Characteristics and main controlling factors of intra-platform shoal thin-layer dolomite reservoirs:A case study of Middle Permian Qixia Formation in Gaoshiti-Moxi area of Sichuan Basin,SW China

Based on the study of the distribution of intra-platform shoals and the characteristics of dolomite reservoirs in the Middle Permian Qixia Formation in the Gaoshiti–Moxi area of the Sichuan Basin,SW China,the controlling factors of reservoir development were analyzed,and the formation model of“intra-platform shoal thin-layer dolomite reservoir”was established.The Qixia Formation is a regressive cycle from bottom to top,in which the first member(Qi1 Member)develops low-energy open sea microfacies,and the second member(Qi2 Member)evolves into intra-platform shoal and inter-shoal sea with decreases in sea level.The intra-platform shoal is mainly distributed near the top of two secondary shallowing cycles of the Qi2 Member.The most important reservoir rock of the Qixia Formation is thin-layer fractured-vuggy dolomite,followed by vuggy dolomite.The semi-filled saddle dolomite is common in fracture-vug,and intercrystalline pores and residual dissolution pores combined with fractures to form the effective pore-fracture network.Based on the coupling analysis of sedimentary and diagenesis characteristics,the reservoir formation model of“pre-depositional micro-paleogeomorphology controlling shoal,sedimentary shoal controlling dolomite,penecontemporaneous dolomite benefiting preservation of pores,and late hydrothermal action effectively improving reservoir quality”was systematically established.The“first-order high zone”micro-paleogeomorphology before the deposition of the Qixia Formation controlled the development of large area of intra-platform shoals in Gaoshiti area during the deposition of the Qi2 Member.Shoal facies is the basic condition of early dolomitization,and the distribution range of intra-platform shoal and dolomite reservoir is highly consistent.The grain limestone of shoal facies is transformed by two stages of dolomitization.The penecontemporaneous dolomitization is conducive to the preservation of primary pores and secondary dissolved pores.The burial hydrothermal fluid enters the early dolomite body along the fractures associated with the Emeishan basalt event,makes it recrystallized into medium–coarse crystal dolomite.With the intercrystalline pores and the residual vugs after the hydrothermal dissolution along the fractures,the high-quality intra-platform shoal-type thin-layer dolomite reservoirs are formed.The establishment of this reservoir formation model can provide important theoretical support for the sustainable development of Permian gas reservoirs in the Sichuan Basin.

Photothermal-photocatalytic thin-layer flow system for synergistic treatment of wastewater

The integration of the photocatalytic effect into solar steam is highly desirable for addressing freshwater shortages and water pollution.Here,a ternary film structure for the adsorption and photothermal and photocatalytic treatment of wastewater was designed by combining the technique of self-assembled carbon nano paper with a nitrogen composite titanium dioxide(N-TiO_(2))deposited on the surface of carbon nanotubes(CNT)using polyvinylidene fluoride(PVDF)as a substrate.The photogeneration of reactive oxygen species can be promoted by rapid oxygen diffusion at the three-phase interface,whereas the interfacial photothermal effect promotes subsequent free radical reactions for the degradation of rhodamine B(93%).The freshwater evaporation rate is 1.35 kg·m^(-2)·h^(-1)and the solar-to-water evaporation efficiency is 94%.Importantly,the N-TiO_(2)/CNT/PVDF(N-TCP)film not only effectively resists mechanical damage from the environment and maintains structural integrity,but can also be made into a large film for outdoor experiments in a large solar energy conversion device to collect fresh water from polluted water and degrade organic dyes in source water simultaneously,opening the way for applications in energy conversion and storage.

