Müller cells are activated in response to retinal outer nuclear layer degeneration in rats subjected to simulated weightlessness conditions

A microgravity environment has been shown to cause ocular damage and affect visual acuity,but the underlying mechanisms remain unclear.Therefore,we established an animal model of weightlessness via tail suspension to examine the pathological changes and molecular mechanisms of retinal damage under microgravity.After 4 weeks of tail suspension,there were no notable alterations in retinal function and morphology,while after 8 weeks of tail suspension,significant reductions in retinal function were observed,and the outer nuclear layer was thinner,with abundant apoptotic cells.To investigate the mechanism underlying the degenerative changes that occurred in the outer nuclear layer of the retina,proteomics was used to analyze differentially expressed proteins in rat retinas after 8 weeks of tail suspension.The results showed that the expression levels of fibroblast growth factor 2(also known as basic fibroblast growth factor)and glial fibrillary acidic protein,which are closely related to Müller cell activation,were significantly upregulated.In addition,Müller cell regeneration and Müller cell gliosis were observed after 4 and 8 weeks,respectively,of simulated weightlessness.These findings indicate that Müller cells play an important regulatory role in retinal outer nuclear layer degeneration during weightlessness.

Secondary metabolite credentials ofEvolvulus alsinoides by high performance thin layer chromatography(HPTLC)

Plants and plant-based products are the bases of many modern pharmaceuticals that are current in use today for various diseases.The aim of the study was to investigate the biochemical constituents and high performance thin layer chromatography（HPTLC） finger printing of the ethanolic extract of Evolvulus alsinoides.Phytochemical screening was done by standard procedures and HPTLC method was also established to analyze alkaloids,flavonoids and phenolic compounds from the ethanolic extract of Evolvulus alsinoides.Preliminary phytochemical screening showed that ethanol extracted more secondary metabolites than other solvents.HPTLC fingerprinting analysis showed the presence of various alkaloids,flavonoids and phenols（quercetin） in the ethanolic extract.It can be concluded that Evolvulus alsinoides may serve as a source of potent antioxidants that may be used in the prevention of various diseases such as cancer,diabetes and cardiovascular diseases due to the presence of phenolic compounds.HPTLC finger print of Evolvulus alsinoides may be useful in the differentiation of the species from adulterants and act as a biochemical marker for this medicinally important plant in the pharmaceutical industry and plant systematic studies.

Comparison of liquid-liquid extraction-thin layer chromatography with solid-phase extraction-high-performance thin layer chromatography in detection of urinary morphine

Liquid-liquid extraction-thin layer chromatography （LLE-TLC） has been a common and routine combined method for detection of drugs in biological materials. Solid-phase extraction （SPE） is gradually replacing the tra- ditional LLE method. High performance thin layer chromatography （HPTLC） has several advantages over TLC. The present work studied the higher efficiency of a new SPE-HPTLC method over that of a routine LLE-TLC method, in extraction and detection of urinary morphine. Fifty-eight urine samples, primarily identified as mor- phine-positive samples by a strip test, ＇were re-screened by LLE-TLC and SPE-HPTLC. The results of LLE-TLC and SPE-HPTLC were then compared with each other. The results showed that the SPE-HPTLC detected 74% of total samples as morphine-positive samples whereas the LLE-TLC detected 48% of the same samples. We further discussed the effect of codeine abuse on TLC analysis of urinary morphine. Regarding the importance of morphine detection in urine, the present combined SPE-HPTLC method is suggested as a replacement method for detection of urinary morphine by many reference laboratories.

