Effect of particle composition and consolidation degree on the wave-induced liquefaction of soil beds

The wave-induced liquefaction of seabed is responsible for causing damage to marine structures.Particle composition and consolidation degree are the key factors affecting the pore water pressure response and liquefaction behavior of the seabed under wave action.The present study conducted wave flume experiments on silt and silty fine sand beds with varying particle compositions.Furthermore,a comprehensive analysis of the differences and underlying reasons for liquefaction behavior in two different types of soil was conducted from both macroscopic and microscopic perspectives.The experimental results indicate that the silt bed necessitates a lower wave load intensity to attain the liquefaction state in comparison to the silty fine sand bed.Additionally,the duration and development depth of liquefaction are greater in the silt bed.The dissimilarity in liquefaction behavior between the two types of soil can be attributed to the variation in their permeability and plastic deformation capacity.The permeability coefficient and compression modulus of silt are lower than those of silty fine sand.Consequently,silt is more prone to the accumulation of pore pressure and subsequent liquefaction under external loading.Prior research has demonstrated that silt beds with varying consolidation degrees exhibit distinct initial failure modes.Specifically,a dense bed undergoes shear failure,whereas a loose bed experiences initial liquefaction failure.This study utilized discrete element simulation to examine the microscopic mechanisms that underlie this phenomenon.

Experimental Investigation of Wave-Current Loads on a Bridge Shuttle-Shaped Cap–Pile Foundation

To scrutinize the characteristics of wave-current loads on a bridge shuttle-shaped cap–pile foundation,a 1:125 test model was considered in a laboratory flume.The inline,transverse and vertical wave–current forces acting on the shuttle-shaped cap-pile group model were measured considering both random waves and a combination of random waves with a current.The experimental results have shown that the wave-current forces can be well correlated with the wave height,the wavelength,the current velocity,the incident direction and the water level in the marine environment.An increase in the current velocity can lead to a sharp increase in the inline and transverse wave-current forces,while the vertical wave-current force decreases.Moreover,the wave-current forces are particularly strong when a combination of high tide,strong wave and strong current is considered.

A two-dimensional numerical wave flume based on SA-MPLS method

A spatially adaptive (SA) two-dimensional (2-D) numerical wave flume is presented based on the quadtree mesh system,in which a new multiple particle level set (MPLS) method is proposed to solve the problem of interface tracking,in which common intersection may be traversed by multiple interfaces.By using the adaptive mesh technique and the MPLS method,mesh resolution is updated automatically with time according to flow characteristics in the modeling process with higher resolution around the free surface and the solid boundary and lower resolution in less important area.The model has good performance in saving computer memory and CPU time and is validated by computational examples of small amplitude wave,second-order Stokes wave and cnoidal wave.Computational results also indicate that standing wave and wave overtopping are also reasonably simulated by the model.

Flume experimental study on evolution of a mouth bar under interaction of floods and waves

Based on the characteristics of hydrodynamics and sediment transport in the bar area in the Modaomen Estuary,a flume experiment was performed to study the evolution of the longitudinal profile of the mouth bar.The mouth bar evolution was investigated under the impacts of floods with different return periods as well as flood-wave interaction.The results showed that floods with different return periods had significant influences on the evolution of the river mouth bar.Particularly on the inner slope of the mouth bar,the sediment was substantially active and moveable.The inner slope and the bar crest tended to be remarkably scoured.The erosion was intensified with the increase of the magnitude of floods.Moreover,the bar crest moved seawards,while the elevation of the bar crest barely changed.Under the flood-wave interaction,a remarkable amount of erosion on the inner and outer slopes of the mouth bar was also found.The seaward displacement of the bar crest under the interaction of floods and waves was less than it was under only the impact of floods,while more deposition was found on the crest of the mouth bar in this case.

Numerical Model of Cnoidal Wave Flume

The volume of fluid (VOF) method is used to set up a wave flume with an absorbing wave maker of cnoidal waves. Based on the transfer function between wave surface and paddle velocity obtained by the shallow water wave theory, the velocity boundary condition of an absorbing wave maker is introduced to absorb reflected waves that reach the numerical wave maker. For Hid ranging from 0.1 to 0.59 and T root g/d from 7.9 to 18.3, the parametric studies have been carried out and compared with experiments.

