Further Analysis of Machine Tool Dimensional Accuracy and Thermal Stability under Varying Floor Temperature

Machining is as old as humanity, and changes in temperature in both the machine’s internal and external environments can be of great concern as they affect the machine’s thermal stability and, thus, the machine’s dimensional accuracy. This paper is a continuation of our earlier work, which aimed to analyze the effect of the internal temperature of a machine tool as the machine is put into operation and vary the external temperature, the machine floor temperature. Some experiments are carried out under controlled conditions to study how machine tool components get heated up and how this heating up affects the machine’s accuracy due to thermally induced deviations. Additionally, another angle is added by varying the machine floor temperature. The parameters mentioned above are explored in line with the overall thermal stability of the machine tool and its dimensional accuracy. A Robodrill CNC machine tool is used. The CNC was first soaked with thermal energy by gradually raising the machine floor temperature to a certain level before putting the machine in operation. The machine was monitored, and analytical methods were deplored to evaluate thermal stability. Secondly, the machine was run idle for some time under raised floor temperature before it was put into operation. Data was also collected and analyzed. It is observed that machine thermal stability can be achieved in several ways depending on how the above parameters are joggled. This paper, in conclusion, reinforces the idea of machine tool warm-up process in conjunction with a carefully analyzed and established machine floor temperature variation for the approximation of the machine tool’s thermally stability to map the long-time behavior of the machine tool.

Effect of the annealing temperature on the long-term thermal stability of Pt/Si/Ta/Ti/4H–SiC contacts

The Pt/Si/Ta/Ti multilayer metal contacts on 4H-Si C are annealed in Ar atmosphere at 600°C-1100°C by a rapid thermal processor（RTP）. The long-term thermal stability is evaluated by aging the annealed contact at 600°C in air. The contact＇s properties are determined by current-voltage measurement, and the specific contact resistance is calculated based on the transmission line model（TLM）. Transmission electron microscope（TEM） and energy-dispersive x-ray spectrometry（EDX） are used to characterize the interface morphology, thickness, and composition. The results reveal that a higher annealing temperature is favorable for the formation of an Ohmic contact with a lower specific contact resistance, and causes the rapid degradation of the Ohmic contact in the aging process.

High temperature polyimide nanocomposites containing twodimensional nanofillers for improved thermal stability and capacitive energy storage performance

Future electronic devices toward high integration and miniaturization demand reliable operation of dielectric materials at high electric fields and elevated temperatures.However,the electrical deterioration caused by Joule heat generation remains a persistent challenge to overcome.Here,the solution-processed polyimide(PI)nanocomposites with unique two-dimensional(2D)alumina nanoplates are reported.Substantial improvements in the breakdown strength,charge–discharge efficiency and discharged energy density at elevated temperatures have been demonstrated in the composites,owing to simultaneously suppressed conduction loss and increased thermal conductivity upon the incorporation of 2D Al_(2)O_(3) nanofillers possessing excellent dielectric insulation and thermophysical properties.The predominance of Al_(2)O_(3) nanoplates in enhancing thermal stability and high-temperature capacitive performance over nanoparticles and nanowires is validated experimentally and is further rationalized via finite element simulations.Notably,the Al_(2)O_(3) nanoplates filled PI nanocomposite exhibits a hightemperature capability up to 200℃ and remarkable efficiency(e.g.≥95% at 200 MV/m)over a wide temperature range,which outperforms commercial dielectric polymers and rivals the state-of-the-art polyimide nanocomposites.

Effects of Composition and Thermal Cycle on Transformation Behaviors,Thermal Stability and Mechanical Properties of CuAlAg Alloy

The phase transformation behavior, mechanical properties, and the thermal stability of CuAlAg alloy were studied and minor rare earth (0.1 wt pct La+Ce) was added to improve the mechanical property of the studied alloy. It was found that Ag addition in the CuAl binary alloy can improve the stability of martensitic transformation and high Al content leads to the disappearing of martensitic transformation. The tensile strength and strain of the Cu-10.6AI-5.8Ag (wt pct) alloy were measured to be 383.5 MPa and 0.86%, respectively. With rare earth addition, the tensile strain increased from 0.86% to 1.47%. The CuAlAg alloy did not exhibit martensitic transformation on the second heating process. Its poor thermal stability still needs to be improved.

