Estimation of temperature elevation generated by ultrasonic irradiation in biological tissues using the thermal wave method

In most previous models,simulation of the temperature generation in tissue is based on the Pennes bio-heat transfer equation,which implies an instantaneous thermal energy deposition in the medium.Due to the long thermal relaxation time τ（20 s-30 s） in biological tissues,the actual temperature elevation during clinical treatments could be different from the value predicted by the Pennes bioheat equation.The thermal wave model of bio-heat transfer（TWMBT） defines a thermal relaxation time to describe the tissue heating from ultrasound exposure.In this paper,COMSOL Multiphysics 3.5a,a finite element method software package,is used to simulate the temperature response in tissues based on Pennes and TWMBT equations.We further discuss different factors in the bio-heat transfer model on the influence of the temperature rising and it is found that the temperature response in tissue under ultrasound exposure is a rising process with a declining rate.The thermal relaxation time inhibits the temperature elevation at the beginning of ultrasonic heating.Besides,thermal relaxation in TWMBT leads to lower temperature estimation than that based on Pennes equation during the same period of time.The blood flow carrying heat dominates most to the decline of temperature rising rate and the influence increases with temperature rising.On the contrary,heat diffusion,which can be described by thermal conductivity,has little effect on the temperature rising.

Comparative analysis of single-and multiple-frequency thermal wave radar imaging inspection of glass fiber reinforced polymer(GFRP)

Active infrared thermography has gained increasing popularity for nondestructive testing and evaluation in various industrial fields,especially for composite structures.In this regard,thermal wave radar(TWR)imaging is recognized as the next-generation active thermography technology to obtain great resolution and depth range over the inspected objects.A critical aspect concerns the optimal test parameter selection to guarantee reliable quality assurance required for industrial products.In this work,single-and multiple-frequency TWR was investigated in a quantitative manner with the goal of optimizing the detection parameters in terms of probing range and lateral and depth resolution.The effects of test parameters,including sampling frequency,modulation frequency,chirp duration,chirp bandwidth,etc,were investigated in detail through experiments on a glass fiber reinforced polymer specimen with multi-scale diameter-to-depth ratio defects.This paper aims to help yield a better understanding of the physical mechanism behind TWR and propose a workable scheme for testing parameter selection in practical applications.

Thermal Wave Effect and Sintering Activation Energy at the Initial Stage of Field Assisted Sintering Process for Non-conductive Al_2O_3 Powders

The effect of thermal wave at the initial stage for non-conductive Al_2 O_3 powders compact in field assisted sintering technique(FAST) was investigated. The Lord and Shulman type generalized thermoselastic theory was introduced to describe the influence of thermal-mechanical interaction, as well as the heat transport and thermal focusing caused by thermal wave propagation. The expression of vacancy concentration difference of the particles was deduced by considering transient thermal stress. Subsequently, the relationship between activation energy and vacancy concentration difference was obtained. The mechanism of surface diffusion, volume diffusion, simultaneous surface and volume diffusion was analyzed. The numerical simulations indicate that low sintering temperature can obtain high local temperature by the superposition effect of thermal wave. Vacancy concentration differences were improved during FAST compared with hot-pressure and pressureless sintering, thereby decreasing the sintering time. By contrast, the activation energy declined with the decrease of vacancy concentration difference in the neck growth process.

Study on thermal wave based on the thermal mass theory

The conservation equations for heat conduction are established based on the concept of thermal mass.We obtain a general heat conduction law which takes into account the spatial and temporal inertia of thermal mass.The general law introduces a damped thermal wave equation.It reduces to the well-known CV model when the spatial inertia of heat flux and temperature and the temporal inertia of temperature are neglected,which indicates that the CV model only considers the temporal inertia of heat flux.Numerical simulations on the propagation and superposition of thermal waves show that for small thermal perturbation the CV model agrees with the thermal wave equation based on the thermal mass theory.For larger thermal perturbation,however,the physically impossible phenomenon pre-dicted by CV model,i.e.the negative temperature induced by the thermal wave superposition,is eliminated by the general heat conduction law,which demonstrates that the present heat conduction law based on the thermal mass theory is more reasonable.