Determination of Organic Acids in Root Exudates by High Performance Liquid Chromatography: I. Development and Assessment of Chromatographic Conditions *1

Methods for determining nine low molecular weight organic acids in root exudates were developed by using reversed phase high performance liquid chromatography with UV (ultraviolet) detection at 214 nm. The mobile phase was 18 mmol L -1 kH 2PO 4 adjusted to pH 2.25 with phosphoric acid and the flow rate was 0.3 mL min -1 . The analytical column was a reversed phase silica based C 18 column (Shim pack CLC ODS). The root exudates were collected through submerging the whole root system into aerated deionized water for 2 hours. The filtered exudate solutions were concentrated to dryness by rotary evaporation at 40 °C, dissolved in 10 mL mobile phase. The chromatographic conditions of organic acid determination were analyzed. The results showed that there was a high selectivity and sensitivity in the organic acid determination by reversed phase high performance liquid chromatography. Coefficients of variation for organic acid determination were lower than 10% except lactic acid. The recoveries were consistently between 80.1% to 108.3%. Detection limits were approximately 0.05 to 4.5 mg L -1 for organic acids except succinic acid with the detection limit of 7.0 mg L -1 . Phosphorus deficiency may contribute to the release of organic acids in soybean root exudates especially malic, lactic and citric acids.

Evaluation of quantitative variation of secondary metabolites in Bergenia ciliata(Haw.)using high performance thin layer chromatography

Dear Editor： Therapeutically active metabolite contents in a med- icinal plant vary in nature, which may impact on its therapeutic efficacy. Bergenia （Saxifragaceae） is an evergreen perennial herb widely distributed in Central and East Asia with about 30 species reported worldwide. It grows at a range of altitudes from the Khasia hills at 400 feet to the temperate Himalayas from Kashmir to Bhutan at 7,000-10,000 feet. Its distribution over a wide range of altitudinal zones makes it a good candidate for studying variations in its metabolic profiles under different climatic conditions. Bergenin （C-glycoside of 4-O-methyl gallic acid） has been identified as a potent active secondary metabolite in Bergenia and other therapeutically active constituents including, among others, gallic acid （3,4,5 trihydroxybenzoic acid）, （＋） catechin, and gallicin （Fig. 1）.

Study of Cuscuta chinensis Lam. in Nuhuang Fuzheng Oral Liquid by Thin Layer Chromatography

[Objectives] To better control the quality of Nuhuang Fuzheng Oral Liquid and study the main component Cuscuta chinensis Lam.by Thin Layer Chromatography. [Methods] Through changing the treatment methods of the test sample solution,proportion of the developing solvent and sample application volume,taking the spot resolution,definition,and Rf value,optimal Thin Layer Chromatography conditions were screened for Cuscuta chinensis Lam. [Results] After the test sample solution passing the neutral alumina column,it was extracted two times using the ethyl acetate. Methanol was added to dissolve. Benzene-ethyl acetate-formic acid( 5∶5∶2.5) was used as developing solvent.And ammonia fumigation was carried out to develop color. In the thin layer chromatograph obtained through these conditions,Nuhuang Fuzheng Oral Liquid test sample solution showed the same stripe in the same position of the control drug chromatogram and there was no obvious tailing phenomenon and the spot was clear. [Conclusions] The thin layer chromatography identification conditions can be used as the method for quality control of Cuscuta chinensis Lam. in Nuhuang Fuzheng Oral Liquid.

Application of Thin Layer Chromatography in Preparation of Drug Containing Serum of Eucalyptus Oil

[Objectives] To explore whether the thin layer chromatography( TLC) can be used to guide the preparation of drug containing serum of eucalyptus oil. [Methods]Eucalyptus oil samples with different dilution ratio were detected by TLC. Eucalyptus oil was intragastrically administered to mice,serum samples of different eucalyptus oil doses,different intragastric administration methods and different blood sampling times were collected. The above samples were detected by TLC,and the above results were verified by gas chromatography. [Results] TLC can detect concentration difference of eucalyptus oil samples with different dilution ratio. TLC can provide qualitative and semi-quantitative detection of eucalyptus oil in serum. High,medium and low dose of eucalyptus oil in serum had different effects on the growth of MCF-7 cells in the SD rats( P < 0. 05). [Conclusions] TLC can be used to guide the preparation of drug containing serum of eucalyptus oil.

