances the two-dimensionality of the near-wake flow of the circular cylinder;the enhanced two-dimensionality of the flow strengthens the roll-up of the separated shear layer. Above a certain value of kd, however, vortex formation and shedding are strongly suppressed and the Strouhal number rises sharply. This observation is attributable to the development of stationary lee waves downstream of the circular cylinder because the lee waves strongly suppress vertical fluid motions.

Computational Analysis of the Oscillatory Mixed Convection Flow along a Horizontal Circular Cylinder in Thermally Stratified Medium

The present work emphasizes the significance of oscillatory mixed convection stratified fluid and heat transfer characteristics at different stations of non-conducting horizontally circular cylinder in the presence of thermally stratified medium.To remove the difficulties in illustrating the coupled PDE’s,the finite-difference scheme with efficient primitive-variable formulation is proposed to transform dimensionless equations.The numerical simulations of coupled non-dimensional equations are computed in terms velocity of fluid,temperature and magnetic field which are computed to examine the fluctuating components of skin friction,heat transfer and current density for various emerging parameters.The governing parameters namely,thermally stratification parameter𝑆𝑆𝑡𝑡,mixed-convection parameter𝜆𝜆,Prandtl number Pr,magnetic force parameter𝜉𝜉and magnetic-Prandtl number𝛾𝛾are displayed graphically at selected values for velocity and heat transfer mechanism.It is computed that heat transfer attains maximum amplitude and good variations in the presence of thermally stratified parameter at each position𝛼𝛼=𝜋𝜋6⁄,𝛼𝛼=𝜋𝜋3⁄and𝛼𝛼=𝜋𝜋around the surface of non-conducting horizontally cylinder.The velocity of fluid attains certain height at station𝛼𝛼=𝜋𝜋6⁄for higher value of stratification parameter.It is also found that the temperature gradient decreases with stratification parameter𝑆𝑆𝑡𝑡,but it increases after a certain distance𝑌𝑌from the cylinder.The novelty of the current work is that due to non-conducting phenomena the magnetic effects are strongly observed far from the surface but exact at the surface are zero for each position.

Vortex-Induced Vibrations of A Long Flexible Cylinder in Linear and Exponential Shear Flows

A numerical study based on a wake oscillator model was conducted to determine the response performance of vortex-induced vibration(VIV) on a long flexible cylinder with pinned-pinned boundary conditions subjected to linear and exponential shear flows. The coupling equations of a structural vibration model and wake oscillator model were solved using a standard central finite difference method of the second order. The VIV response characteristics including the structural displacement, structural frequency, structural wavenumber, standing wave behavior,travelling wave behavior, structural velocity, lift force coefficient and transferred energy from the fluid to the structure with different flow profiles were compared. The numerical results show that the VIV displacement is a combination of standing waves and travelling waves. For linear shear flow, standing waves and travelling waves dominate the VIV response within the low-velocity and high-velocity zones, respectively. The negative values of the transferred energy only occur within the low-velocity zone. However, for exponential shear flow, travelling waves dominate the VIV response and the negative energy occurs along the entire length of the cylinder.

Electro–magnetic control of shear flow over a cylinder for drag reduction and lift enhancement

In this paper, the electro-magnetic control of a cylinder wake in shear flow is investigated numerically. The effects of the shear rate and Lorentz force on the cylinder wake, the distribution of hydrodynamic force, and the drag/lift phase diagram are discussed in detail. It is revealed that Lorentz force can be classified into the field Lorentz force and the wall Lorentz force and they affect the drag and lift forces independently. The drag/lift phase diagram with a shape of ＂8＂ consists of two closed curves, which correspond to the halves of the shedding cycle dominated by the upper and lower vortices respectively. The free stream shear （K 〉 0） induces the diagram to move downward and leftward, so that the average lift force directs toward the downside. With the upper Lorentz force, the diagram moves downwards and to the right by the field Lorentz force, thus resulting in the drag increase and the lift reduction, whereas it moves upward and to the left by the wall Lorentz force, leading to the drag reduction and the lift increase. Finally the diagram is dominated by the wall Lorentz force, thus moving upward and leftward. Therefore the upper Lorentz force, which enhances the lift force, can be used to overcome the lift loss due to the free stream shear, which is also obtained in the experiment.

Underlay mechanism in lift-drag phase diagrams for shear flow over cylinder

The characteristics of a uniform-shear flow over a circular cylinder are in- vestigated numerically by using the alternative-direction implicit （ADI） algorithm and a fast Fourier transform （FFT） one in the exponential-polar coordinates for Re = 150 and 0 ≤ K ≤ 0.46. The diagram of lift-drag phase, implying the detail information about the fluctuations of drag and lift as well as the flow patterns in the wake and fluctuating pres- sure on the cylinder surface, is used to describe the effects of the shear rate on the flow. Results show that the upper （or lower） closed curve of a phase diagram corresponds to the first （or second） half shedding cycle. The lift-drag phase diagram will move down-left with the increase of shear rate K such that the lift is exerted from the upper side to the lower side, and the drag on the first half shedding cycle is smaller than that on the second half.

Experimental Study of Flow around a Circular Cylinder inside a Bubble Plume

This study experimentally explores the flow around a cylinder with circular cross-section placed inside a bubble plume. Small gas bubbles with diameter smaller than 0.06 mm are released from electrodes on the bottom of a water tank by electrolysis of water. The bubbles induce water flow around them as they rise because of buoyancy. Inside the generated bubble plume, a cylinder with diameter D of 30 mm is placed at 6.5D above the electrodes. The bubbles and water flow around the cylinder are visualized, and the bubble velocity distribution is measured. The experiments elucidate the bubble behavior around the cylinder, the separated shear layers originating at the cylinder surface, their roll-up, the bubble entrainment in the resultant large-scale eddies behind the cylinder, and the vortex shedding from the cylinder.