Interpretation of living tissue's temperature oscillations by thermal wave theory

The fact that the temperature of living tissue may respond oscillatorily to externalheating has been a classical difficulty in the field of bioheat transfer for a long time.Roemer et al. have carefully discussed this in their serial articles, but experiments did notsupport their conclusions, Tharp et al. have artificially made a time-delay differential equs-tion to describe this phenomenon, but their model is short of a strict theoretical founda-

Effects of variable permeability and radiation absorption on magnetohydrodynamic(MHD)mixed convective flow in a vertical wavy channel with traveling thermal waves

An analysis has been carried out to study the effects of radiation absorption and firstorder chemical reaction on unsteady mixed convective flow of a viscous incompressible electrically conducting fluid through a porous medium of variable permeability between two long vertical non conducting wavy channels in the presence of heat generation.The unsteadiness in the flow is due to traveling thermal wave imposed on the walls.The governing equations are solved subject to the relevant boundary conditions with the assumption that the solution consists of a mean part and a perturbed part.The zeroth-order,the first order and the total solution of the problem are numerically evaluated and displayed graphically for pertinent parameters.This model finds applications in studying fixed-bed catalytic reactors and packed bed heat exchangers.

Simulation of the Traweling Wave Burning Regime on Epithermal Neutrons

New results of two computer experiments on modeling of superthermal neutron-nuclear combustion of natural uranium for two different flux densities of external neutron source and duration of half a year each are presented. The simulation results demonstrate the dependence of the autowave combustion modes on the parameters of the external source.

A Thermal Analogue of the Zel’Dovich Effect

We analyze in this work anisotropic heat conduction induced by a harmonically oscillating laser source incident on rotating conductors, exploiting an analogy with an effect discovered long ago, called the Zel’dovich effect. We re-covered the main results of a recently published paper that predicts the translational Doppler frequency shift of a thermal wave induced on a sample moving with uniform rectilinear motion. We extend then this framework to take into account the frequency shift of a thermal field propagating on a rotating platform. We show that it coincides with the rotational frequency shift which has been recently observed on surface acoustic waves and hydrodynamic surface waves, called rotational superradiance. Finally, we use an analogy with the Tolman effect to deduce a simple estimate of the average temperature gradient induced by rotation, showing the existence of a new cooling effect associated with heat torque transfer.

Thermal wave propagation in graphene studied by molecular dynamics simulations

The transient heat conduction in both armchair and zigzag-edged graphene ribbons pulsed by local heating with a duration of 1 ps was studied using nonequilibrium molecular dynamics simulations. The results show that the heat pulse excites two waves which indicates non-Fourier heat conduction. One of the two waves is a sound wave(first sound), which has macroscopic momentum and propagates at the speed of sound. The other is a thermal wave(second sound), whose propagation speed is 1=ffiffi3pof the sound velocity. The sound wave excited by the heat pulse is a longitudinal wave, whose energy is only transported in the longitudinal direction. The thermal wave excited by the heat pulse is generated by transverse lattice vibrations, with the energy only having the transverse component. The observed anisotropy of the transient heat conduction suggests that the system is in a non-equilibrium state during propagation of the heat pulse. Further statistical analyses show that the displacement of the heat pulse energy is related to the time as hr2 i / t1:80, which implies that heat transport is ballistic-diffusive transport in graphene. The higher proportion of the ballistic transport will lead to stronger heat waves. At the crest of the thermal wave, energy is transported ballistically, while in the diffusive region and during attenuation of the thermal wave,the energy is transported diffusively.