A review of SAGD technology development and its possible application potential on thin-layer super-heavy oil reservoirs

Super-heavy oil is a significant unconventional energy source,and more than 30 years of research have shown that steam-assisted gravity drainage(SAGD)technology is suitable for thick super-heavy oil reservoirs.Recently,more and more thin-layer super-heavy oil reservoirs have been discovered in China,while their deep buried depth and serous heterogeneity make the existing SAGD technology difficult to apply,so it is urgent to improve the existing SAGD technology for the thin-layer super-heavy oil.To this end,this paper focuses on the enlightenment of field application in SAGD technology.Firstly,based on typical SAGD field projects,the development history of SAGD technology in the world was reviewed,and the influence of reservoir physical properties on the application of SAGD technology in thin-layer superheavy oil reservoirs was analyzed.Secondly,the well pattern,wellbore structure,pre-heating,artificial lift,and monitor technique of SAGD were detailed described,and their adjustment direction was expounded for the development of thin-layer super-heavy oil reservoirs.Lastly,the gas-and solventassistant SAGD were comprehensively evaluated,and their application potential in thin-layer superheavy oil reservoirs was studied.The research results can provide theoretical guidance for the application of SAGD technology in thin-layer super-heavy oil reservoirs.

APPLICATIONS AND MANUFACTURE OF THE MICROSCALE LONG-OPTICAL-PATH ELECTROCHEMICAL CELL WITH A PLUG-IN THIN-LAYER ELECTRODE

The construction and characteristics of a microscale long-optical-path electrochemi- cal cell with a plug-in thin-layer electrode are described.Using ferricyanide as the test species,the thermodynamic parameters of electron transfer processes are determined at car- bon,plantinum,and gold electrodes.

Simple and Rapid Thin-layer Chromatography Method for Quantitative Measurement of Free Cholesterol in Serum

ABSTRACT A quantitative method for the assay of free cholesterol has been described in this paper. The experimental conditions for the determination of cholesterol in serum by Thin-layer chromatography were disscused. The solvent System was petroleum ether-ethyl acetate-glacial acetic acid (8o:20:1) and the spra-ying reagent was a solution of sulphuric acid and vanillin. Under the selected con-ditions, the peak area was linearly related to the cholesterol amount for the range between 80～700 ng per spot. The intraplate and interplate coefficients were 2.4% and 7.4% respectively. The recovery of cholesterol was 101.6%. The method presented was simple, rapid and accurate. The results of experi-mental investigation and clinical application were satisfactory.

A Reflectance Thin-layer Spectro-electrochemical Method

IntroduCtion Speetroeleetroehemieal measurement 15 simultaneously to determine theeleetroehemieal and speetral

Immunocytochemical examination of PTEN and Ki-67 for endometrial carcinoma using thin-layer endometrial preparations

The current study is designed to evaluate certain immunocytochemical(ICC)biomarkers to gain a better cytodiagnosis.For this purpose,85 patients from March 2016 to March 2019 who planned to get a hysteroscopy assay were recruited.Cytological sampling was conducted by scratching the uterus cavity using SAP-1,and the samples were processed as liquid-based smears,using SurePath technology.36 patients diagnosed with EC or atypical endometrial hyperplasia were recruited in this study.33 cases were diagnosed with EC,and 3 cases were diagnosed with atypical endometrial hyperplasia,allocated with EC or precancerous lesions group.26 cases were diagnosed with benign lesions group.Among these cases,9 cases were diagnosed with endometrial simple hyperplasia,2 cases were diagnosed with complicated hyperplasia,5 cases were diagnosed with an irregular proliferation of endometrium and 10 cases were diagnosed with endometrial polyps.There were 23 cases in the healthy group.Staining in thin-layer endometrial preparations by ICC and using H-score or counting the percentage of stained cells.The presentation of PTEN in normal endometrium,benign lesions,and EC/precancerous lesions were different(p<0.01).Taking the cut-off value of 50(Youden’s index:0.698)PTEN expression for the diagnosis of EC/precancerous lesion,the sensitivity and specificity were 83.7%and 86.1%.The presentation of Ki-67 in normal endometrium,benign lesions,and EC/precancerous lesions were different(p<0.01).Taking the cut-off value of 15%(Youden’s index:0.76)Ki-67 expression for the diagnosis of EC/precancerous lesion,the sensitivity and specificity were 94.4%and 81.6%.In this study,the use of different cut-off values for Ki-67 and PTEN helped differentiate endometrial lesions.Immunocytochemistry in the ECT detection of PTEN and Ki-67 can improve the diagnostic capabilities of endometrial cancer and precancerous lesions.

