Billings生育调节法应用于哺乳期妇女的临床实验研究

近年来，我国响应世界卫生组织和联合国儿童基金会的号召，为实现产后４～６个月内完全母乳喂养率达８０％的总目标而努力。文献报道完全母乳喂养并处于闭经阶段４～６个月内，采用生育调控法，其避孕效果可达９８％［１］。我院在１９９５年建立了爱婴医院，为了保护婴儿...

稽留流产、葡萄胎妇女使用Billings法避孕效果观察

目的:观察稽留流产和葡萄胎妇女刮宫术后采用Billings法避孕的效果。方法:观察组46例,为我院住院治疗的稽留流产和葡萄胎行刮宫术后采用Billings法避孕者,同时随机抽取我院Billings门诊避孕的妇女92例为对照组,观察两组对象24个月内的停用率、续用率和意外妊娠率。结果:138例妇女共观察1501个妇女月,24个月内观察组除6例计划妊娠外,无停用和意外妊娠者,净累积续用率86.95%。对照组24个月内停用17例(18.47%),意外妊娠1例(1.08%),净累积续用率81.52%。结论:稽留流产、葡萄胎妇女采用Billings法避孕,效果良好,值得推荐应用。

Billings排卵法在避孕与受孕的应用研究

为了探讨Ｂｉｌｌｉｎｇｓ排卵法的可应用性，对１７５例妇女应用Ｂｉｌｌｉｎｇｓ排卵法调节生育进行了观察。其中避孕（Ａ组）１５５例，受孕（Ｂ组）２０例，共观察１１３３个月经周期。结果表明：Ａ组与方法有关的妊娠率为０．１％，避孕有效率为９８，８％妇女年；Ｂ组受孕成功率为９０．Ｏ％。本方法不受文化、职业限制。３个月经周期内学会使用者为８６．３％，认为使用方便者９４．９％，坚持应用者９３，７％。认为Ｂｉｌｌｉｎｇｓ排卵法是一种方便、易学、安全、可靠的人类生殖调节技术。

上海市688对育龄夫妇连续使用Billings自然避孕法的临床效果观察及实验研究

本研究在1988,6～1990,5的两年间,对688对育龄夫妇进行了连续使用Billings 法的避孕效果与续用情况的观察,共10,275个妇女月;其中,550对夫妇连续使用12个月以上。用生命表统计分析,18个月和12个月时净累积停用率分别为34.58%和19.85%,续用率分别为65.42%和80.15%(因方法学意外妊娠分别为1.18%和1.02%,因方法学停用分别为2.84%和1.61%)。在观察临床效果的同时,对67例使用该法的志愿者进行阴道脱落细胞学检查,10例血、尿LH 和35例尿雌、孕激素测定。本文还对两年来临床观察和实验研究的多个方面进行了讨论,并认为该法值得进一步研究,可有组织、有计划地逐步扩大应用。

Billings自然避孕法作为计划生育措施的临床初试

113名育龄妇女根据不同要求用Billings自然避孕法作为计划生育措施,共428个周期;其中要求避孕及延缓受孕76名,避孕成功率为92.59%(妇女年)。本法安全、有效、简便、经济,对自愿暂缓生育的新婚夫妇及不适应现有避孕方法的夫妇更为适用,也能为不同文化程度的人所接受,是一种值得进一步研究、逐步推广应用的计划生育措施。

Blockchain and MEC-Assisted Reliable Billing Data Transmission over Electric Vehicular Network:An Actor–Critic RL Approach

Recently,electric vehicles(EVs)have been widely used under the call of green travel and environmental protection,and diverse requirements for charging are also increasing gradually.In order to ensure the authenticity and privacy of charging information interaction,blockchain technology is proposed and applied in charging station billing systems.However,there are some issues in blockchain itself,including lower computing efficiency of the nodes and higher energy consumption in the consensus process.To handle the above issues,in this paper,combining blockchain and mobile edge computing(MEC),we develop a reliable billing data transmission scheme to improve the computing capacity of nodes and reduce the energy consumption of the consensus process.By jointly optimizing the primary and replica nodes offloading decisions,block size and block interval,the transaction throughput of the blockchain system is maximized,as well as the latency and energy consumption of the system are minimized.Moreover,we formulate the joint optimization problem as a Markov decision process(MDP).To tackle the dynamic and continuity of the system state,the reinforcement learning(RL)is introduced to solve the MDP problem.Finally,simulation results demonstrate that the performance improvement of the proposed scheme through comparison with other existing schemes.

