Effect of frictions on cross section quality of thin-walled tube NC bending

The effect of frictions between dies and tube on the cross section quality of thin-walled tube numerical controlled(NC) bending was studied by numerical simulation method, combined with theoretical analysis and experiment. The results show that the frictions between mandrel, wiper, pressure die, bending die and tube have a significant and complicate effect on the section quality of thin-walled tube NC bending. To improve the section quality, frictions between mandrel, wiper and tube should be decreased, but the frictions between the pressure die, bending die and tube increase. The effect on the section distortion is more significant from mandrel, wiper, pressure die to bending die and the effect on the wall thinning more significant from mandrel, pressure die, wiper, to bending die. The effects of frictions between all dies and tube on wall thinning are smaller than their effects on section distortion. Mandrel and wiper should be lubricated well and drawing oil is used to lubricate them in actual production. The frictions between pressure die, bending die and tube should be increased and the dry friction is used between pressure die, bending die and tube in actual production.

Deformation Calculation of Cross-section Based on Virtual Force in Thin-walled Tube Bending Process

Cross-section deformation is one of important factors affecting the quality of tube formation, and the tube＇s capability of transporting liquid and gas will be reduced because of the cross-section ellipse deformation due to the effect of shear load in plastic bending process. When the tube is bent, the extrados-wall bears the tension stress and the intrados-wall bears the compression stress, synchronously the cross-section is affected by the circumferential stress. According to the above, the distribution function and curve of tangential stress can be obtained according to force balance differential equations on circumferential direction and Trasca rule. Subsequently the real state and virtual state moment equations were established, a new method was presented adopting the virtual principle of deformation system to calculate the x-axis and y-axis displacement of arbitrary point on cross-section. So the major and minor axes of deformed cross-section can be calculated according to the displacements of each point, and the variety value of major and minor axes will be obtained further. Finally the theoretical calculating result is compared with NC tube rotary-bending experiment results to verify the rationality of theoretical analysis, and the cross-section deformation rule of thin-walled tube can be received.

Effect of mandrel on cross section quality of thin-walled tube numerical controlled bending

The effect of mandrel with the structure of ball and socket on the cross section quality of thin-walled tube numerical controlled(NC) bending was studied by numerical simulation method, combined with theoretical (analysis) and experiment. Influencing factors of the mandrel include the count of mandrel heads, the diameter of mandrel and its position. According to the principle of NC tube bending, quality defects possibly produced in thin-walled tube NC bending process were analyzed and two parameters were proposed in order to describe the cross section quality of thin-walled tube NC bending. According to the geometrical dimension of tube and dies, the range of mandrel protrusion was derived. The finite element model of thin-walled tube NC bending was established based on the DYNAFORM platform, and key technological problems were solved. The model was verified by experiment. The effect of the number of mandrel heads, the diameter of mandrel and the protrusion length of mandrel on the cross section quality of thin-walled tube NC bending was revealed and how to choose mandrel parameters was presented.

Cross-sectional distortion behaviors of thin-walled rectangular tube in rotary-draw bending process

The cross-sectional distortion usually appears during rotary-draw bending process of thin-walled rectangular tube with small bending radius.To study the cross-sectional distortion of the tube,a three-dimensional finite-element model of the process was developed based on ABAQUS/Explicit code and its reliability was validated by experiment.Then,the cross-sectional distortion behaviors of the tube were investigated.The results show that a zone of larger circumferential stress appears on the tube when bending angle reaches 30°.And in the larger circumferential stress zone,the sagging phenomenon is produced obviously.The maximum cross-sectional distortion is located in the larger circumferential stress zone and the angle between the plane of maximum cross-sectional distortion and the bending reference plane is about 50°.The position of the maximum cross-sectional distortion keeps almost unchanged with the variation of the clearances between dies and tube.