An electromagnetic wave attenuation superposition structure for thin-layer plasma

This work proposes a new plasma super-phase gradient metasurfaces(PS-PGMs)structure,owing to the limitations of the thin-layer plasma for electromagnetic wave attenuation.Based on the cross-shaped surface unit configuration,we have designed the X-band absorbing structure through the dispersion control method.By setting up the Drude dispersion model in the computer simulation technology,the designed phase gradient metasurfaces structure is superposed over the plasma,and the PS-PGMs structure is constructed.The electromagnetic scattering characteristics of the new structure have been simulated,and the reflectance measurement has been carried out to verify the absorbing effect.The results demonstrate that the attenuation effect of the new structure is superior to that of the pure plasma structure,which invokes an improved attenuation effect from the thin layer plasma,thus enhancing the feasibility of applying the plasma stealth technology to the local stealth of the strong scattering part of a combat aircraft.

Quality Evaluation of Leontopodium franchetii Beauv. from Different Localities Based on Moisture,Ash and Extract Contents and Thin-layer Chromatography

[Objectives] The aim was to determine the moisture,ash and extract contents in Leontopodium franchetii Beauv. from different localities. [Methods] The contents of moisture,total ash,acid-insoluble ash and extract in L. franchetii from different localities were determined according to the methods described in Chinese Pharmacopoeia( 2015 Edition). [Results] In the 10 samples,the contents of moisture were all less than or equal to 15. 0%; the contents of total ash were all below 12. 0%; and the contents of acid-insoluble ash were all less than 3. 0%. The contents of water-soluble extract( by cold-soaked extraction method) in the samples were all below 12. 0% except those from Hongyuan Prairie of Sichuan Province and Xinglong Mountain in Lanzhou City,Gansu Province. [Conclusions]The contents of the four indicators measured in this experiment varied by small margins,indicating that the quality was relatively stable. This study provides theoretical data for the revision of the quality standards for L. franchetii.

Thin-layer Spectroelectrochemistry of 3,3′,5,5′-Tetramethyl-benzidine on Pt Minigrid Optically Transparent Electrode

The electrooxidation behavior of 3, 3′,5, 5′-tetramethylbenzidine(TMB) was investigated using a platinum minigrid optically transparent thin-layer spectroelectrochemical cell. TMB underwent one two-electron electrooxidation process to yield quinonediimine in the pH range from 2.0 to < 4.0, and two consecutive one-electron electrooxidation processes, gave the mediate product free radical of TMB first, then gave the oxidation product quinonediimine in the pH range from 4.0 to < 7.0. In the pH range from 7.0 to 10.0, the electrooxidation of TMB was also one two-electron electrooxidation process to yield an azo compound. The formal potential E0'and the electron transfer number of the electrooxidation of TMB at pH 2.0 and pH 8.4 were determined by spectroelectrochemical techniques.

Thin-layer Identification,Extraction Process and Content Determination of Chlorogenic Acid in Laggera alata(D.Don)Sch.Bip.ex Oliv.

[Objectives]This paper aims to establish thin-layer identification and content determination method for Laggera alata(D.Don)Sch.Bip.ex Oliv.with chlorogenic acid as the index component and compare the content of chlorogenic acid in L.alata from different places in Guangxi.[Methods]Silica gel GF254 thin-layer plate was used for identification under an ultraviolet lamp(365 nm),with butyl acetate-formic acid-water(V∶V∶V=7∶2.5∶2.5)as a developing agent.The content of chlorogenic acid was determined under the following chromatographic conditions:column,Inertsil ODS-3 C18 column(4.60 mm×250 mm,5μm);mobile phase,methanol-0.1%phosphoric acid(28∶72);detection wavelength,329 nm;flow rate,1.0 mL/min;column temperature,25℃;and injection volume,10μL.[Results]Chlorogenic acid can be detected by thin layer chromatography with clear spot and good specificity.Chlorogenic acid showed a good linear relationship in the injection amount range of 0.099-0.99μg(R^(2)=0.9999).The content of chlorogenic acid in L.alata varied greatly among the 10 different producing areas in Guangxi.L.alata produced in Dee Township,Longlin,Baise,Guangxi showed the highest chlorogenic acid content,and that produced in Shangsi County and Pingle County showed the lowest chlorogenic acid content.[Conclusions]This method can effectively identify L.alata and accurately determine the content of chlorogenic acid,thereby providing a scientific basis for the development and utilization of L.alata resources.