High Pressure-Differential Thermal Analysis and Ultrasonic Wave Amplitude Analysis of Ice-Water Equilibrium at 1.5-5.0 GPa

Water is the most active component in all geological systems. It has an importanteffect on the physical properties of minerals and melts. It also plays a key role in the evolutionof the Earth. Accurate thermodynamics data on water are currently confined to pressures below1.0 GPa and temperatures below 900℃. Presented in this paper are new data available on theP-T properties of water at pressures up t0 5. 0 GPa, developed from differential thermal analysis and ultrasonic wave amplitude analysis. It has been found that there may exist anotherternary point at 3. 0 GPa and that ultrasonic wave amplitude change of ice-water transitionshows two inflection points above 2. 0 GPa, consistent with the two peaks of differential thermal curves above 2. 0 GPa. It may be a new phenomenon which needs further study.

Non-Linear Ion-Acoustic Solitary Waves in Electron-Positron-Ion Plasma with Non-Thermal Electrons

Ion-acoustic solitary (IAS) waves in electron-positron-ion (e-p-i) plasma have been of interest to many researchers probably due to their relevance in understanding the Universe. However, the study of non-linear ion-acoustic waves in e-p-i plasma with non-thermal electrons has not been adequately studied. A theoretical investigation on non-linear IAS waves in e-p-i plasma comprising of warm inertial adiabatic fluid ions and electrons that are kappa distributed, and Boltzman distributed positron is presented here using the Sagdeev potential technique. It was found that existence domains of finite amplitude IAS waves were confined within the limits of minimum and maximum Mach numbers with varying k values. For lower values of k, the amplitude of the solitary electrostatic potential structures increased as the width decreased, while for high values, the potential amplitude decreased as the width of the solitary structure increased.

高温热浪期间城市空间热环境特征及人群热舒适度评价研究——以重庆渝中区典型空间为例

针对高密度城市空间的高温热浪问题,以山地城市重庆的核心城区渝中区为例,对商业区、住区、山地公园、滨江公园3类4种典型城市功能空间进行一个热浪周期的实测,通过空气温度、地表温度、相对湿度、太阳辐射等热环境参数分析,比较不同城市空间热环境特征;结合城市人群热舒适相关问卷调研,选取生理等效温度(PET)描述人体热感受,归纳城市空间高温热浪期间对人群热舒适的影响要素及规律,建立夏季室外热舒适度预测模型。显示:1)高温热浪期间热环境受城市空间要素影响且具有差异化特征,老旧住区受高温热浪影响严重,商业区紧随其后,公园绿地较好;2)室外热舒适度与空间要素紧密相关,PET、空气温度和地表温度与热感觉和热舒适显著负相关,相对湿度与热感觉和热舒适呈显著正相关,空气温度和热辐射对热舒适度影响较大,相对湿度与地表温度影响相对较小;3)合理的空间形态和遮阴规划、植被及水体设置、高蓄热性下垫面等设计要素可缓解高温热浪,降低热中性温度,提高热舒适性。研究结果为山地城市高温热浪形成机制探究及城市空间热环境优化设计提供一定依据。

Interpreting the Shortwave Infrared &Thermal Infrared Regions of Remote Sensed Electromagnetic Spectrum with Application for Mineral-Deposits Exploration

The ASTER (Advanced Space-borne Thermal Emission and Reflection radiometer) data, including all the 3 parts: VNIR (Visible and Near-Infrared), SWIR (Short Wave Infrared), TIR (Thermal Infrared), were applied for extraction of mineral deposits, such as the Ni-Cu deposit in eastern Tianshan, the gypsum in western Tianshan, and the borax in Tibetan. This paper discusses the extraction methodology using the ASTER remote sensing data and reveals the good extraction results. This paper bravely represents the summary of the main achievement for this field by the scientists in other countries and gives a comparison with the works by others. The new achievements, described in this paper, comprise the extraction of anomalies for Ni-Cu deposit, gypsum, and borax.