Flume simulation of wave-induced release of internal dissolved nitrogen in Taihu Lake,China

A wave flume simulator was used to study internal nitrogen release from the surface sediment collected from Taihu Lake, China. Particulate nitrogen concentrations were positively correlated with the concentrations of suspended solids, primarily from surface erosion related to the shear stress and duration of wave action. In response to 4 cm- and 10 cm-high wave production representing waves generated in Taihu Lake by gentle and gusty winds, respectively, the mean dynamic release rate of ammonium （NH4＋） from the sediment to the overlying water was 1 × 10-3 mg/（m2.s） and the NH4＋ concentration in the overlying water increased by 0.016 mg/L, indicating that waves resulting from strong wind can induce the rapid release of dissolved nitrogen from Taihu Lake sediments. The decrease in interstitial NH4＋ concentrations at all sediment depths was associated with an increase in NH4＋ concentrations in the overlying water by 0.01 mg/L, showing that sediment below the eroded layer was the main source of internal nitrogen release. Changes in the interstitial dissolved oxygen and NH4＋ concentrations showed that wave-induced pore water movement can greatly increase the diffusion rate, and that these 15 cm. Diffusion induced by pore water movement sediment layer in Taihu Lake. effects can influence the sediment to a depth of at least may be very important for the formation of an active

Study on Hydrodynamic Characteristics of Wave Turbulent Bottom Boundary Layer Using A Large-Sized Wave Flume

Experimental studies were conducted in a super-large wave flume,aiming at uncovering the hydrodynamic characteristics involved in the turbulent wave boundary layer of full scale environment.An explicit formula of boundary layer thickness on rough turbulent flow was presented based on the measured velocity data of the present study and collected experimental data on wave boundary layer.It was found that the bottom wave-associated nominal stresses under the conditions of prototype scale tests suppress the vertical turbulence scattering upward over the boundary layer,which accounts for thickening of the boundary layer under wave condition.Such effect has yet not been reported in the literatures using oscillatory U-tube or small-sized wave flume.The phase inconsistency in the turbulent boundary layer to the free stream velocity(velocity immediately outside the boundary layer)is within15°,which is remarkably smaller than the results from oscillatory U-tubes,as well as the larger wave flume experiment presented by Xie et al.(2021),showing that the coarser bed would further reduce the phase lead.The intensity of the vertical turbulent component is approximately 1/2 of the horizontal component,which has larger ratio compared with the value of 1/5 reported by previous studies.Especially,it was also found that the vertical turbulent energy was approximately 3/4 of the turbulent energy in spanwise directions(y-direction).This means that the turbulent fluctuation has similar order in all three-directions(x,y,z)in a full scale environment and highlights that the turbulent components in all the three directions should not be neglected when calculating the total turbulent energy.

Establishment of Numerical Wave Flume Based on the Second-Order Wave-Maker Theory

With growing computational power, the first-order wave-maker theory has become well established and is widely used for numerical wave flumes. However, existing numerical models based on the first-order wave-maker theory lose accuracy as nonlinear effects become prominent. Because spurious harmonic waves and primary waves have different propagation velocities, waves simulated by using the first-order wave-maker theory have an unstable wave profile. In this paper, a numerical wave flume with a piston-type wave-maker based on the second-order wave-maker theory has been established. Dynamic mesh technique was developed. The boundary treatment for irregular wave simulation was specially dealt with. Comparisons of the free-surface elevations using the first-order and second-order wave-maker theory prove that second-order wave-maker theory can generate stable wave profiles in both the spatial and time domains. Harmonic analysis and spectral analysis were used to prove the superiority of the second-order wave-maker theory from other two aspects. To simulate irregular waves, the numerical flume was improved to solve the problem of the water depth variation due to low-frequency motion of the wave board. In summary, the new numerical flume using the second-order wave-maker theory can guarantee the accuracy of waves by adding an extra motion of the wave board. The boundary treatment method can provide a reference for the improvement of nonlinear numerical flume.

The initialization of nonlinear water waves in a numerical wave flume

This study investigates the initialization of nonlinear free-surface simulations in a numerical wave flume. Due to the mismatch between the linear input wavemaker motion and the kinematics of fully nonlinear waves, direct numerical simulations of progressive waves, generated by a sinusoidally moving wavemaker, are prone to suffering from high-frequency wave instability unless the flow is given sufficient time to adjust. A time ramp is superimposed on the wavemaker motion at the start that allows nonlinear free-surface simulations to be initialized with linear input. The duration of the ramp is adjusted to test its efficiency for short waves and long waves. Numerical results show that the time ramp scheme is effective to stabilize the wave instability at the start of the simulation in a wave flume.