Separation of Amino Acids Based on Thin-Layer Chromatography by a Novel Quinazoline Based Anti-Microbial Agent

A newly designed quinazoline based compound, 6-pyridin-2-yl-5,6-dihydro-benzo[4,5]imidazo[1,2-c] quinazoline (PDBIQ) has shown the ability for the easy detection of nineteen amino acids on thin-layer chromatography plates as a spray reagent. This new reagent enabled to produce various distinguishable colors with amino acids with different RF values. The detection limits and the binding ability of PDBIQ with amino acids have been calculated. PDBIQ is also able to detect aminoacids from hydrolised seed protein. The title compound also exhibited profound inhibitory action against some gm (+ve) and gm (-ve) bacterial organisms. This paper deals with synthesis, spectroscopic application and biological evaluation of the organic moity.

Thin-Layer Chromatographic Separation of Amino Acid Enantiomers using Ligand Exchange

Silica gel thin-layer plates covered with L-arginine and copper acetate were used for the separation of amino acid enantiomers, The chromatographic selectivity and the effects of plate different preparation methods, sample molecular structure and solvent compositions on resolution performance were also discussed.

THE STUDY OF PHARMACEUTICALS BY THIN-LAYER SPECTROELECTROCHEMISTRY(I)——THE REDOX MECHANISM OF NITROFURAZONE

The electrochemical behavior of nitrofurazone in dimethylformamide has been studied by cyclic voltammetry and in-situ thin-layer spectroelectrochemistry.The redox reactions are complicated at platinium electrode,and a possible electrochemical mechanism of nitrofurazone is proposed.

IN-SITU DISTANCE RESOLVED OPTICALLY TRANSPARENT THIN-LAYER MICROSCOPIC FTIR SPECTROELECTROCEMISTRY.ESTIMATION OF THE ELECTROCHEMICAL CONCENTRATION-DISTANCE PROFILE

An in-situ optically transparent thin-layer microscopic FTIR spectroelectro- chemical cell was constructed.Using this cell,we characterize a concentration-distance profile in the electrochemical diffusion thin-layer by in-situ adjusting the focal point at different distances to the electrode surface.

ANALYSIS OF HUMAN PLACENTA BY ^(31)P NUCLEAR MAGNETIC RESONANCE AND THIN-LAYER CHROMATOGRAPHY SCANNING COMBINED WITH THE CORRECTIVE METHOD OF ABSORBANCE PROPORTIONAL COEFFICIENT

Five phospholipids in human placenta were determined by phosphorus 31 nuclear magnetic resonance(^(31)P NMR)spectroscopy and thin-layer chromatography(TLC) scanning combined with the corrective method of absorbance proportional coefficient. The NMR spectrometer used this investigation was a Bruker AM-500 spectrometer operating at 202.4 MHz for ^(31)P chemical shifts are relative to 85% phosphoric acid. TIC was carried out by silica gel H plate developed in chloroform-methanol-glacial acetic acid-ethanol-water(25:4:6:2:0.5),with Vaskovsky reagent as colour -developing agent of phospholipids.