DETERMINING THE CONTENT OF JASMINODIN IN MEI RONG CAPSULE WITH THIN LAYER CHROMATOGRAPHY

Objective Jasminodin in Mei Rong capsule was determined by the method or thin layer chromatog- raphy. Mothods The sample Jasminodin was extracted with methanol and then the extract was chromatographed on silica gel GF254 plate with chloroform-methanol-water(10:3:1) as mobile phase and the chromatograms were scanned by using Shimadzu CS-930 dual wavelength TLCS in zegzag scanning mode at λ_s 370nm and λR 250nm. Results Callbration graph was rectilinear between 2.7μg^16.2μg per spot for the jasminodin. Conclusion Satisfa- tory results were obtained with the average recovery ratio of 99.76%,RSD 2.27%.

Quality Evaluation of Leontopodium franchetii Beauv. from Different Localities Based on Moisture,Ash and Extract Contents and Thin-layer Chromatography

[Objectives] The aim was to determine the moisture,ash and extract contents in Leontopodium franchetii Beauv. from different localities. [Methods] The contents of moisture,total ash,acid-insoluble ash and extract in L. franchetii from different localities were determined according to the methods described in Chinese Pharmacopoeia( 2015 Edition). [Results] In the 10 samples,the contents of moisture were all less than or equal to 15. 0%; the contents of total ash were all below 12. 0%; and the contents of acid-insoluble ash were all less than 3. 0%. The contents of water-soluble extract( by cold-soaked extraction method) in the samples were all below 12. 0% except those from Hongyuan Prairie of Sichuan Province and Xinglong Mountain in Lanzhou City,Gansu Province. [Conclusions]The contents of the four indicators measured in this experiment varied by small margins,indicating that the quality was relatively stable. This study provides theoretical data for the revision of the quality standards for L. franchetii.

Separation of Amino Acids Based on Thin-Layer Chromatography by a Novel Quinazoline Based Anti-Microbial Agent

A newly designed quinazoline based compound, 6-pyridin-2-yl-5,6-dihydro-benzo[4,5]imidazo[1,2-c] quinazoline (PDBIQ) has shown the ability for the easy detection of nineteen amino acids on thin-layer chromatography plates as a spray reagent. This new reagent enabled to produce various distinguishable colors with amino acids with different RF values. The detection limits and the binding ability of PDBIQ with amino acids have been calculated. PDBIQ is also able to detect aminoacids from hydrolised seed protein. The title compound also exhibited profound inhibitory action against some gm (+ve) and gm (-ve) bacterial organisms. This paper deals with synthesis, spectroscopic application and biological evaluation of the organic moity.

Significantly Improved High-Temperature Energy Storage Performance of BOPP Films by Coating Nanoscale Inorganic Layer

Biaxially oriented polypropylene(BOPP)is one of the most commonly used commercial capacitor films,but its upper operating temperature is below 105℃due to the sharply increased electrical conduction loss at high temperature.In this study,growing an inorganic nanoscale coating layer onto the BOPP film's surface is proposed to suppress electrical conduction loss at high temperature,as well as increase its upper operating temperature.Four kinds of inorganic coating layers that have different energy band structure and dielectric property are grown onto the both surface of BOPP films,respectively.The effect of inorganic coating layer on the high-temperature energy storage performance has been systematically investigated.The favorable coating layer materials and appropriate thickness enable the BOPP films to have a significant improvement in high-temperature energy storage performance.Specifically,when the aluminum nitride(AIN)acts as a coating layer,the AIN-BOPP-AIN sandwich-structured films possess a discharged energy density of 1.5 J cm^(-3)with an efficiency of 90%at 125℃,accompanying an outstandingly cyclic property.Both the discharged energy density and operation temperature are significantly enhanced,indicating that this efficient and facile method provides an important reference to improve the high-temperature energy storage performance of polymer-based dielectric films.