THE APPROXIMATE ANALYTICAL SOLUTION FOR THE BUCKLING LOADS OF A THIN-WALLED BOX COLUMN WITH VARIABLE CROSS-SECTION

For a thin-walled box column with variable cross-section, the three governing equations for torsional-flexural buckling are ordinary differential equations of the second or fourth order with variable coefficients, so it is very difficult to solve them by means of an analytic method. In this paper, polynomials are used to approximate the geometric properties of cross-section and certain coefficients of the differential equations. Based on the energy principle and the Galerkin's method, the approximate formulas for calculating the flexural and torsional buckling loads of this kind of columns are developed respectively, and numerical examples are used to verify the correctness of the solutions obtained. The results calculated in this paper provide the basis for demonstrating the stability of thin-walled box columns with variable cross-section. This paper is of practical value.

Measurement of Sc and V K-shell ionization cross sections by slow electron impact

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Measurement of 8～25keV electron impact K－shell ionization cross sections of Cu and Co elements

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3003Al-H14薄壁微小通道扁管波形冲压成形尺寸对截面变形的作用规律

薄壁微小通道波形扁管是建设新能源汽车锂电池组恒温系统的绝佳材料,成形尺寸是影响其冲压成形截面变形的关键因素。建立了实验验证的3003Al-H14微小通道薄壁扁管的波形冲压-回弹有限元模型。基于所建模型,研究了截面高度、管坯壁厚、内外面相对弯曲半径缩放系数等成形尺寸,对截面变形率和平均截面变形率的作用规律。研究发现:①横截面上边缘孔的截面变形率通常较大,其余孔的截面变形率相对较小且大小一致;纵截面上孔的截面变形率呈现波峰波谷高、中间段低的分布特点。②扁管的截面变形率随着截面高度增大而增大,当截面高度超过4 mm时,扁管内的筋显著弯折,横截面塌陷严重。③扁管的平均截面变形率随着壁厚增大呈指数函数下降;当壁厚等于0.1 mm时,所有截面都畸变严重,而当壁厚超过0.3 mm时,最大截面畸变率下降至24.71%。④内外面相对弯曲半径的缩放系数越大,则内外面的实际弯曲程度越小,平均截面变形率也越小。研究成果对薄壁微小通道波形扁管的精确成形具有科学意义和工程价值。

有限梁段法在变截面连续箱梁桥剪力滞效应分析中的应用

为了分析变截面连续箱梁桥的剪力滞效应,选取具有2个节点、4个自由度的箱梁单元,引入剪力滞控制微分方程的初参数解,推导出箱梁梁段单元的刚度矩阵和等效节点荷载。利用FORTRAN语言编写相应计算程序,应用所编程序对某简支箱梁进行验算,并分析了某三跨变截面连续箱梁桥在主跨作用车道荷载时的剪力滞效应。结果表明:剪力滞效应对中跨1/2处影响最大,对左边跨、右边跨几乎没有影响;中跨1/2处总挠度是初等梁挠度的1.08倍。

OBSERVATION ON DEFECTS IN POLYCRYSTALLINE SILICON THIN FILMS

Polycrystalline silicon thin films were prepared by RTCVD (rapid thermal chemica l vapor deposition) method on several substrates such as SSP (silicon sheet from powder) ribbon, poly-Si wafer and mono-Si wafer. Intra-granular defects such as stacking faults, twins and microstructure defects were investigated on thin fil ms by scan electron microscopy (SEM) technique.

基于悬臂结构薄壁变截面钢管杆静载变形分析

基于材料力学基本公式推导了变截面钢管杆在静载荷作用下挠度与转角系列计算公式,针对多个不同参数的变截面杆,采用推出公式、有限元法进行计算,两种计算结果吻合很好,验证了公式的正确性。利用推出的公式,定量分析了单位集中力载荷下杆几何参数对挠度的影响。结果表明,推出的公式正确、简洁,为薄壁截面钢管杆体设计提供了理论参考。