High thermal stability of diamond-cBN-B_4C-Si composites

Improving the thermal stability of diamond and other superhard materials has great significance in various applications. Here, we report the synthesis and characterization of bulk diamond–cBN–B4C–Si composites sintered at high pressure and high temperature（HPHT, 5.2 GPa, 1620–1680 K for 3–5 min）. The results show that the diamond, cBN, B4C,BxSiC, SiO2 and amorphous carbon or a little surplus Si are present in the sintered samples. The onset oxidation temperature of 1673 K in the as-synthesized sample is much higher than that of diamond, cBN, and B4C. The high thermal stability is ascribed to the covalent bonds of B–C, C–N, and the solid-solution of BxSiC formed during the sintering process. The results obtained in this work may be useful in preparing superhard materials with high thermal stability.

Specification Requirement for Thermal Stability of Sintered NdFeB Materials for Electrical Machines

Based on IEC standards and Chinese national standards of sintered NdFeB materials, in the paper the hightemperature, room-temperature properties and thermal stability of about one hundred samples of NdFeB materials for electrical machines were measured and analyzed.These materials are produced by ten representative manufactories in China.Combined with the analysis results, the paper points out that the magnetic properties of sintered NdFeB materials for electrical machines should meet not only the specific values in standards, such as Br, (BH)max ,HcJ ,but also the requirement of temperature coefficients a (Br) , a (HcJ).

New insight on correlation between the electrochemical stability and the thermal stability of high nickel cathode materials

Cycle stability and thermal safety are critical to the commercialization of nickel-rich layered materials,yet whether there is a potential correlation between these two factors is still controversial. Herein, the relationship between the cycle stability and thermal stability of nickel-rich cathode materials have been systematically studied through five different calcination temperatures of Li[NiCoMn]O(NCM83) cathode materials. The research results confirm that the cycle stability and thermal safety of nickel-rich cathode materials do not necessarily show a positive correlation. Actually, with the calcination temperature elevated, the thermal stability of the NCM83 is enhanced, while the cycle stability is degraded. This opposite correlation is not commonly reported in previous literatures. In this work, systematical characterizations demonstrate that under the experimental conditions, the capacity retention of NCM83 is mainly determined by the Li/Ni cation disorder and H2-H3 irreversible phase transition,which is optimal at lower calcination temperature. Meanwhile, the thermal stability is mainly impacted by thermal expansion characteristics and interfacial stability of cathode material, and it is dramatically improved by the mechanical strength of the secondary particles reinforced at high calcinated temperature. This study provides some new insights on understanding and designing of the high-energy cathode materials with long cycle-life and superior safety.

Design and fabrication of Nd-Fe-B magnet with excellent thermal stability

A novel Nd-Fe-B type permanent magnet with excellent thermal stability was designed by Co replacing Fe in the main phase and the grain boundary phase.The remanence and coercivity temperature coefficient reach 0.058%/℃and 0.465%/℃in the te mperature range from 25 to 100℃,which are much lower than those of commercial Nd-Fe-B magnet.An enhanced Curie temperature is obtained for the novel magnet due to the Co substitution,which significantly improves the operating temperature.The microstructure result reveals that an amorphous phase exists in the intergranular grains which is probably responsible for the deterioration of intrinsic coercivity.This work can provide a reference for the design and optimization of components of sintered Nd-Fe-B magnets with excellent thermal stability.