Billings自然避孕法应用中阴道细胞形态及LH水平观察

本文报道应用Billings自然避孕法时观察宫颈粘液和阴道细胞学的关系。67名妇女70周期提供了1587张阴道涂片,每例阴道涂片均显示乳酸杆菌及排卵型图象。KP1峰日在粘液峰日前后两天范围内的共有62周期,占88.6%,KP1峰日在粘液峰日后为0.01天。KP1峰日前共有粘液日为4.69天。10名妇女提供血和尿标本作血清LH 放射免疫及尿LH酶标测定。KPⅠ峰日在LH 峰日后为0.5天,粘液峰日在LH 峰日后为0.4天。

The Application of Billings for Fertility RegulationMethod during the Period of Breastfeeding

In order to adopt Billings Method for fertility regulation during the period of breast feeding, cervical mucus was observed and monitored in 61 breast feeding mothers.Urine estrogen and /or pregnanediol were/was measured in 15 breast feeding mothers. Observations on cervical mucus during 244 months were collected. The type of dry or no mucus was observed in 75.27% fully breast feeding mothers. Constant unchanging mucus was observed in 69.39% partially breast feeding mothers. Developmental changing mucus was observed in 79.25% of mothers bottle feeding their infants. According to the record on cervical mucus within 6 months postpartum, 97.14% of the cervical mucus was consistent with normal menstrual cycles. Urine estrogen and /or pregnanediol were/was measured in 15 breast feeding mothers. The level of estrogen in urine averaged 0.08 μmol/24 h in fully breast feeding mothers and 0.14 μmol/24 h in partially breast feeding mothers.The peak level averaged 0.21 μmol/24 h in bottle feeding mothers.The pregnanediol level was determined to confirm ovulation in bottle feeding mothers. The average levels of cut off and the period of ovulation in 6 bottle feeding mother were 7 μmol/24 h and 9 μmol/24 h respectively.Measurement of urine estrogen and pregnanediol level all matched with cervical mucus appearances. Conclusion: Billings Method is a simple, scientific method for contraception without side effects during breast feeding period.

The Clinical and Experimental Research on Billings Ovulation Method During Breastfeeding

Objective The effectiveness and acceptability of Billings Ovulation Method (BOM) during breastfeeding were studied. At the same time, the monitoring indexes of fertility return were studied.Methods It was a clinical comparative study of BOM and IUD containing copper (200mm 2). The annual rate of pregnancy, discontinuation rate and continuation rate in the two groups was determined. The serum prolactin and estradiol in 90 breastfeeding mothers and urine estrogen and pregnanediol in different feeding mothers were measured.Results There were 219 subjects in the BOM group and 200 in the IUD group. The pregnancy rate in this two groups was 1. 43% and 1. 54% respectively. The rates of discontinuation and continuation in the IUD group were:8. 87% and 91. 35% as well as in the BOM group were 8. 53% and 90. 17% respectively. Neither result was statistically significant (P>0. 05). The experimtal research showed that menses return was well estimated by 0. 35 ratio of serum prolactin vs. estrodiol. Sensitivity and specificity was 94. 61% and 84. 61% respectively. It also indicated that (1) the levels of urine hormone were closely related to the patterns of cervical mucus and (2) the incidence of ovulating before the second return of menses in partially breastfeeding mothers was much lower than that of bottle-feeding mothers (47. 05% vs. 94. 20%). Conclusion BOM is a simple, reliable and well accepted contraceptive method of during breastfeeding. If it can be combined with the measurement of serum prolactin/ estradiol, the date of menses return will be determined more easily. Encouraging mothers to breast-feed will be beneficial to the health of both babies and mothers and delay the fertility return of mothers.

