As a potential solution to the crises of energy and resources, forward osmosis(FO) has been limited by the development of draw agents. An ideal draw agent should be able to generate high osmotic pressure and can be ea...As a potential solution to the crises of energy and resources, forward osmosis(FO) has been limited by the development of draw agents. An ideal draw agent should be able to generate high osmotic pressure and can be easily recovered. In this study, a thermo-sensitive polyelectrolyte of poly(N-isopropylacrylamide-co-acrylic acid)(PNA)is developed as an efficient draw agent, and two easy and simple methods are proposed to effectively recover the polyelectrolytes. After adjusting the pH value of polyelectrolyte solutions to around 6.0, the polyelectrolyte can generate relatively high osmotic pressure, and induce average water fluxes of 2.09 and 2.95 L·m^(-2)·h^(-1) during12 h FO processes when the polyelectrolyte concentrations are 0.20 and 0.38 g·ml^(-1) respectively. After acidifying and heating to 70 °C, the PNA-10 polyelectrolyte can aggregate together because of hydrophobic association and separate from water, so it can be easily recovered by either simple centrifugation or gravitational sedimentation. The recovery ratios of PNA-10 polyelectrolyte in both methods are as high as 89%, and the recovered polyelectrolytes can be reused with almost the same FO performance as fresh ones. The results in this study provide valuable guidance for designing efficient and easily recoverable draw agents for FO processes.展开更多
Preparation and photo-patterning characteristics of organic-inorganic hybrid thin film containing latent pigment by using photo-acid-generator (PAG) and microwave irradiation have been investigated. The acrylic thin f...Preparation and photo-patterning characteristics of organic-inorganic hybrid thin film containing latent pigment by using photo-acid-generator (PAG) and microwave irradiation have been investigated. The acrylic thin film modified with methoxysilane containing PAG was formed on a glass substrate and irradiated with ultraviolet rays to promote sol-gel reaction by catalytic action of acid which was generated from PAG. And then the film was hardened with microwave irradiation, yielding organic-inorganic hybrid polymer film having hardness, highly transparency and strong adhesion with a glass substrate. Since this reaction only occurred in the optically (UV) irradiated regions, by exploiting the difference between the adhesivenesses of these regions photo-irradiated through photomask with a glass substrate, it was possible to form a patterned film with pitch of 100 to 50 μm by a simple lift-off method. A pigment-containing film using latent pigments (with subtractive three primary colors of coloring materials) and a patterned film were prepared, and it was possible to make these films multi-colored by varying the mixing ratio of the pigments. This multi-colored film-preparation method is effective for simply and efficiently forming a color-filter film by applying optical and microwave irradiation.展开更多
Ever since its first appearance among the multiple forms of diabetes,latent autoimmune diabetes in adults(LADA),has been the focus of endless discussions concerning mainly its existence as a special type of diabetes.I...Ever since its first appearance among the multiple forms of diabetes,latent autoimmune diabetes in adults(LADA),has been the focus of endless discussions concerning mainly its existence as a special type of diabetes.In this mini-review,through browsing important peer-reviewed publications,(original articles and reviews),we will attempt to refresh our knowledge regarding LADA hoping to enhance our understanding of this controversial diabetes entity.A unique combination of immunological,clinical and metabolic characteristics has been identified in this group of patients,namely persistent islet cell antibodies,high frequency of thyroid and gastric autoimmunity,DR3 and DR4 human leukocyte antigen haplotypes,progressive loss of beta cells,adult disease onset,normal weight,defective glycaemic control,and without tendency to ketoacidosis.Although anthropomorphic measurements are useful as a first line screening,the detection of C-peptide levels and the presence of glutamic acid decarboxylase(GAD)autoantibodies is undoubtedly the sine qua non condi-tion for a confirmatory LADA diagnosis.In point of fact,GAD autoantibodies are far from being solely a biomarker and the specific role of these autoantibodies in disease pathogenesis is still to be thoroughly studied.Nevertheless,the lack of diagnostic criteria and guidelines still puzzle the physicians,who struggle between early diagnosis and correct timing for insulin treatment.展开更多