Enhanced piezoelectric properties and thermal stability of Bi_(0.5)Na_(0.5)TiO_(3)modified BiFeO_(3)-BaTiO_(3)ceramics with morphotropic phase boundary

Morphotropic phase boundary(MPB)plays a key role in tuning piezoelectric responses of ferroelectric ceramics.Here,Bi_(0.5)Na_(0.5)TiO_(3)modified BiFeO_(3)-BaTiO_(3)ternary solid solutions of 0.7BiFeO_(3)-(0.3-x)BaTiO_(3)-xBi_(0.5)Na_(0.5)TiO_(3)(referred to as BF-BT-xBNT,0.00≤x≤0.04)were prepared for lead-free piezo-electrics.All the ceramics exhibit an MPB with coexisting rhombohedral(R)and tetragonal(T)phases,and the R/T phase ratio decreases upon increasing x.The increment of BNT promotes the grain growth,lowers the leakage current and Curie temperature(TC),and gradually drives the ferroelectric to relaxor transition.Because of the MPB with appropriate R/T phase ratio,increased grain size and density,and decreased leakage current,the well-balanced performance between d_(33)=206 pC/N and TC=488℃is obtained in x=0.01 case.In addition,the further enhanced in-situ d_(33)=286e347 pC/N is obtained in BF-BT-xBNT ceramics along with the improved depolarization temperature T_(d)from 280 to 312℃,showing a potential application for lead-free piezoceramics at high temperature.

The Application of Thermomechanical Dynamics (TMD) to Thermoelectric Energy Generation by Employing a Low Temperature Stirling Engine

A thermoelectric generation Stirling engine (TEG-Stirling engine) is discussed by employing a low temperature Stirling engine and the dissipative equation of motion derived from the method of thermomechanical dynamics (TMD). The results and mechanism of axial flux electromagnetic induction (AF-EMI) are applied to a low temperature Stirling engine, resulting in a TEG-Stirling engine. The method of TMD produced thermodynamically consistent and time-dependent physical quantities for the first time, such as internal energy ℰ(t), thermodynamic work Wth(t), the total entropy (heat dissipation) Qd(t)and measure or temperature of a nonequilibrium state T˜(t). The TMD analysis produced a lightweight mechanical system of TEG-Stirling engine which derives electric power from waste heat of temperature (40˚CT100˚C) by a thermoelectric conversion method. An optimal low rotational speed about 30θ′(t)/(2π)60(rpm) is found, applicable to devices for sustainable, clean energy technologies. The stability of a thermal state and angular rotations of TEG-Stirling engine are specifically shown by employing properties of nonequilibrium temperature T˜(t), which is also applied to study optimal fuel-injection and combustion timings of heat engines.

Polycrystalline diamond compact with enhanced thermal stability

Polycrystalline diamond compacts（PDC）, which are composed of diamond and WC/Co substrate, and synthesized at high pressure and high temperature（HPHT）, are widely applied as the tooth of drilling bit. However, the thermal stability of PDC will be reduced when diamond transforms into graphite due to cobalt in PDC acting as a catalyst during the drilling work. In this study, a new three-layer structured PDC with enhanced thermal stability has been successfully synthesized at pressures of 5.5–7.0 GPa and temperatures of 1650–1750？C. In this structure, the diamond-Si C composite acts as the working layer,and the diamond-Si C-Co composite and WC/Co cements are as the intermediate layer and substrate,respectively. It is found that the initial oxidizing temperature of the three-layered PDC is enhanced up to820？C, which is significantly higher than that（～780？C） of the conventional PDC counterpart.

Experimental Study on Hydrocarbon Fuel Thermal Stability

The.thermal stability characteristics of kerosine-type fuels are examined using a heated-tube apparatus which allows independent control of fuel pressure,fuel temperature,tube-wall temperature and fuel flow rate.This method is identified simply as a“constant wall temperature method”.It is different from a previous widely used method,which is identified as a“constant heat flux method”.It is a single-pass system.Rate of deposition on the tube walls are measured by weighing the test tube before and after each test. For a fuel temperature of 250℃,it is found that deposition rates increase continuously with increase in tube- wall temperature.This finding contradicts the results of previous studies which had led to the conclusion that deposition rates increase with increase in wall temperature up to a certain value(around 650 K)beyond which any further increase in wall temperature causes the rate of deposition to decline. The present results show clearly that the constant wall temperature method is more suitable for assessing the thermal stability of gas turbine fuels.