Identification of Ethnic Medicine Polygonum capitatum by Thin Layer Chromatography

[Objectives]To establish a thin-layer chromatography identification method for the ethnic medicinal materials of Polygonum capitatum.[Methods]The thin layer chromatography(TLC)method was used to identify materials.[Results]The TLC identification showed that in the chromatogram of the test sample,there were spots of the same color in the corresponding position of the chromatogram of the reference medicinal material,and the reproducibility was good.[Conclusions]The TLC identification and the determination results of the inspection items can provide a basis for the quality control of the medicinal materials of P.capitatum.

Preparation Process and Thin Layer Chromatography Identification of Wufang Babu Poultice

[Objectives] To establish the process flow of preparation of Wufang Babu Poultice and the identification method of thin layer chromatography (TLC). [Methods] For the forming process of Wufang Babu Poultice, the preparation method of mixed pharmaceutical powder with suitable pharmaceutical excipients was adopted. Qualitative identification of medicinal materials in Wufang Babu Poultice (Strychni Semen, Rhei Radix Et Rhizoma, Dipsaci Radix, and Angelicae Sinensis Radix) was carried out by TLC. [Results] Mixed pharmaceutical powder mixed with glycerol, gelatin and other pharmaceutical excipients can be prepared for forming. The test solution chromatography of each medicinal material (Strychni Semen, Rhei Radix et Rhizoma, Dipsaci Radix, Angelicae Sinensis Radix) showed pigment spots of the same color at the same position as its corresponding control medicinal materials and reference chromatography, and the display was clear. [Conclusions] The preparation process is simple and feasible, and can be used as the forming process of Wufang Babu Poultice. The TLC determination method is simple to operate, has good specificity, and has no effect on negative results, and can be used for identification of Wufang Babu Poultice.

Novelties Filtration Theory of Liquid Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry in Volume Nanotube of Cotton Filament of Layers Woven Fabrics

Objectives of the research to present a modern theory of water purification for multiple purposes entitled “a novelties filtration theory of liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry” is an exceedingly sensitive and specific analytical technique in volume layers woven fabrics that can precisely determine the identities and quantities of compounds within volume Nanotube of cotton filament of layers woven fabrics. The problems are that the filters in the local and international markets have increased complications in configuration, installation and cost without reaching the efficiency that humanity hopes. Throw materials and methods the chromatography-mass spectrometry in layers woven fabrics, and throw the nanotube of cotton filament for purification of water dyes and smells. Industry, in which mass spectrometry is a convenient, versatile method for characterization and identification of process throw the Nanotube of cotton filament for purification of water dyes and smells. Results came up with a theme “innovations in textiles”, and also, for characterization of fibers and contaminants of the fabrics. Additive manufacturing in layers woven fabrics, are the processes used to synthesize a volume object under computer control with successive material layers that have been used and highlighted. The conclusions has included chromatography-mass spectrometry drop, physico-chemical, biological, combined physical-biological and chemical-biological treatment processes recently being developed to meet Jet-filtration, the strict discharging limits set by ASTM standards. Some important aspects of both qualitative and quantitative data analysis have been described and the power of using mass profiles to enhance selectivity and sensitivity has been demonstrated.

Layered Structural PBAT Composite Foams for Efficient Electromagnetic Interference Shielding

The utilization of eco-friendly,lightweight,high-efficiency and high-absorbing electromagnetic interference(EMI)shielding composites is imperative in light of the worldwide promotion of sustainable manufacturing.In this work,magnetic poly(butyleneadipate-coterephthalate)(PBAT)microspheres were firstly synthesized via phase separation method,then PBAT composite foams with layered structure was constructed through the supercritical carbon dioxide foaming and scraping techniques.The merits of integrating ferroferric oxideloaded multi-walled carbon nanotubes(Fe3O4@MWCNTs)nanoparticles,a microcellular framework,and a highly conductive silver layer have been judiciously orchestrated within this distinctive layered configuration.Microwaves are consumed throughout the process of“absorption-reflection-reabsorption”as much as possible,which greatly declines the secondary radiation pollution.The biodegradable PBAT composite foams achieved an EMI shielding effectiveness of up to 68 dB and an absorptivity of 77%,and authenticated favorable stabilization after the tape adhesion experiment.