Latent autoimmune diabetes in adults(LADA) accounts for 2-12 of all cases of diabetes.Patients are typically diagnosed after 35 years of age and are often misdiagnosed as type Ⅱ Diabetes Mellitus(DM).Glycemic control...Latent autoimmune diabetes in adults(LADA) accounts for 2-12 of all cases of diabetes.Patients are typically diagnosed after 35 years of age and are often misdiagnosed as type Ⅱ Diabetes Mellitus(DM).Glycemic control is initially achieved with sulfonylureas but patients eventually become insulin dependent more rapidly than with type Ⅱ DM patients.Although they have a type Ⅱ DM phenotype,patients have circulating beta(β) cell autoantibodies,a hallmark of type Ⅰ DM.Alternative terms that have been used to describe this condition include type 1.5 diabetes,latent type Ⅰ diabetes,slowly progressive Insulin Dependent Diabetes Mellitus,or youth onset diabetes of maturity.With regards to its autoimmune basis and rapid requirement for insulin,it has been suggested that LADA is a slowly progressive form of type Ⅰ DM.However,recent work has revealed genetic and immunological differences between LADA and type Ⅰ DM.The heterogeneity of LADA has also led to the proposal of criteria for its diagnosis by the Immunology of Diabetes Society.Although many workers have advocated a clinically oriented approach for screening of LADA,there are no universally accepted criteria for autoantibody testing in adult onset diabetes.Following recent advances in immunomodulatory therapies in type Ⅰ DM,the same strategy is being explored in LADA.This review deals with the contribution of the genetic,immunological and metabolic components involved in the pathophysiology of LADA and recent approaches in screening of this distinct but heterogeneous clinical entity.展开更多
AIM: To investigate the characteristics of the progression of islet β cell function in Chinese latent autoimmune diabetes in adult (LADA) patients with glutamic acid decarboxylase antibody (GAD-Ab) positivity, and to...AIM: To investigate the characteristics of the progression of islet β cell function in Chinese latent autoimmune diabetes in adult (LADA) patients with glutamic acid decarboxylase antibody (GAD-Ab) positivity, and to explore the prognostic factors for β cell function. METHODS: Forty-five LADA patients with GAD-Ab positivity screened from phenotypic type 2 diabetic (T2DM) patients and 45 T2DM patients without GAD-Ab matched as controls were followed-up every 6 mo. Sixteen patients in LADA1 and T2DM1 groups respectively have been followed-up for 6 years, while 29 patients in LADA2 and T2DM2 groups respectively for only 1.5 years. GAD-Ab was determined by radioligand assay, and C-peptides (CP) by radioimmune assay.RESULTS: The percentage of patients whose fasting CP(FCP) decreased more than 50% compared with thebaseline reached to 25.0% at 1.5th year in LADA1 group, and FCP level decreased (395.8±71.5 vs 572.8±72.3 pmol/L, P＜0.05) at 2.5th year and continuously went down to the end of follow-up. No significant changes of the above parameters were found in T2DM1 group. The average decreased percentages of FCP per year in LADA and T2DM patients were 15.8% (4.0-91.0%) and 5.2% (-3.5 to 35.5%, P= 0.000) respectively. The index of GAD-Ab was negatively correlated with the FCP in LADA patients (rs= -0.483, P = 0.000). The decreased percentage of FCP per year in LADA patients were correlated with GAD-Ab index, body mass index (BMI) and age at onset (rs = 0.408, -0.301 and -0.523 respectively, P＜0.05). Moreover, GAD-Ab wasthe only risk factor for predicting βcell failure in LADA patients (B = 1.455, EXP (B) = 4.283, P = 0.023). CONCLUSION: The decreasing rate of islet β cell function in LADA, being highly heterogeneous, is three times that of T2DM patients. The titer of GAD-Ab is an important predictor for the progression of islet β cell function, and age at onset and BMI could also act as the predictors.展开更多
目的探讨成人隐匿性自身免疫糖尿病(LADA)患者胰岛素抵抗的情况及其与谷氨酸脱羧酶抗体(GAD-Ab)滴度的关系。方法在临床初诊为"2型糖尿病"的患者中,筛选出GAD-Ab阳性的LADA患者141例,测量其身高和体质量,抽血检测血脂、空腹...目的探讨成人隐匿性自身免疫糖尿病(LADA)患者胰岛素抵抗的情况及其与谷氨酸脱羧酶抗体(GAD-Ab)滴度的关系。方法在临床初诊为"2型糖尿病"的患者中,筛选出GAD-Ab阳性的LADA患者141例,测量其身高和体质量,抽血检测血脂、空腹血糖和空腹C肽水平。根据GAD-Ab滴度0.3为截点将LADA患者分为高滴度组(LADA-1亚型)和低滴度组(LADA-2亚型)。利用HOMA2软件计算胰岛素抵抗和胰岛功能水平。用放射配体法和放射免疫法检测GAD-Ab和C肽水平。结果与低滴度者相比,高滴度的LADA-1型患者的起病年龄较轻、体质量指数较低、糖化血红蛋白水平较高,空腹和餐后C肽的水平较差,同时合并有较低的甘油三酯水平。根据HOMA2软件计算的胰岛素抵抗指数(HOMA2-IR)显示,高GAD-Ab滴度的LADA-1型的HOMA2-IR的水平显著性低于低滴度的LADA-2型患者(1.6±1.1 vs 2.1±1.1,P=0.001)。患者的HOMA2-IR指数与GAD-Ab滴度呈负相关。结论 LADA患者的胰岛素抵抗水平与谷氨酸脱羧酶抗体滴度相关,低抗体滴度者的胰岛素抵抗较为严重。展开更多
