The effects of cover thickness and W/C(water-to-cement) ratio on polarization properties of embedded steel bar were investigated with electrochemical methods.Corrosion potentials shift to the noble direction with incr...The effects of cover thickness and W/C(water-to-cement) ratio on polarization properties of embedded steel bar were investigated with electrochemical methods.Corrosion potentials shift to the noble direction with increasing the cover thickness.In addition,when the cover thickness increasingly becomes thinner and thinner,effect of the W/C ratio on variation of corrosion potential increases as well.Impedance value at 100 kHz indicating the resistance of cover thickness increases with the decrement of W/C ratio as well as the increment of cover thickness.However,in the case of W/C ratio at 0.6,impedance at 10 mHz shows the relatively larger value than that at W/C ratio of 0.4 or 0.5 in the range of cover thickness from 4 to 8 cm,which is probably expected that oxide film built up on the surface of steel bar due to strong alkali environment by hydration reaction with increasing W/C ratio is performed as the resistance polarization.It is also observed that liquid junction potential tends to increase with decreasing W/C ratio.展开更多
The design of a bolted flat cover is extremely important for the structural integrity of pressure vessels.The present design codes provide the thickness calculation equations for a bolted flat cover with single metal ...The design of a bolted flat cover is extremely important for the structural integrity of pressure vessels.The present design codes provide the thickness calculation equations for a bolted flat cover with single metal gasket.However,the rules for a bolted flat cover with double metal sealing rings are not developed to date.In the study,a new thickness calculation equation for the bolted flat cover with double metal sealing rings is proposed.First,the theoretical stress solution for bolted flat cover with the double metal sealing rings is obtained,based on the theory of simply supported circular plate and then verified using the results from finite element analyses.The results indicate that the influence of double metal sealing ring on the stress of the flat cover is more serious compared to single metal gasket.Second,a more accurate and reasonable equation is proposed to calculate the thickness of bolted flat cover with double metal sealing rings based on the derived theoretical equations of maximum stress.Finally,the influence of linear load and the spacing between rings on the thickness are discussed.Subsequently,a few suggestions are provided to design low-pressure or atmosphere pressure vessels.The study provides a theoretical foundation to develop design codes of pressure vessels in nuclear reactors.展开更多
The spring flood of 2009 in the Red River Valley was exacerbated with severe ice breakup and ice jamming. To assist ice jam mitigation by cutting and breaking up the river ice cover before the flood season and to supp...The spring flood of 2009 in the Red River Valley was exacerbated with severe ice breakup and ice jamming. To assist ice jam mitigation by cutting and breaking up the river ice cover before the flood season and to support the operation of the Red River Floodway, Manitoba Water Stewardship is striving to model the occurrence of ice breakup and simulate the behaviour of ice jamming along the river. An important parameter in ice breakup forecasting is the ice thickness. RADARSAT-2 standard satellite images were collected along the course of the Red River in Manitoba during the 2009-2010 winter to help determine ice thicknesses along the river. Standard images can have transmit-receive polarizations in the horizontal-horizontal (HH) or horizontal-vertical (HV) configurations. Ice thickness measurements were taken in the field during the same time frame when the satellite passed over the Red River Valley. Good correlations were obtained between the HH-backscatter readings and the surveyed ice thicknesses. HV-backscatter readings correlate better with fresh snow depth measurements. Additionally, using same sensor incident angle and flight geometry allows ice thickening rate behavior over the course of the winter to be determined.展开更多
Satellite and human visual observation are two of the most important observation approaches for cloud cover. In this study, the total cloud cover (TCC) observed by MODIS onboard the Terra and Aqua satellites was com...Satellite and human visual observation are two of the most important observation approaches for cloud cover. In this study, the total cloud cover (TCC) observed by MODIS onboard the Terra and Aqua satellites was compared with Synop meteorological station observations over the North China Plain and its surrounding regions for 11 years during daytime and 7 years during nighttime. The Synop data were recorded eight times a day at 3-h intervals. Linear interpolation was used to interpolate the Synop data to the MODIS overpass time in order to reduce the temporal deviation between the satellite and Synop observations. Results showed that MODIS-derived TCC had good consistency with the Synop observations; the correlation coefficients ranged from 0.56 in winter to 0.73 in summer for Terra MODIS, and from 0.55 in winter to 0.71 in summer for Aqua MODIS. However, they also had certain differences. On average, the MODIS-derived TCC was 15.16% higher than the Synop data, and this value was higher at nighttime (15.58%-16.64%) than daytime (12.74%-14.14%). The deviation between the MODIS and Synop TCC had large seasonal variation, being largest in winter (29.53%-31.07%) and smallest in summer (4.46%-6.07%). Analysis indicated that cloud with low cloud-top height and small cloud optical thickness was more likely to cause observation bias. Besides, an increase in the satellite view zenith angle, aerosol optical depth, or snow cover could lead to positively biased MODIS results, and this affect differed among different cloud types.展开更多
在抗震设计中,场地是指具有相似的反应谱特征的工程群体所在地,不仅仅是房屋基础下的一小块地基土。其范围相当于厂区、居民小区和自然村或不小于1.0 km 2的平面面积。结合场地的概念,通过对一些项目地基处理前后场地类别的分析,从地基...在抗震设计中,场地是指具有相似的反应谱特征的工程群体所在地,不仅仅是房屋基础下的一小块地基土。其范围相当于厂区、居民小区和自然村或不小于1.0 km 2的平面面积。结合场地的概念,通过对一些项目地基处理前后场地类别的分析,从地基处理对场地类别及特征周期的影响,提出了通过地基处理实现上部结构减震的方法。展开更多
文摘The effects of cover thickness and W/C(water-to-cement) ratio on polarization properties of embedded steel bar were investigated with electrochemical methods.Corrosion potentials shift to the noble direction with increasing the cover thickness.In addition,when the cover thickness increasingly becomes thinner and thinner,effect of the W/C ratio on variation of corrosion potential increases as well.Impedance value at 100 kHz indicating the resistance of cover thickness increases with the decrement of W/C ratio as well as the increment of cover thickness.However,in the case of W/C ratio at 0.6,impedance at 10 mHz shows the relatively larger value than that at W/C ratio of 0.4 or 0.5 in the range of cover thickness from 4 to 8 cm,which is probably expected that oxide film built up on the surface of steel bar due to strong alkali environment by hydration reaction with increasing W/C ratio is performed as the resistance polarization.It is also observed that liquid junction potential tends to increase with decreasing W/C ratio.