High‑Entropy Layered Oxide Cathode Enabling High‑Rate for Solid‑State Sodium‑Ion Batteries

Na-ion O3-type layered oxides are prospective cathodes for Na-ion batteries due to high energy density and low-cost.Nevertheless,such cathodes usually suffer from phase transitions,sluggish kinetics and air instability,making it difficult to achieve high performance solid-state sodium-ion batteries.Herein,the high-entropy design and Li doping strategy alleviate lattice stress and enhance ionic conductivity,achieving high-rate performance,air stability and electrochemically thermal stability for Na_(0.95)Li_(0.06)Ni_(0.25)Cu_(0.05)Fe_(0.15)Mn_(0.49)O_(2).This cathode delivers a high reversible capacity(141 mAh g^(−1)at 0.2C),excellent rate capability(111 mAh g^(−1)at 8C,85 mAh g^(−1)even at 20C),and long-term stability(over 85%capacity retention after 1000 cycles),which is attributed to a rapid and reversible O3–P3 phase transition in regions of low voltage and suppresses phase transition.Moreover,the compound remains unchanged over seven days and keeps thermal stability until 279℃.Remarkably,the polymer solid-state sodium battery assembled by this cathode provides a capacity of 92 mAh g^(−1)at 5C and keeps retention of 96%after 400 cycles.This strategy inspires more rational designs and could be applied to a series of O3 cathodes to improve the performance of solid-state Na-ion batteries.

Stability indicating high performance thin-layer chromatographic method for simultaneous estimation of pantoprazole sodium and itopride hydrochloride in combined dosage form

A specific, precise and stability indicating high-performance thin-layer chromatographic method for simultaneous estimation of pantoprazole sodium and itopride hydrochloride in pharmaceutical formulations was developed and validated. The method employed TLC aluminium plates precoated with silica gel 60F254 as the stationary phase. The solvent system consisted of methanol：water：ammonium acetate; 4.0：1.0：0.5 （v/v/v）. This system was found to give compact and dense spots for both itopride hydrochloride （Rf value of 0.55__＋0.02） and pantoprazole sodium （Rf value of 0.85＋0.04）. Densitometric analysis of both drugs was carried out in the reflectance- absorbance mode at 289 nm. The linear regression analysis data for the calibration plots showed a good linear relationship with R2=0.9988___0.0012 in the concentration range of 100--400 ng for pantoprazole sodium. Also, the linear regression analysis data for the calibration plots showed a good linear relationship with R2=0.9990_＋0.0008 in the concentration range of 200-1200 ng for itopride hydrochloride. The method was validated for specificity, precision, robustness and recovery. Statistical analysis proves that the method is repeatable and selective for the estimation of both the said drugs. As the method could effectively separate the drug from its degradation products, it can be employed as a stability indicating method.

Difficulties, strategies, and recent research and development of layered sodium transition metal oxide cathode materials for high-energy sodium-ion batteries

