Impact Measurement of Community Development Using the Development Wheel： A Case of Madhuwani VDC, Lumbini, Nepal （With Reference to Rural Tourism）

Recent trend on ongoing changes has unfolded the truth that people are the actors of environmental and social changes. The decade following the restoration of multi-party democracy witnessed a number of economic reforms and development initiatives. The adoption of a liberal, market-oriented development strategy led by private sector has helped to stimulate investment and growth. Nonetheless, development efforts have been largely unsuccessful in integrating the vulnerable and marginalized groups. The governance system has remained non-functional because deeply rooted processes of exclusion have compounded failures at the institutional level and in implementation process. The impacts of development may be measured by several means. This research is an earnest effort to bring new innovations in impact measurement of social inclusion programs. The rigorous processes of finding changes over a period of time and assessing the changes in a ＂wheel＂ are interesting parts of the people lead development in the twenty-first century. Indicators of the development wheel are designed by development professionals of Nepal and rating is done by local stakeholders of Lumbini themselves. The study is based on exploratory and descriptive research design. It follows sequences of appreciative inquiry and development wheel preparation to compare the changes that are in vogue in Nepal. The changes are quantified in three continua that depict the community development programs implemented from 2003 through 2006. This measurement invites rigorous planning and inputs （man, money and time） but it is quite easy for local stakeholders that where they are （in development） and in which direction the currently available and future resources should be streamlined.

Study on Tourism Development and Community Participation in Villages of the Minorities ——With the Dong Village in Zhaoxing,Southeast Guizhou Autonomous Prefecture of Miao and Dong Nationalities,China

Based on basic theories of community participation in tourism development,questionnaires were designed for the field investigation in one of the largest Dong Villages in China,the Dong village in Zhaoxing.Community participation in tourism development of the Dong Village was analyzed from the perspectives of residents' participation in decision-making and management,reception and catering services,group performance,making and selling ethnic artworks,protection of village tourist resources and environment.And meanwhile,problems were pointed out as "still maintaining in the early stage of its tourism development,fewer opportunities for its residents participating in tourism development,resource protection being divorced from tourism benefits and so on",on the basis of which corresponding solutions were offered as "expanding the field of participation,improving the level of participation,increasing benefits of local residents;insisting on the principle of "not participating intentionally is the best way of their participation,guaranteeing economic compensation for rural residents;enhancing infrastructure construction;establishing a museum of folk-custom materials;creating a favorable atmosphere of folk cultures;enhancing cooperation with its neighboring villages in tourism development,and creating a "local industrial chain";establishing a research center of cultural tourism development of the Dong Minority.

Research on the Harmonious Development of New Rural Communities under the Perspective of Balancing Urban and Rural Areas

On the basis of offering a definition of New Rural Communities (NRCs), the paper analyzes the values of New Rural Communities and argues that the construction of NRCs is able to contribute to the enhancement of the comprehensive agricultural production capability as well as the development of social productivity. Meanwhile the incomes of the rural residents can be boosted, which denotes the realization of a harmonious society where the achievements of China's reform and development are shared by each citizen. Moreover, the construction of NRCs facilitates the economization of land use and thus improves the overall living standard of the residents, while helping to cut the administrative cost and promote democracy at the primary level. This paper also points out various problems arising during the construction of NRCS in China: blindly following suit in accordance with the modes of the urban communities; lack of funds, which leads to the absence of the supporting mechanisms of NRCs; vague positioning and the ensuing shortage of impetus for continued development. Finally, the paper raises the corresponding measures and suggestions: first, based on reality, make overall planning and scientific arrangement; second, the government should play the dominant role while respecting the principal position of the rural residents and introducing the market mechanism; third, increase science and technology input and attach equal importance to economic and social benefits; fourth, broaden fund-raising channels while completing the supervision mechanism.