A policy-based billing management architecture for the next generation IP-based network

IP billing is not only a basic functionality to operate IP sen＇ices, but also it is fundamental to offer customers with a stable and QoS-enabled network environment. As IP-based network has been widely agreed to be the core network of NGN, and existing IP billing system is too simple to fulfill the emerging requirements, the next generation IP billing has become an interesting topic in recent years. Policy-based management brings flexibility and scalability to systems by describing management logic and functions through policies, and thus reduces the complexity of the management of large-scale systems. Working on existing efforts, this paper proposed an improved IETF policy framework based upon which a policy-based billing management architecture for the next generation IP-based network was presented. Then a prototype with some basic functionalities was developed. The results of the experiment validated the expected improvements specified in this paper.

An Efficient Billing Scheme for Trusted Nodes Using Fuzzy Logic in Wireless Sensor Networks

Extending the lifetime of the wireless sensor networks (WSNs), where recharging sensors is not always possible, has been a major concern for researchers for the past decade. In this paper, we study the cooperation between nodes in wireless sensor networks in forwarding packets to others, and we propose a new collaboration technique which stimulates intermediate nodes to forward packets toward their destination. Some nodes show selfish behavior by denying the forwarding packets to other nodes in commercial networks in an effort to preserve their own energy. This paper applies a technique which is used to prolong the network lifetime, based on a node’s energy and trust value, and additionally incorporates fuzzy logic, which stimulates nodes to forward packets by rewarding cooperation. According to simulation results, the proposed approach surpasses the Nuglets (virtual currency) approach and the Reputation approach in network energy and thus prolongs the network lifetime. Additionally, our proposed approach demonstrates better results in the number of dropped packets, PDR and forwarded packets to neighboring nodes.

ZTE Showcases Operations and Business Support Solutions at the 8th Annual Asia- Pacific Billing & Revenue Assurance Show

ZTE Corporation (ZTE) announced that its participation in the 8th Annual Asia-Pacific Billing & Revenue Assurance Conference in Singapore from May 12th till 15th 2008 delivered a keynote on its latest ZSmart operations and business support solutions and shared the latest BSS/OSS technology with key industry players.

新一代的运营支撑系统bSVAP Billing

1 bSVAP Billing的价值体现 1.1 bSVAP Billing概述 新一代的宽带运营支撑系统bSVAP Billing,是针对宽带ISP/ASP运营商的一套完整的运营支撑解决方案,是一个电信级的、系统化、可伸缩的系统,集实时计费、业务管理、用户管理、账务管理、系统管理等功能于一体.

美国产业政策复兴:目标、特征与启示

长期以来,自由市场经济被认为是美国经济的主要特征,美国政府也在国际上反对产业政策的使用。但近年来美国产业政策出现复兴,主要体现在直接干预型产业政策明显增多、推动产业本土化归岸化、加强供应链韧性与安全、加大新兴产业扶持力度等方面。从历史上看,产业政策在美国的崛起中发挥过重要作用。随着二战后美国取得全方位遥遥领先的地位,其支持产业发展的政策转向更加重视发挥市场的作用,重点支持科技创新,鼓励自由市场竞争,也不排除在特殊情况下实施适度干预。当前美国产业政策复兴呈现出产业补贴的使用增加和力度加大、竞争前环节仍是产业政策的重点、联邦产业政策多以法案形式出台、注重不同政策间盟友间的协调配合等新特征。中国已经进入新的发展阶段,面对百年未有之大变局,产业政策仍然是促进产业转型升级、构建现代化产业体系的重要手段,但随着我国向全球价值链高端攀升、向战略性新兴产业迈进,也需要对产业政策进行调整。美国产业政策复兴对于我国全面认识产业政策的作用、更好地制定和实施产业政策具有重要的启示。

FOB卖方权利保护的运输法路径选择——《海商法》实际托运人的制度设计

中国作为贸易大国,FOB贸易占80%以上的份额,为了保护FOB贸易中卖方的权利,国际立法采取的路径有二:一是在贸易法中规定卖方的中途停运权,二是在运输法中规定卖方的控制权。然而,这两种路径都因为贸易法和运输法规定的割裂或冲突而未能真正奏效。通过分析中途停运权和控制权的优缺点,可以发现FOB卖方并非运输合同的当事人,要么受制于合同相对性而无法顺利地行使中途停运权,要么因不持有可转让单证而不享有货物的控制权。在上述两种情形下,FOB卖方均难以在未收到货款时通过控制货物来保障自己的权利。基于此,提出实际托运人的权利保护路径应该是授予FOB卖方实际托运人的法律地位,使其有权请求承运人向其签发提单,并通过持有提单而享有货物的控制权(即《汉堡规则》+《鹿特丹规则》模式),实施对货物的有效控制,有效保护未收到货款的FOB卖方的权利。