The physical simulation of wave groups and their variations in a wave flume

The physical simulation method of wave groups in a wave flume is proposed and verified by the exper- iments. The experimental results demonstrate that random waves with desired wave groupiness, which simultaneously includes the wave group height and length, can be generated satisfactorily at the specified position in a wave flume using the proposed method. Furthermore, the transformation properties of the wave groupiness along the fiat-bottomed wave flume are investigated based on the physically simulated waves. Associated proposals with the physical simulation of wave groups are given.

Extreme Wave Simulation with Iterative Adaptive Approach in Numerical Wave Flume

Extreme wave is highly nonlinear and may occur due to diverse reasons unexpectedly.The simulated results of extreme wave based on wave focusing,which were generated using high order spectrum method,are presented.The influences of the steepness,frequency bandwidth as well as frequency spectrum on focusing position shift were examined,showing that they can affect the wave focusing significantly.Hence,controlled accurate generation of extreme wave at a predefined position in wave flume is a difficult but important task.In this paper,an iterative adaptive approach is applied using linear dispersion theory to optimize the control signal of the wavemaker.The performance of the proposed approach is numerically investigated for a wide variety of scenarios.The results demonstrate that this approach can reproduce accurate wave focusing effectively.

随机风-浪联合传播数值模拟及分析

海洋风、浪往往同时传播,同步传播过程中风、浪之间具有显著的相互耦合作用。针对海洋脉动风和随机波浪同步传播的数值仿真需求,基于程序开发平台MATLAB和计算流体动力学(computational fluid dynamics,CFD)软件平台Fluent,提出了一种随机风场和随机波浪联合传播数值模拟方法,基于该数值方法构建了随机风-浪联合传播数值水槽,并对该数值水槽单独随机风、单独随机波浪以及随机风-浪联合传播的数值模拟效果进行了试算和验证分析。结果显示该水槽数值模拟脉动风速与对应理论计算风速相吻合,水槽数值模拟随机波浪与对应理论计算随机波浪相吻合,水槽风-浪联合数值模拟显示了风、浪之间显著耦合作用效应。建立的随机风-浪联合数值水槽在随机风和随机波浪同步传播的数值仿真上具备可靠性及可应用性。研究内容为海上风、浪环境要素耦合效应研究及海洋工程结构风-浪联合作用相关研究提供了平台基础。

三维数值波浪水槽及其数值模拟验证

波浪水槽能够模拟波浪的产生、传播以及与结构物的相互作用,提供直观、可靠的数据支持。随着计算机技术和数值方法的快速发展,三维数值波浪水槽逐渐成为港口工程领域的研究热点。利用数值模拟软件FLUENT生成三维数值波浪水槽,并结合ANSYS-FSI模块建立三维有限元与有限体积元耦合模型,可以精确模拟波浪作用于斜坡堤等结构上的整个过程。为验证数值模型的准确性,以在波浪作用下斜坡堤顶胸墙的稳定性为例,比较数值模型与理论公式的计算结果。结果表明,数值模型与理论公式的计算结果基本一致,此三维数值波浪水槽模型可靠。在实际工程应用中,可以利用此数值波浪水槽进行方案比选,提升工作效率,同时与物理模型试验结合,共同为港口工程的设计、施工提供有力支持。

水生植物对水体流速的影响规律

为探究水生植物对水体流速的影响规律,设计波—流—水生植物试验方案,其试验装置系统包含P-FIS水生植物-水槽集成系统、HCS水动力控制系统和HMS水动力监测系统;试验条件设计涵盖3类水生植物、6套植株密度及8种水动力工况。研究结果表明,在不规则波作用下,柔性挺水植物和柔性沉水植物的消浪和阻流效果优于刚性挺水植物。波条件下,植株矮的柔性沉水植物过流能力较强;流条件下,植株高的挺水类植物过流能力较强。在测点位置z/H=(0.28±0.04)范围,流速波动达到峰值。柔性挺水植物和柔性沉水植物,在水面以下有繁茂的枝叶结构,其种植密度会显著影响水体流速。研究结果可为水域种植适宜、适量的水生植物提供依据,以期保持水体流动性,同时削减对底泥的冲刷作用,改善水质。

推摇组合式造波的波流循环水槽设计与研究

针对海工实验波流水槽中的造流装置与造波装置间存在的干扰问题,研发了推摇组合式造波的波流循环水槽,并分别从造流和造波两个方面进行了设计和验证.综合设计循环流道、造流驱动装置及稳流出水口,保障实验区域水流稳定性及可控性;采用倒挂式摇摆结构,结合平行四边形结构运动特点,实现倒挂推摇组合式造波,在保证波形质量的同时减小对流道的影响;建立数学模型分析推块运动与波浪要素间的关系;基于西门子PLC开发实验测试平台测控系统搭建整个实验平台,完成水槽各项性能测试.结果表明,实验平台能够实现最大流速1.5 m∙s^(–1),且同时满足造波周期1~4 s,波高范围0.1~0.6 m的单独造波及所需要的波流海况耦合,能满足相关科教应用要求.