Progress in organic semiconducting materials with high thermal stability for organic light-emitting devices

Organic light-emitting devices(OLEDs)have been extensively studied over the past three decades and are still attracting attention owing to their potential use in flexible and foldable displays.To achieve highly durable OLED displays for flexible devices,constitutive OLED materials need to be stable in various environments,including those with thermally and mechanically severe conditions.To this end,the present review aims to investigate the progress of OLED material research over the past two decades with respect to thermal stability.The literature survey is first conducted using the keyword“OLEDs”and then narrowed down to“high thermal stability materials for OLEDs.”The number of search results indicates that creating OLED materials with high thermal stability is a widely studied topic in the field of OLED research and has undergone an average growth rate of approximately 15%per year over the past two decades.In this review,the OLED materials used as core layers(ie,the hole injection and transport layers,emission layers,and electron injection and transport layers)are thoroughly analyzed,and the best representative materials are discussed in detail by summarizing their major thermal and electronic characteristics.Finally,several previous reports on flexible and foldable OLED displays are analyzed to determine the importance of the stability of their constitutive materials.

Magnetic Properties and Thermal Stability of Sintered Nd-Fe-B Magnet with Dy-Ni Additive

A sintered（Nd_（0.8）Pr_（0.2））_（30.7）FebalB_（0.98）Cu_（0.2） magnet with 3% intergranular Dy_（85）Ni_（15） additive is prepared to study the magnetic properties and thermal stability of the Nd-Fe-B magnet. The results show that the magnet with or without additive obtains its optimum comprehensive magnetic properties at the sintering temperature of 1 030 ℃ and 1 040 ℃, respectively. The maximum coercivity of the magnet with additive reaches 15.16 k Oe, while that of the magnet without additive is just 11.88 k Oe. Further investigation on microstructure indicates that the grains of the magnet with additive form a modified ＂core shell＂ structure. Adding Dy_（85）Ni_（15） can significantly enhance the coercivity of Nd-Fe-B magnet and thus decrease its coercivity temperature coefficient.

Transient multi-physics behavior of an insert high temperature superconducting no-insulation coil in hybrid superconducting magnets with inductive coupling

A transient multi-physics model incorporated with an electromagneto-thermomechanical coupling is developed to capture the multi-field behavior of a single-pancake(SP)insert no-insulation(NI)coil in a hybrid magnet during the charging and discharging processes.The coupled problem is resolved by means of the finite element method(FEM)for the magneto-thermo-elastic behaviors and the Runge-Kutta method for the transient responses of the electrical circuits of the hybrid superconducting magnet system.The results reveal that the transient multi-physics responses of the insert NI coil primarily depend on the charging/discharging procedure of the hybrid magnet.Moreover,a reverse azimuthal current and a compressive hoop stress are induced in the insert NI coil during the charging process,while a forward azimuthal current and a tensile hoop stress are observed during the discharging process.The induced voltages in the insert NI coil can drive the currents flowing across the radial turns where the contact resistance exists.Therefore,it brings forth significant Joule heat,causing a temperature rise and a uniform distribution of this heat in the coil turns.Accordingly,a thermally/mechanically unstable or quenching event may be encountered when a high operating current is flowing in the insert NI coil.It is numerically predicted that a quick charging will induce a compressive hoop stress which may bring a risk of buckling instability in the coil,while a discharging will not.The simulations provide an insight of hybrid superconducting magnets under transient start-up or shutdown phases which are inevitably encountered in practical applications.