煤矿井下爆炸性环境下电磁波热效应的安全性研究

GB/T 3836.1—2021《爆炸性环境第1部分:设备通用要求》规定爆炸性环境中射频设备的阈功率不得大于6 W,该规定限制了大功率射频设备在煤矿井下的应用,而现有针对爆炸性环境电磁安全性的相关研究缺乏完善的理论分析和实验验证。针对上述问题,推导了电磁波热效应方程,分析得出影响电磁波耦合瓦斯和煤尘混合气体产生热能的可控参数为电磁波耦合时间、电场强度和电磁波频率。以GB/T 3836.1—2021中可能堆积煤尘的电气设备表面温度最高不能超过150℃的规定为依据,采用多物理场仿真软件COMSOL对不同发射功率的电磁波耦合瓦斯和煤尘混合气体的热效应安全性进行了仿真实验,结果表明:满足温度不超过150℃的电磁波热效应安全阈发射功率为16.48 W;随着电磁波发射功率的增加,电磁波热效应安全时长(电磁波耦合瓦斯和煤尘混合气体产生的热能不会使环境温度超过150℃对应的时间段)逐渐减少,但只要在安全时长内,电磁波的发射功率不受限制。

基于闪光红外热波探测的积冰界线识别算法研究

积冰探测是保障飞行安全的重要手段,是飞机防除冰领域关注的重要问题。本文基于红外热波探测技术,探讨针对红外热波序列图的积冰界线(包括外部界线、内部界线)的识别方法。搭建了闪光红外热波探测系统,采用自制规则积冰样件和带内部界线的积冰样件开展了积冰界线探测实验。运用基于一阶微分算子和二阶微分算子的传统算法对样件进行积冰界线识别,并提出了高斯–拉普拉斯金字塔算法和面积滤波算法相结合的积冰界线识别新算法,讨论了新算法识别积冰界线的可行性。实验与图像数据处理结果表明,传统算法可以成功识别积冰外部界线,但无法准确识别积冰阶跃型内部界线;新算法可以有效识别积冰界线,但图像噪声高于传统算法。新算法在检测不规则积冰内部界线方面具有一定优势。

密闭建筑温压炸药内爆炸后燃效应

温压炸药爆炸具有显著的后燃效应,在密闭空间内爆炸呈现多重毁伤效应,但后燃效应引起的多毁伤元耦合效应,以及后燃增强效应的量化分析尚不明确。基于搭建的大尺寸密闭建筑,开展不同药量下温压炸药及LiF替代铝粉炸药的内爆试验研究,对温度、冲击波超压、准静态压力及氧浓度进行测试,分析内爆条件下不同毁伤元的时空变化特征,结合LiF替代铝粉炸药爆炸的对比试验,阐明了密闭建筑内爆炸毁伤元的分布特点以及铝粉后燃效应对温度、冲击波超压、准静态压力和氧浓度变化的影响规律。研究结果表明:密闭空间内爆下热效应和压力效应在角落边界处得到显著增强,其中全过程比冲量在边界处增强了2.2~2.5倍;铝粉后燃反应可显著增强温度、冲击波超压、准静态压力和氧气消耗量,当药量达到300 g下,铝粉后燃烧导致爆炸冲击波超压峰值提高1.2倍,温度峰值提高6.4倍,准静态压力提高2.2倍,氧浓度消耗提高2.8倍。

The nonlinear response of Cattaneo-type thermal loading of a laser pulse on a medium using the generalized thermoelastic model