基金Supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(21276162)the Program for Yangtse River Scholars and Innovative Research Team in Universities(IRT1163)
文摘As a potential solution to the crises of energy and resources, forward osmosis(FO) has been limited by the development of draw agents. An ideal draw agent should be able to generate high osmotic pressure and can be easily recovered. In this study, a thermo-sensitive polyelectrolyte of poly(N-isopropylacrylamide-co-acrylic acid)(PNA)is developed as an efficient draw agent, and two easy and simple methods are proposed to effectively recover the polyelectrolytes. After adjusting the pH value of polyelectrolyte solutions to around 6.0, the polyelectrolyte can generate relatively high osmotic pressure, and induce average water fluxes of 2.09 and 2.95 L·m^(-2)·h^(-1) during12 h FO processes when the polyelectrolyte concentrations are 0.20 and 0.38 g·ml^(-1) respectively. After acidifying and heating to 70 °C, the PNA-10 polyelectrolyte can aggregate together because of hydrophobic association and separate from water, so it can be easily recovered by either simple centrifugation or gravitational sedimentation. The recovery ratios of PNA-10 polyelectrolyte in both methods are as high as 89%, and the recovered polyelectrolytes can be reused with almost the same FO performance as fresh ones. The results in this study provide valuable guidance for designing efficient and easily recoverable draw agents for FO processes.
文摘Preparation and photo-patterning characteristics of organic-inorganic hybrid thin film containing latent pigment by using photo-acid-generator (PAG) and microwave irradiation have been investigated. The acrylic thin film modified with methoxysilane containing PAG was formed on a glass substrate and irradiated with ultraviolet rays to promote sol-gel reaction by catalytic action of acid which was generated from PAG. And then the film was hardened with microwave irradiation, yielding organic-inorganic hybrid polymer film having hardness, highly transparency and strong adhesion with a glass substrate. Since this reaction only occurred in the optically (UV) irradiated regions, by exploiting the difference between the adhesivenesses of these regions photo-irradiated through photomask with a glass substrate, it was possible to form a patterned film with pitch of 100 to 50 μm by a simple lift-off method. A pigment-containing film using latent pigments (with subtractive three primary colors of coloring materials) and a patterned film were prepared, and it was possible to make these films multi-colored by varying the mixing ratio of the pigments. This multi-colored film-preparation method is effective for simply and efficiently forming a color-filter film by applying optical and microwave irradiation.
文摘Ever since its first appearance among the multiple forms of diabetes,latent autoimmune diabetes in adults(LADA),has been the focus of endless discussions concerning mainly its existence as a special type of diabetes.In this mini-review,through browsing important peer-reviewed publications,(original articles and reviews),we will attempt to refresh our knowledge regarding LADA hoping to enhance our understanding of this controversial diabetes entity.A unique combination of immunological,clinical and metabolic characteristics has been identified in this group of patients,namely persistent islet cell antibodies,high frequency of thyroid and gastric autoimmunity,DR3 and DR4 human leukocyte antigen haplotypes,progressive loss of beta cells,adult disease onset,normal weight,defective glycaemic control,and without tendency to ketoacidosis.Although anthropomorphic measurements are useful as a first line screening,the detection of C-peptide levels and the presence of glutamic acid decarboxylase(GAD)autoantibodies is undoubtedly the sine qua non condi-tion for a confirmatory LADA diagnosis.In point of fact,GAD autoantibodies are far from being solely a biomarker and the specific role of these autoantibodies in disease pathogenesis is still to be thoroughly studied.Nevertheless,the lack of diagnostic criteria and guidelines still puzzle the physicians,who struggle between early diagnosis and correct timing for insulin treatment.