IONIC POLARIZATION AND THERMAL STABILITY LAW OF CARBONATES

On the basis of literature, the author took a bond parameter function called 'centre atomic stability potential' (CASP for short) as the quantitative scale while making a quantitative investigation into the influence of ionic polarization on the thermal stability of some sulphates and nitrates, and calculated their decomposition temperatures. In this article, an attempt at further studies on a quantitative relationship between the

考虑温度因素对带有柔性结构的静压气体轴承稳定性影响研究

为了研究静压气体轴承在工作状态下,温度对带有柔性结构的静压气体轴承柔性结构挠度变形量、流场流态及稳定性的影响规律,本文建立了带有柔性结构的静压气体止推轴承三维(3D)模型。首先,采用流-固-热多物理场耦合的计算方法,分析了工作状态下温度变化对静压气体轴承柔性结构挠度变形量、气膜流场流态及气膜稳定性的影响。然后,通过设计静压气体轴承试验台,对轴承受到载荷冲击时的振动情况进行测试,将测试结果与仿真分析结果对比,验证了仿真计算的可靠性。计算结果表明,环形柔性薄板在节流孔处的挠度变形量随温度升高而增大,当气膜间隙h=12μm的情况下,工作温度T=100℃相较于工作温度T=-20℃的挠度变形量提升了43%;其他条件相同下,随着温度的升高,气膜内气旋的范围逐渐减小;工作温度越高,受到载荷后轴承振动幅度越小。实验测试结果表明,随着工作温度的升高,轴承稳定性越高,与仿真分析结果基本一致。该研究为此类轴承在超精密领域的应用提供了理论参考。

镀铝对CoCrNiAlY-YSZ-LaMgAl_(11)O_(19)双陶瓷热障涂层高温抗氧化行为的影响

采用电弧离子镀(AIP)技术在CoCrNiAlY-YSZ-LaMA双陶瓷涂层表面沉积一层Al镀层,利用XRD、SEM和EDS等微尺度分析表征方法,全面解析涂层在大气暴露过程中的高温氧化行为。研究结果表明,未镀铝LaMA层在氧化过程中发生严重体积收缩,导致纵向微裂纹萌生和扩展。这些微裂纹成为氧气向内部扩散的通道,导致涂层呈现持续氧化增重趋势、TGO快速生长和严重的元素扩散,并最终加剧涂层断裂失效。但镀铝涂层样品表现出更好的高温抗氧化性能与结构稳定性,高温氧化过程中,表面Al镀层与氧气发生原位反应生成致密Al2O3屏障层,有效阻止或延迟氧气内部渗透,使TGO缓慢生长,其氧化增重从20h时的8.59mg/cm^(2)略微上升到80h时的9.46mg/cm^(2)。本研究结果为双陶瓷热障涂层的延寿设计与界面热生长应力调控开辟出全新技术途径和理论视野。

基于可重构分布式控温的高稳定度热控系统研究

随着光学遥感卫星分辨率的不断提高,光学系统的口径和焦距越来越大,空间光学系统对大面积、高稳定度温度控制的需求越来越突出,而集中控温模式存在热控引线多且走线困难、测温稳定性差等不足,难以满足光学系统大面积高稳定度的控温需求.提出了一种主控加远端的分布式控温系统构架和基于差分比例电阻的高稳定度测温方法,研制了基于分布式的可重构控温系统样机.试验结果表明:系统具有较强的拓展性和自主重构能力,大大提高了热控系统的适应能力,测温稳定性优于±3mK/3h.

AlO(OH)/聚酰亚胺复合薄膜的制备及其耐高温性能研究

以4,4′-二氨基二苯醚为二胺单体,均苯四甲酸二酐为酸酐单体,3-氨基丙基三乙氧基硅烷(KH550)为偶联剂,异丙醇铝[Al(OPri)3]为铝源,采用溶胶-凝胶法制备以聚酰亚胺(PI)为基体,AlO(OH)为增强相的PI复合薄膜。利用扫描电子显微镜(SEM)、傅里叶变换红外光谱、X射线衍射、热重分析仪、差示扫描量热仪、水接触角仪、漆膜划格器、铅笔划痕实验仪等对复合薄膜的结构和性能进行表征。结果表明,随着铝溶胶含量的增加,复合薄膜的热稳定性呈现先上升后降低的趋势。当铝溶胶含量为10%时,AlO(OH)/PI复合薄膜具有最好的耐高温性能,其热分解5%时的温度达到567℃,玻璃化转变温度为381.4℃。