Energy-storage systems and their production have attracted significant interest for practical applications.Batteries are the foundation of sustainable energy sources for electric vehicles(EVs),portable electronic devices(PEDs),etc.In recent decades,Lithium-ion batteries(LIBs) have been extensively utilized in largescale energy storage devices owing to their long cycle life and high energy density.However,the high cost and limited availability of Li are the two main obstacles for LIBs.In this regard,sodium-ion batteries(SIBs) are attractive alternatives to LIBs for large-scale energy storage systems because of the abundance and low cost of sodium materials.Cathode is one of the most important components in the battery,which limits cost and performance of a battery.Among the classified cathode structures,layered structure materials have attracted attention because of their high ionic conductivity,fast diffusion rate,and high specific capacity.Here,we present a comprehensive review of the classification of layered structures and the preparation of layered materials.Furthermore,the review article discusses extensively about the issues of the layered materials,namely(1) electrochemical degradation,(2) irreversible structural changes,and(3) structural instability,and also it provides strategies to overcome the issues such as elemental phase composition,a small amount of elemental doping,structural design,and surface alteration for emerging SIBs.In addition,the article discusses about the recent research development on layered unary,binary,ternary,quaternary,quinary,and senary-based O3-and P2-type cathode materials for high-energy SIBs.This review article provides useful information for the development of high-energy layered sodium transition metal oxide P2 and O3-cathode materials for practical SIBs.

Influence of layer thickness on formation quality,microstructure,mechanical properties,and corrosion resistance of WE43 magnesium alloy fabricated by laser powder bed fusion

Laser powder bed fusion(L-PBF)of Mg alloys has provided tremendous opportunities for customized production of aeronautical and medical parts.Layer thickness(LT)is of great significance to the L-PBF process but has not been studied for Mg alloys.In this study,WE43 Mg alloy bulk cubes,porous scaffolds,and thin walls with layer thicknesses of 10,20,30,and 40μm were fabricated.The required laser energy input increased with increasing layer thickness and was different for the bulk cubes and porous scaffolds.Porosity tended to occur at the connection joints in porous scaffolds for LT40 and could be eliminated by reducing the laser energy input.For thin wall parts,a large overhang angle or a small wall thickness resulted in porosity when a large layer thicknesses was used,and the porosity disappeared by reducing the layer thickness or laser energy input.A deeper keyhole penetration was found in all occasions with porosity,explaining the influence of layer thickness,geometrical structure,and laser energy input on the porosity.All the samples achieved a high fusion quality with a relative density of over 99.5%using the optimized laser energy input.The increased layer thickness resulted to more precipitation phases,finer grain sizes and decreased grain texture.With the similar high fusion quality,the tensile strength and elongation of bulk samples were significantly improved from 257 MPa and 1.41%with the 10μm layer to 287 MPa and 15.12%with the 40μm layer,in accordance with the microstructural change.The effect of layer thickness on the compressive properties of porous scaffolds was limited.However,the corrosion rate of bulk samples accelerated with increasing the layer thickness,mainly attributed to the increased number of precipitation phases.

Investigation of anisotropic strength criteria for layered rock mass

Layered rock mass is a type of engineering rock mass with sound mechanical anisotropy,which is generally unfavorable to the stability of underground works.To investigate the strength anisotropy of layered rock,the Mohr-Coulomb and Hoek-Brown criteria are introduced to establish the two transverse isotropic strength criteria based on Jaeger's single weak plane theory and maximum axial strain theory,and parameter determination methods.Furthermore,the sensitivity of strength parameters(K 1,K 2,and K 3)that are used to characterize the anisotropy strength of non-sliding failure involved in the strength criteria and confining pressure are investigated.The results demonstrate that strength parameters K 1 and K 2 affect the strength of layered rock samples at all bedding angles except for the bedding angle of 90°and the angle range that can cause the shear sliding failure along the bedding plane.The strength of samples at any bedding angle decreases with increasing K 1,whereas the opposite is for K 2.Except for bedding angles of 0°and 90°and the bedding angle range that can cause the shear sliding along the bedding plane,K 3 has an impact on the strength of rock samples with other bedding angles that the specimens'strength increases with increase of K 3.In addition,the strength of the rock sample increases as confining pressure rises.Furthermore,the uniaxial and triaxial tests of chlorite schist samples were carried out to verify and evaluate the strength criteria proposed in the paper.It shows that the predicted strength is in good agreement with the experimental results.To test the applicability of the strength criterion,the strength data of several types of rock in the literature are compared.Finally,a comparison is made between the fitting effects of the two strength criteria and other available criteria for layered rocks.