非圆截面弹体斜侵彻薄靶的动态载荷特性研究

为研究非圆截面弹体斜侵彻薄靶的动态载荷特征,利用有限元软件LS-DYNA开展了圆、椭圆和非对称椭圆截面弹体在800 m/s速度下侵彻钢板的数值模拟研究,分析了着角、攻角和弹靶结构参数对弹体所受动态载荷的影响规律。结果表明:正侵彻时,3种截面弹体受到的轴向冲击载荷基本相似,但非对称椭圆弹体还会在头部和尾部过靶时分别受到横向冲击载荷作用;仅存在着角时,3种弹体的侵彻过程均可分为弹头触靶、弹头穿靶和弹身过靶3个阶段,其中弹身过靶阶段会受到持续载荷作用,弹头和弹尾过靶时也会出现两次横向载荷峰值;正着角条件下,攻角越大轴向载荷越大。攻角为正时,横向载荷首先减小然后反向增大,且缩短了侵彻持续时间;负攻角则加强了着角对载荷的影响,并增加了侵彻时间;截面不对称度大于1时,正着角的影响得到强化。此外,弹体载荷随靶厚的增大而增大,而弹体不对称度和长径比对其动态载荷的影响相对较小。

基于主成分分析的圆角截面薄壁梁一维高阶动力学建模方法

基于一维高阶理论和模式识别算法,建立了考虑圆角截面特征的薄壁梁精细动力学模型,能够准确预测其三维动力学行为。构建基于离散薄壁截面基函数的一维高阶初始模型,通过求解控制微分方程相关的广义特征值问题解耦各广义坐标的轴向变化模式。构建广义特征矩阵并基于主成分分析算法获取基函数权值组合,用于重组具有明确物理意义的截面特征形变组合。为进一步降低模型自由度,根据精度需求按优先级顺序选取截面特征形变组合,构建改进的一维高阶模型用于工程计算。数值计算结果表明,与二维板壳模型相比,该改进模型能够以前者1%的单元数准确预测圆角截面薄壁梁动力学特性及瞬态动力学行为,前15阶频率误差在1.4%以内,且能够广泛适用于长细比4以上的薄壁结构。

星形混合多胞管的耐撞性数值与理论研究

为研发轻质高效的能量吸收装置,提出了基于多边形截面与星形截面混合设计的星形混合多胞管。采用数值模拟方法研究了星形混合多胞管在轴向加载条件下的吸能特性和变形模式,并结合简化超折单元理论推导了该管的平均碰撞力理论公式。研究结果表明,星形混合多胞管的多边形截面与星形截面之间产生了协同效应,额外吸收了更多的冲击动能:当多边形边数N=6时,混合截面的协同性最好;当N=8时,该管的能量吸收效率最高。在此基础上,进一步开展了几何参数分析,发现壁厚对于星形混合多胞管的耐撞性有显著的影响,碰撞力水平随着壁厚的增加而线性增长。此外,星形角度的变化对耐撞性的影响相对较小,碰撞荷载效率和比吸能随着星形角度的增加表现出先增大后减小;当星形角度α=120°时,该管拥有最佳的耐撞性。

薄壁小径管环焊缝的数字射线检测

基于数字射线检测技术中数字图像的特点和窗宽窗位调整对数字图像显示效果的影响,在检测变截面工件时,提出了在正式检测前先对壁厚最薄处进行缺陷视觉的可分辨性验证以固化窗宽窗位的思路,并对铝合金薄壁小径管环焊缝进行检测,以验证该思路的有效性,同时探讨了固定垫片的工装板对薄壁小径管检测的影响,得到了特种工艺评审的认可。

星形混合多胞管在多种冲击角度下的耐撞性评估

基于混合截面的设计思路,针对星形混合多胞管(star-shaped hybrid multi-cell tube,SHMT)提出了10种截面设计方案。通过数值模拟的方式,深入分析了SHMT在多种冲击角度下的耐撞性。研究发现,混合截面的连接方式以及多边形边数均对星形混合多胞管的吸能性能产生重要影响。在轴向冲击下,采用顶点连接的SHMT(SHMT-V)对于多边形边数的变化较为敏感,八边形SHMT-V(SHMT-V8)的比吸能高达24.31 J/g,相比于四边形SHMT-V(SHMT-V4)提高了71.86%;采用中点连接的SHMT(SHMT-M)拥有更强的力学响应,其碰撞力性能比SHMT-V高30%以上。在斜向冲击下,SHMT的承载能力随着冲击角度的增加而减小,截面不同的SHMT的耐撞性能表现出较大的不确定性。采用优劣解距离法对SHMT的综合耐撞性进行了评估。结果表明,八边形SHMT-M(SHMT-M8)是最优的截面设计方案。研究成果可为薄壁结构的实际应用与耐撞性优化设计提供指导。