基金supported by the‘‘Strategic Priority Research Program’’of the Chinese Academy of Sciences(No.XDA02010000)
文摘The design of a bolted flat cover is extremely important for the structural integrity of pressure vessels.The present design codes provide the thickness calculation equations for a bolted flat cover with single metal gasket.However,the rules for a bolted flat cover with double metal sealing rings are not developed to date.In the study,a new thickness calculation equation for the bolted flat cover with double metal sealing rings is proposed.First,the theoretical stress solution for bolted flat cover with the double metal sealing rings is obtained,based on the theory of simply supported circular plate and then verified using the results from finite element analyses.The results indicate that the influence of double metal sealing ring on the stress of the flat cover is more serious compared to single metal gasket.Second,a more accurate and reasonable equation is proposed to calculate the thickness of bolted flat cover with double metal sealing rings based on the derived theoretical equations of maximum stress.Finally,the influence of linear load and the spacing between rings on the thickness are discussed.Subsequently,a few suggestions are provided to design low-pressure or atmosphere pressure vessels.The study provides a theoretical foundation to develop design codes of pressure vessels in nuclear reactors.
文摘The spring flood of 2009 in the Red River Valley was exacerbated with severe ice breakup and ice jamming. To assist ice jam mitigation by cutting and breaking up the river ice cover before the flood season and to support the operation of the Red River Floodway, Manitoba Water Stewardship is striving to model the occurrence of ice breakup and simulate the behaviour of ice jamming along the river. An important parameter in ice breakup forecasting is the ice thickness. RADARSAT-2 standard satellite images were collected along the course of the Red River in Manitoba during the 2009-2010 winter to help determine ice thicknesses along the river. Standard images can have transmit-receive polarizations in the horizontal-horizontal (HH) or horizontal-vertical (HV) configurations. Ice thickness measurements were taken in the field during the same time frame when the satellite passed over the Red River Valley. Good correlations were obtained between the HH-backscatter readings and the surveyed ice thicknesses. HV-backscatter readings correlate better with fresh snow depth measurements. Additionally, using same sensor incident angle and flight geometry allows ice thickening rate behavior over the course of the winter to be determined.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant Nos. 41590874 and 41590875)the Ministry of Science and Technology of China (Grant No. 2014CB953703)
文摘Satellite and human visual observation are two of the most important observation approaches for cloud cover. In this study, the total cloud cover (TCC) observed by MODIS onboard the Terra and Aqua satellites was compared with Synop meteorological station observations over the North China Plain and its surrounding regions for 11 years during daytime and 7 years during nighttime. The Synop data were recorded eight times a day at 3-h intervals. Linear interpolation was used to interpolate the Synop data to the MODIS overpass time in order to reduce the temporal deviation between the satellite and Synop observations. Results showed that MODIS-derived TCC had good consistency with the Synop observations; the correlation coefficients ranged from 0.56 in winter to 0.73 in summer for Terra MODIS, and from 0.55 in winter to 0.71 in summer for Aqua MODIS. However, they also had certain differences. On average, the MODIS-derived TCC was 15.16% higher than the Synop data, and this value was higher at nighttime (15.58%-16.64%) than daytime (12.74%-14.14%). The deviation between the MODIS and Synop TCC had large seasonal variation, being largest in winter (29.53%-31.07%) and smallest in summer (4.46%-6.07%). Analysis indicated that cloud with low cloud-top height and small cloud optical thickness was more likely to cause observation bias. Besides, an increase in the satellite view zenith angle, aerosol optical depth, or snow cover could lead to positively biased MODIS results, and this affect differed among different cloud types.
文摘在抗震设计中,场地是指具有相似的反应谱特征的工程群体所在地,不仅仅是房屋基础下的一小块地基土。其范围相当于厂区、居民小区和自然村或不小于1.0 km 2的平面面积。结合场地的概念,通过对一些项目地基处理前后场地类别的分析,从地基处理对场地类别及特征周期的影响,提出了通过地基处理实现上部结构减震的方法。