文摘Latent autoimmune diabetes in adults(LADA) accounts for 2-12 of all cases of diabetes.Patients are typically diagnosed after 35 years of age and are often misdiagnosed as type Ⅱ Diabetes Mellitus(DM).Glycemic control is initially achieved with sulfonylureas but patients eventually become insulin dependent more rapidly than with type Ⅱ DM patients.Although they have a type Ⅱ DM phenotype,patients have circulating beta(β) cell autoantibodies,a hallmark of type Ⅰ DM.Alternative terms that have been used to describe this condition include type 1.5 diabetes,latent type Ⅰ diabetes,slowly progressive Insulin Dependent Diabetes Mellitus,or youth onset diabetes of maturity.With regards to its autoimmune basis and rapid requirement for insulin,it has been suggested that LADA is a slowly progressive form of type Ⅰ DM.However,recent work has revealed genetic and immunological differences between LADA and type Ⅰ DM.The heterogeneity of LADA has also led to the proposal of criteria for its diagnosis by the Immunology of Diabetes Society.Although many workers have advocated a clinically oriented approach for screening of LADA,there are no universally accepted criteria for autoantibody testing in adult onset diabetes.Following recent advances in immunomodulatory therapies in type Ⅰ DM,the same strategy is being explored in LADA.This review deals with the contribution of the genetic,immunological and metabolic components involved in the pathophysiology of LADA and recent approaches in screening of this distinct but heterogeneous clinical entity.
基金Supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China,No. 39370343 the National Ministry of Health Youth Talents Foundation, No. Q9420 the Hunan Health Bureau Key Scientific Funds, No. 9736, 2001-Z04
文摘AIM: To investigate the characteristics of the progression of islet β cell function in Chinese latent autoimmune diabetes in adult (LADA) patients with glutamic acid decarboxylase antibody (GAD-Ab) positivity, and to explore the prognostic factors for β cell function. METHODS: Forty-five LADA patients with GAD-Ab positivity screened from phenotypic type 2 diabetic (T2DM) patients and 45 T2DM patients without GAD-Ab matched as controls were followed-up every 6 mo. Sixteen patients in LADA1 and T2DM1 groups respectively have been followed-up for 6 years, while 29 patients in LADA2 and T2DM2 groups respectively for only 1.5 years. GAD-Ab was determined by radioligand assay, and C-peptides (CP) by radioimmune assay.RESULTS: The percentage of patients whose fasting CP(FCP) decreased more than 50% compared with thebaseline reached to 25.0% at 1.5th year in LADA1 group, and FCP level decreased (395.8±71.5 vs 572.8±72.3 pmol/L, P＜0.05) at 2.5th year and continuously went down to the end of follow-up. No significant changes of the above parameters were found in T2DM1 group. The average decreased percentages of FCP per year in LADA and T2DM patients were 15.8% (4.0-91.0%) and 5.2% (-3.5 to 35.5%, P= 0.000) respectively. The index of GAD-Ab was negatively correlated with the FCP in LADA patients (rs= -0.483, P = 0.000). The decreased percentage of FCP per year in LADA patients were correlated with GAD-Ab index, body mass index (BMI) and age at onset (rs = 0.408, -0.301 and -0.523 respectively, P＜0.05). Moreover, GAD-Ab wasthe only risk factor for predicting βcell failure in LADA patients (B = 1.455, EXP (B) = 4.283, P = 0.023). CONCLUSION: The decreasing rate of islet β cell function in LADA, being highly heterogeneous, is three times that of T2DM patients. The titer of GAD-Ab is an important predictor for the progression of islet β cell function, and age at onset and BMI could also act as the predictors.
文摘目的探讨成人隐匿性自身免疫糖尿病(LADA)患者胰岛素抵抗的情况及其与谷氨酸脱羧酶抗体(GAD-Ab)滴度的关系。方法在临床初诊为"2型糖尿病"的患者中,筛选出GAD-Ab阳性的LADA患者141例,测量其身高和体质量,抽血检测血脂、空腹血糖和空腹C肽水平。根据GAD-Ab滴度0.3为截点将LADA患者分为高滴度组(LADA-1亚型)和低滴度组(LADA-2亚型)。利用HOMA2软件计算胰岛素抵抗和胰岛功能水平。用放射配体法和放射免疫法检测GAD-Ab和C肽水平。结果与低滴度者相比,高滴度的LADA-1型患者的起病年龄较轻、体质量指数较低、糖化血红蛋白水平较高,空腹和餐后C肽的水平较差,同时合并有较低的甘油三酯水平。根据HOMA2软件计算的胰岛素抵抗指数(HOMA2-IR)显示,高GAD-Ab滴度的LADA-1型的HOMA2-IR的水平显著性低于低滴度的LADA-2型患者(1.6±1.1 vs 2.1±1.1,P=0.001)。患者的HOMA2-IR指数与GAD-Ab滴度呈负相关。结论 LADA患者的胰岛素抵抗水平与谷氨酸脱羧酶抗体滴度相关,低抗体滴度者的胰岛素抵抗较为严重。