数字贸易背景下区块链电子提单的应用研究

随着数字贸易的不断推进,传统海运提单在实务中的缺陷更加突出。电子提单不仅能够有效解决近洋运输及远洋运输中特殊情境下因“货等单”引致的无单放货问题,更能迎合数字贸易发展的时代需求。电子提单已问世多年,但因受到数字技术、运营环境及法律法规等因素的影响至今尚未得到广泛应用。文章从电子提单发展历程切入,分析了区块链电子提单系统的逻辑框架及电子提单的生成与流转机理,剖析了区块链电子提单应用中亟待解决的几个问题,进而提出电子提单普及应用的策略建议。

基于改进YOLOv5算法的票据检测

在票据全流程识别过程中,针对不同类型票据的目标检测是关键步骤,为实现日常报销过程中不同种类票据快速检测其类型和位置,文章提出一种基于改进YOLOv5算法的票据检测方法。对于原始数据集进行预处理,模拟票据检测中可能出现的干扰信息,提高训练模型的性能;利用CSPDarkNet53网络进行特征提取,采用基于重合面积、中心点距离、长宽比和角度4个几何参数的SIoU目标位置损失函数,对原损失函数进行改进,提升YOLOv5票据检测的精度,构建票据检测方法。最后通过自建实际拍摄的票据数据集来验证基于改进YOLOv5算法的票据检测的有效性。结果表明,该方法拥有较高的平均精度均值(99.20%)和检测速度(51帧/s),可以满足实际应用场景的要求。

基于数字主线的弹箭产品XBOM数据管理

弹箭产品的多视图物料清单XBOM(X bill of material)是多利益攸关方从不同寿命阶段的结构组成、数据信息以及交互流程等角度对弹箭产品的全方位基础支持文件。对弹箭产品XBOM数据进行管理,统筹管控全寿命周期内的数据,可消除不同寿命阶段相关方、业务及数据间的交互脱节及单向传递,为弹箭产品实现全数字模型供应提供有效数据源支持。为满足面向弹箭产品XBOM数据的有机集成及多方协同需求,提出了基于数字主线的弹箭产品XBOM数据管理体系和方法。通过剖析数字主线框架,提出并建立了基于数字主线的弹箭产品XBOM数据管理体系。以“数据-交互-建模-应用”的体系层次为指导,提出了基于数字主线的弹箭产品XBOM数据管理方法,包含数据组织、数据关联关系分析、数据建模及数据应用。以某型运载火箭结构系统为对象,开发基于数字主线的弹箭产品XBOM数据管理体系并进行了应用验证。文中所提出体系和方法为实现弹箭产品XBOM数据管控、集成及共享提供具体指导,有利于促进我国弹箭产品全寿命周期数据管理系统的发展。

DRG支付方式带给中国医疗服务体系发展的机遇与挑战分析

DRG支付方式是中国医疗服务体系高质量发展的机遇,体现在DRG是促进医疗管理和绩效管理升级的有效工具,DRG支付方式改革将促进医院病案质量的提升、促进合理用药和临床药学的发展、推动医用耗材的精细化管理、促进检验与临床诊疗的更好结合及医疗服务效率的提高、医疗服务体系的重塑。同时,DRG的科学设置与执行能力、门诊统筹的建立对医保支付管理的要求、基层医务人员的素质对建立基层首诊与转诊制度的阻碍、门诊共济制度下的基层与医院门诊服务支付方式等问题,是对支付方式改革和中国医疗服务体系的挑战。中国医疗服务提供体系未来的变化趋势为三级医疗机构规模的压缩和基层社区守门人制度的建立,影响改革的重要因素之一是医疗服务价格机制改革。