海上风电大直径单桩冲刷演变规律大比尺模型试验研究

波浪作用下,KC数(Keulegan-Carpenter Number)是影响海上风电单桩局部冲刷的主要无量纲参数。利用1:14的大比尺物理模型试验,研究了不规则波作用下,海上风电大直径单桩局部冲刷形态、平衡冲刷深度和局部冲刷方量随KC数的变化规律。试验结果表明,在小KC数(KC<6)工况下,当KC数小于4时,冲刷主要发生在单桩两侧,冲刷深度较小;而当KC数超过4后,冲刷坑形态从扇形过渡到椭圆形,且最大冲刷深度显著增加。在大KC数工况下,通过对KC数重新定义改进了平衡冲刷深度计算方法,并给出了海上风电单桩局部平衡冲刷方量与KC数的关系,为单桩防护施工时的冗余量估算提供了预测方法。

WAVE TRANSFORMATION AND BREAKING OVER A RECTANGULAR STEP

An idealized numerical wave flume has been established by finite element method on the bases of Navier Stokes equations through prescribing the appropriate boundary conditions for the open boundary,incident boundary,free surface and solid boundary in this paper.The characteristics of waves propagating over a step have been investigated by this numerical model.The breaker wave height is determined depending on the kinetic criterion.The numerical model is verified by laboratory experiments,and the empirical formula for the damping of wave height due to breaking is also given by experiments.

潜堤坡度对波浪传播变形的影响

应用OpenFOAM开源计算平台,基于黏性流理论和有限体积法建立数值水槽模型,系统验证了强非线性波浪的传播及潜堤地形上波浪传播变形的计算准确性和精度,并分析了入射波幅、潜堤坡度等因素对波浪传播特性的影响规律。结果表明:数值水槽模型可较好地模拟强非线性波浪的生成和传播以及波浪经潜堤传播的变形过程;小波陡工况下水面波形具有较好的周期性规律,不同坡度之间存在相位差,具体表现为坡度越平坦,相位越滞后;强非线性波浪条件下,由于波浪破碎,不同坡度波面形态呈现强非线性,水面波形有较大差别;入射波陡由0.53%增大到3.00%的过程中,无量纲化波面的峰谷差均值逐渐减小,体现出潜堤反射作用随着波陡的增大而逐渐增强。

波浪作用下鱼巢型护岸近侧水体动力响应研究

鱼巢型生态护岸可增加岸坡的稳定性、抗冲性,并营造良好的河流生态景观,是当下内河航道常用的护岸形式,而研究波浪作用下鱼巢型护岸近侧水体的动力响应,对护岸工程的设计优化具有重要意义。通过数值模拟与水槽试验相结合的方法,针对不同波况(波高、波角)下鱼巢型护岸所受波浪冲击的变化规律及其周边水体的动压及应力响应特征展开了研究。结果表明:波浪作用下,波高及波角的变化对护岸垂向动压分布形态影响较小;不同波浪入射条件下,护岸侧动压峰值均出现在略低于静水位处(Z=-0.05 m);当入射波高较大时(H=0.10 m),护岸侧的动压整体变大,空腔处对波能的吸收更为明显;入射波角的增大(β=45°)会引起波能分散,使坡面动压峰值减弱。研究成果可为鱼巢型护岸在内河航道防护中的应用提供理论参考。

Experimental Study of Wave Attenuation in Trapezoidal Floating Breakwaters

A comprehensive experimental study was carried out on the regular wave attenuation with a trapezoidal pontoontype floating breakwater(FB) in deep water. The functionalities of two simple FB geometries consist of a rectangle and a trapezoid with the slope of 60° were investigated under the wave attack. A two-dimensional wave flume was used in the experiment; the incident, transmitted waves, mooring line forces and motion responses of the floating breakwaters were measured. Also the influence of the sea state conditions(incident wave height and wave period)and structural parameters(draught of the structure) were investigated using the trapezoidal FB. Our experimental results indicated that the trapezoidal FB significantly reduced the wave transmission and mooring line force when compared with rectangular FBs. A new formula was developed in order to predict the value of the transmission coefficient in trapezoidal FBs with the slope of 60°. Experimental data showed to be consistent with the results of the formula.