ANALYSIS OF STRYCHNINE ALKALOIDS IN BIOLOGICAL SAMPLES BY THIN-LAYER CHROMATOGRAPHIC DENSITOMETRY AND DISTRIBUTION STUDY OF STRYCHNINE IN INTOXICATED RATS

A sensitive and rapid analytical procedure was established to detrmine strychnie alkaloids in diverse biological specimens. Samples were treated with hydrochloric acid to precipitate protein and scanned in thin-layer chromatograpic scanner in zig-zag dual-wavelength reflection mode.Detection sensitivity for strychniue was about 0. 05 μg. Quantification recoveries were between89. 2% and 99. 5% with RSD between 2. 92% and 13. 21 %. The method was applied to investigate thedistribution or strychnine in intoxicated rats. The results showed that there were remarkable difference in organs or tissues with the aigaest concentration 4. 56±1. 41μg/g in liver. Diversification experiment proves the method also could be used to analyze other alkaloids in biological samples if theconditions slightly modified.

Bio-screening and quantification of methyl paraben in vinegar and coconut juice separated by HPTLC

As a widely used food preservative,methyl paraben was experimentally evidenced with serious hormonelike adverse effects.Herein,a high performance thin-layer chromatography platformed bioluminescent bioautography and image analysis for the selective quantification and confirmation of methyl paraben was proposed and validated in vinegar and coconut juice.First,the detectability of the bioautography to the analyte on different layer materials was estimated,revealing that normal silica gel was the best choice.After that,the liquid of sample extract and working solution were separated to overcome the background noises due to co-extracted matrices.The separation result was then coupled to the optimized bioautography,enabling instant and straightforward screening of the targeted conpound.For accurate quantification,bioluninescent inhibition pattern caused by the analyte was processed by image analysis,giving useful sensitivity(LOD>16 mg/kg),precision(RSD<10.1%)and accuracy(spike-recovery rate 76.9%-112.2%).Finally,the suspected result was confirmed by determining its MS fingerprint,further strengthening the reliability of screening.

Methods for in vitro evaluating antimicrobial activity： A review

In recent years, there has been a growing interest in researching and developing new antimicrobial agents from various sources to combat microbial resistance. Therefore, a greater attention has been paid to antimicrobial activity screening and evaluating methods. Several bioassays such as disk-diffusion, well diffusion and broth or agar dilution are well known and commonly used, but others such as flow cy- tofluorometric and bioluminescent methods are not widely used because they require specified equip- ment and further evaluation for reproducibility and standardization, even if they can provide rapid re- sults of the antimicrobial agent＇s effects and a better understanding of their impact on the viability and cell damage inflicted to the tested microorganism. In this review article, an exhaustive list of in vitro antimicrobial susceptibility testing methods and detailed information on their advantages and limita- tions are reported.

Combination Patterns and Depositional Characteristics of Ordovician Carbonate Banks in the Western Tarim Basin,China

The combination patterns and depositional characteristics of the carbonate banks are investigated based on outcrop sections, thin sections, and carbon isotopes of Ordovician in the western Tarim Basin, China. Four carbonate bank combination patterns are deposited in the Ordovician, western Tarim Basin, including： Reef-Bank Complex （RBC）, Algae-Reef-Bank Interbed （ARBI）, Thick-Layer Cake Aggradation Bank （TLCAB）, and Thin-Layer Cake Retrogradation Bank （TLCRB）. All combination patterns show clear periods vertically. The RBC is mainly composed of reefs and bioclastic banks, and the dimension of the RBC depends on the scale of the reefs. Bioclastic banks deposits surround the reefs. The range of the ARBI is determined by the scale of algae-reefs, algae peloid dolomite microfacies and algal dolomite microfacies deposit alternating vertically. TLCAB and TLCRB are deposited as layer-cakes stacking in cycles and extending widely with cross bedding developed. The grains of TLCAB and TLCRB are diverse and multi-source. With the impacting of relative sea level change, biological development and geomorphology, the ARBI, TLCAB or TLCRB, RBC are successively developed from the Lower Ordovician Penglaiba Formation to the Middle Ordovician Yijianfang Formation. The depositional environment analysis of Ordovician indicates that the RBC and ARBI can form effective oil and gas reservoirs, and the TLCAB and TLCRB have the potential to form the huge scale oil and gas reservoirs and to be the crucial targets of exploration for the Ordovician carbonate banks in the future.