变截面薄壁空心高墩混凝土施工技术应用

采用盘扣式脚手架作为施工平台,在脚手架上围绕墩身设置盘绕上升式人行通道;内部空心位置采用可收缩式施工平台,利用塔吊或汽车吊提升平台;对于墩柱四角弧形结构采用变截面转角定型模板施工。对于墩柱模板安装过程中难以固定、难以校模、混凝土成型差等问题,采用竖向支撑装置支撑墩柱模板,有效防止了混凝土仓位之间产生错台。

地震成因探索

本文尝试以地史学和力学视角,探索地震成因和气候变化原因。分析地震成因,须研究地壳的运动规律、运动情况和受力情况;任何时期的地壳运动、地震,都主要由陆壳分合引发;现阶段的地壳运动、地震,主要是因冈瓦纳裂解(惯性,与地幔对流无关)。并非俯冲、地幔流动引发地壳运动,而是地壳运动引发俯冲、地幔流动。俯冲是因洋壳被动受压,而并非洋壳主动扩张。岩石圈破坏规律遵循“强度理论”[1],构造地震均发生于岩石圈的“危险点”或“危险截面”。古生代三次大灭绝和多次冰川活动、中生代早期全球干旱广布,均是因海西运动。日本岛、台湾省、菲律宾、郯庐断裂带等地震频发,华北岩石圈减薄、东亚大地幔楔、安的列斯弧、马里亚纳海沟、秘鲁海沟、智利海沟、东太平洋海丘、秘鲁寒流、厄尔尼诺现象等,均是因南美洲顺时针扭转(南美洲西海岸承受巨大扭力)。陆壳分合引发地壳形变、地热和水气调节,是全球气候变化、冰川消长的最主要原因。冰川形成,减弱寒冷和潮湿;冰川消融,减弱炎热和干旱。

腰神经根的薄层断面和CT解剖学研究

目的 阐明腰神经根在薄层断面和CT断面上椎间行程及周围结构的毗邻关系 ,为经皮激光椎间盘减压术的穿刺路径提供解剖学依据。方法 对中国首例可视化人体腰椎间隙数据集进行总结和分析 ,观察腰神经椎根间行程的形态及其周围毗邻结构。选择 5 3例经CT扫描无椎体和椎间盘病变的断面图像与薄层断面对照分析。结果 首例中国可视化人体腰椎间隙 ,共计 48层 ,每层厚度为 1.0mm ,每层断面所显示的腰神经根椎间行程及其周围结构清晰 ;CT图像清晰显示腰神经根椎间行程大小、形态及周围结构。结论 首例中国可视化人体腰神经根椎间行程部分为连续、完整的薄层断面标本 ,无节段性数据缺损 ,厚度均匀。腰神经根椎间走行和形态变化较大 ,穿刺路径与毗邻的腰神经根、上关节突、髂骨翼和血管等结构关系密切。

基于ABAQUS有限元模拟铝合金小弯曲半径的内压推弯成形

内侧起皱、外侧壁厚减薄及横截面畸变等是管材弯曲成形过程中主要缺陷,对于小半径弯曲成形的管材尤为严重。采用有限元技术对φ32 mm×1 mm的LF2M铝合金管材在1倍相对弯曲半径时的推弯成形过程进行了数值模拟,得到了内压力、管坯与凹模之间摩擦系数等工艺参数对管件成形质量影响规律。结果表明,合理增加管坯与凹模之间摩擦系数能降低壁厚减薄,同时内压大小对控制截面畸变有重要影响,在摩擦系数0.06和15MPa内压成形工艺参数时能得到较好成形效果。