New explicit algebraic stress and flux model for active scalar and simulation of shear stratified cylinder wake flow

On the numerical simulation of active scalar,a new explicit algebraic expression on active scalar flux was derived based on Wikstrm,Wallin and Johansson model (aWWJ model). Reynolds stress algebraic expressions were added by a term to account for the buoyancy effect. The new explicit Reynolds stress and active scalar flux model was then established. Governing equations of this model were solved by finite volume method with unstructured grids. The thermal shear stratified cylinder wake flow was computed by this new model. The computational results are in good agreement with laboratorial measurements. This work is the development on modeling of explicit algebraic Reynolds stress and scalar flux,and is also a further modification of the aWWJ model for complex situations such as a shear stratified flow.

水库温度分层流动的三维数值模拟

水库中水温是一个重要的水质因素,其变化直接影响水环境中水生生物的生存。为了预测水库水温分层分布规律,研究水流流动特性,采用剪切应力输运紊流数学模型,考虑紊动剪切应力的输运作用,数值模拟了水库中冷热水密度差产生浮力流继而导致温度分层。通过模拟结果与实测资料以及沿横向平均的二维水温模型计算结果的对比分析,结果表明剪切应力输运模型能够准确地模拟水库中温度分层流动,同时可给出密度下潜流流动细节情况。

剪切来流下电磁减阻与尾流控制

电解质溶液中圆柱表面附近分布的电磁力可有效改变圆柱流体边界层,控制圆柱绕流。对剪切来流情形下圆柱绕流及其电磁控制进行了实验和计算研究。实验在转动水槽中进行,通过吊杆将装有电磁激活板的圆柱插在槽内液体中。吊杆上的应变片用于测试圆柱的阻力,注入适当的染料用来显示流场。数值模拟时,流场的基本方程为指数极坐标中考虑场力的Navier-Stokes方程,计算采用交替方向隐式格式和快速傅里叶变换格式。研究结果表明:剪切来流的绕流流场中,圆柱的尾涡向流速小的一侧偏移,升力和阻力周期性振荡,且升力的均值不为0,指向流速较小的一侧;电磁力作用后,圆柱的尾迹呈一条线向流速较小的一侧偏移,阻力减小且不再振荡,升力增大至稳定,指向流速较小的一侧。

变流速比与宽度比条件下分汊河道分层流紊动特性

针对目前分汊河道分层流紊动特性研究的空白,通过物理模型试验探索分汊河道温差剪切分层流在不同上下层速度比与汊道宽度比影响下的紊动强度变化规律。结果表明:随着上下层流速比由大变小,汊道分层流发生从分层到混合的转捩。在混合流条件下,支汊沿程断面高紊动区由C形分布转变为倒C形分布,最终全断面紊动分布均匀;随着支汊宽度增大,高紊动区出现的断面位置呈现滞后性,且紊动能量值增大。其他分层流态条件下,强紊动能分布的范围和量值都有所变化。对于交汇口断面,对称汊道在断面中心处掺混剧烈,随着上下层流速比的增大,紊动能量值减小;不对称汊道出口断面紊动强烈区域向较窄的左支汊一侧移动,与岛屿尾尖位置密切相关。

受限空间内水平风作用下热分层流流场结构的POD分析

对不同水平剪切强度下受限空间内热分层流的流场进行了PIV测量。应用特征正交分解(POD)方法分析了受限空间内热分层流的流场结构。结果表明,没有水平强迫气流时,低阶POD模态占总能量的比重较高,表明水平方向的宏观流动为主流运动;水平强迫剪切气流会造成能量向高阶POD模态耗散转移。而且,水平强迫剪切气流造成不同阶数的POD模态中竖向动能与水平方向动能的比值均比没有水平强迫气流时高,表明水平强迫剪切气流降低热分层流的稳定性并促进竖向质量交换。

弯段温差剪切分层流断面环流结构与掺混强度研究

对弯段温差剪切分层流的断面环流微细结构与掺混强度特征进行了试验研究。选取45°、90°、1 80°三种不同弯曲度水槽,探求了密度分层流从明显分层到强混合状态下断面环流结构的演变过程,发现了明显分层与强混合两种不同状态下3个环流结构的区别,捕捉到了从分层态向混合态转捩过程中临界情况下四环流结构存在的现象,揭示了明显分层与强混合状态不同断面环流结构的根本机理;同时也对不同弯曲强度情况下掺混强度的沿程变化规律进行探讨与研究。

串列双圆柱时均流场特性分析

对Re=12000,间距比L/D=1.167,2.333,3.500和4.667的串列双圆柱后方速度场进行了实验测量,分析串列双圆柱后方不同剖面处的速度分布规律和湍流度分布规律.并通过流函数理论模型对小间距比串列双圆柱后方流场进行了分析,得出如下结论:与单圆柱相比,当串列双圆柱间距比较小时,后方圆柱的自由剪切层明显向内偏移.随着间距比的变大,由于前方圆柱的尾流对后方圆柱的干扰,后方圆柱的自由剪切层变得越来越模糊.对于间距比较大的串列双圆柱,其对后方流场的扰动较强,致使后方流场湍流强度和最大速度衰减量较大.通过流函数理论模型分析发现,在小间距比条件下,串列双圆柱由于两个圆柱的相互干扰,使得圆柱后方涡相互靠近,并且后方涡向外倾斜的角度也减小,从而导致了自由剪切层向内侧偏移.