The nonlinear thermoelastic responses of an elastic medium exposed to laser generated shortpulse heating are investigated in this article. The thermal wave propagation of generalized thermoelastic medium under the impact of thermal loading with energy dissipation is the focus of this research. To model the thermal boundary condition(in the form of thermal conduction),generalized Cattaneo model(GCM) is employed. In the reference configuration, a nonlinear coupled Lord-Shulman-type generalized thermoelasticity formulation using finite strain theory(FST) is developed and the temperature dependency of the thermal conductivity is considered to derive the equations. In order to solve the time-dependent and nonlinear equations, Newmark’s numerical time integration technique and an updated finite element algorithm is applied and to ensure achieving accurate continuity of the results, the Hermitian elements are used instead of Lagrangian’s. The numerical responses for different factors such as input heat flux and nonlinear terms are expressed graphically and their impacts on the system’s reaction are discussed in detail.The results of the study are presented for Green–Lindsay model and the findings are compared with Lord-Shulman model especially with regards to heat wave propagation. It is shown that the nature of the laser’s thermal shock and its geometry are particularly determinative in the final stage of deformation. The research also concluded that employing FST leads to achieving more accuracy in terms of elastic deformations;however, the thermally nonlinear analysis does not change the results markedly. For this reason, the nonlinear theory of deformation is required in laser related reviews, while it is reasonable to ignore the temperature changes compared to the reference temperature in deriving governing equations.

红外热成像评估联合经络取穴冲击波治疗腰椎间盘突出症的效果

目的探讨红外热成像评估经络取穴冲击波治疗腰椎间盘突出症的效果。方法前瞻性选取台州骨伤医院筋伤科收治确诊为腰椎间盘突出症患者72例,按照单双数随机选择分为对照组(采用阿是穴冲击波治疗)和治疗组(采用经络取穴冲击波治疗),每组36例。于两组患者术前、术后1个月和术后3个月,分别比较两组患者红外热成像热图温度均值;比较两组患者疼痛视觉模拟(VAS)评分、日本骨科协会(JOA)评分、Oswestry功能障碍指数(ODI)评分;检测并比较两组患者C反应蛋白(CRP)、肿瘤坏死因子-α(TNF-α)、白细胞介素-6(IL-6);比较两组患者行走步态数据(步长、步速、步频、支撑相百分比);比较两组患者治疗3个月后的疗效。结果术后3个月,治疗组的红外热成像热图温度均值、VAS评分、ODI评分、CRP水平、TNF-α水平、IL-6水平和支撑相百分比均低于对照组(均P<0.05),JOA评分、步长、步速和步频均高于对照组(均P<0.05),不良反应发生率两组比较差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。治疗组和对照组的治疗总有效率分别为97.22%和77.78%,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论采用红外热成像联合经络取穴冲击波治疗腰椎间盘突出症可有效改善患者的临床症状,减轻疼痛和炎症反应,改善腰椎结构和功能,疗效较佳,且不良反应较小,可在临床推广应用。

硅基钽酸锂异质晶圆键合工艺研究

5G移动通信的发展对声表面波滤波器提出了高频、小型化、集成化的要求。相较于传统压电体单晶材料,采用硅基压电单晶薄膜材料制备的声表面波滤波器具有高频、低插入损耗、高温稳定性等优势,是高性能声表面波器件发展的核心基础材料。Smart-Cut^(TM)是制备硅基压电单晶薄膜材料的主要方法,键合工艺是其中的核心工序,键合质量决定了硅基压电单晶薄膜晶圆材料的质量,并影响器件性能。本文通过低温直接键合工艺,对等离子活化、兆声清洗、预键合、键合加固四道工序展开优化,最终实现了键合强度高达1.84 J/m^(2)、键合面积超过99.9%的高质量硅基钽酸锂异质晶圆键合。

玻璃幕墙结构热损伤区域图像改进机器视觉识别方法

为提高玻璃幕墙结构热损伤区域图像识别精度,提出基于改进机器视觉的玻璃幕墙结构热损伤区域图像识别方法。根据玻璃幕墙结构损伤热波传播原理,构建温度传递函数和玻璃幕墙结构热损伤区域概率模型,利用改进机器视觉增强处理玻璃幕墙结构热损伤图像,结合锐化处理实现对玻璃幕墙结构热损伤图像的识别。结果表明:方法识别出玻璃幕墙结构损伤区域与正常区域表面温度差别较大,其变化趋势符合玻璃幕墙实际情况,能够识别玻璃幕墙结构热损伤区域图像;在适当的热激励时间下,可以提高玻璃幕墙结构热损伤区域识别精度。