Role of Community Health Practitioners in National Development: The Nigeria Situation

This is a review paper that brings to focus, concepts of Community Health Practice that connect Community Health Practitioners’ Roles to National development in view of its composite index improvement measure of social welfare services provision among others for the citizens of a country over time, with particular emphasis on medical care component of such index aimed at reduction in diseases and poverty in the population. The objective of the review work is to determine the extent to which Community Health Practice, particularly by Community Health Practitioners is capable of ensuring National Development in democratic governance or otherwise, in the context of our country, Nigeria. The methodology applied was traditional review of published literatures concerning the subject and findings of operational research of programme implemented by Community Health Practitioners at the Primary Health Care facilities and household level in the communities. This paper emphasizes on Primary Health Care services delivery contribution to National Development, since it is the level where Community Health Practitioners are mainly commissioned to render their services. Home-Based Care Strategy for Integrated Maternal, Newborn and Child Health piloted in three (3) local government areas (Ahoada West, Etche and Oyigbo) in Rivers State, Nigeria, in 2012 and implemented by Community Health Practitioners, aimed at reducing maternal, newborn and child morbidity and mortality by 20% by 2015 in line with the United Nations (UN) Millennium Development Goals 4 and 5, had been shown to achieve an average of 26% improvement in utilization of maternal and newborn health services, an average of 27% overall reduction in maternal malnutrition status, an average of 14% overall improvement in under 5 years malnutrition status among others in 2013 on comparing with baseline indicators. Nigeria also attained 80% coverage in routine immunization in most vaccine preventable diseases except Tetanus Toxiod (TT) 2 (54%) in 2013 to achieve herd immunity of the community to prevent transmission of disease pathogen to cause a disease. Community Health Practitioners are the frontline Primary Health Care Professionals charged with the responsibility of implementation of immunization programmes in Nigeria and therefore contributing significantly to the prevention and control of targeted vaccine preventable diseases in Nigeria Health System. Our findings on factors militating against Community Health Practitioners’ Roles in National Development as elicited in this paper may form basis for empirical studies to determine the level of significance of each of these factors. In conclusion, it is when the Community Health parameters are adequately addressed that we can ensure sustainable National Development and we can say we have succeeded in our various strategic agenda of government at whatever level that makes up the complex whole. This brings to fore, the importance of the roles of Community Health Practitioners in health care delivery to National Development in the context of our country, Nigeria.

Towards Inclusive Development: Situating the Socio-Economic Wellbeing and Environmental Issues of an Indigenous Cultural Community in the Philippines

The Municipality of Carranglan is a rural community where agriculture is the main source of livelihood. The Kalanguya Ancestral Domain (KAD) is also located in the area, and it provides a home for the Kalanguya indigenous cultural community. They have fled to the area for a variety of reasons. Despite its rural setting, Carranglan is regarded as a first-class municipality and the largest municipality in Nueva Ecija. This study described and documented the socio-economic profile, and existing issues and problems the Kalanguya Indigenous Peoples (IPs) experienced in their milieu, especially in terms of environmental protection. Recognizing and valuing their perspectives is vital for inclusive development. This study also situated the current status and conditions of the IPs, who generally live below the poverty line and face a range of plights and challenges. As part of safeguarding indigenous rights and interests, this study was undertaken after series of consultations with community elders and leaders. Key informant interviews, household surveys, semi-structured interviews, focused-group discussion (FGD), and direct observations were used to elicit information. Many of the respondents are elementary undergraduates which show that the community had lacked access to education. The following are the primary socioeconomic issues confronting IPs: insufficient access to potable water, suboptimal agricultural productivity, meager monthly income, and a dearth of supplementary and alternative livelihood opportunities. Forest fires, landslides, encroachment of illegal loggers, and concerns about wildlife resources are some of the current environmental issues they have encountered. The local population was supportive of plans and actions targeted at improving the environment. This reveals that the IPs possess unique indigenous forest expertise that enables them to properly manage natural resources.

Facilitative Institutional Infrastructure to Optimise Productive Participation of Rural People in Local Development Processes: South Africa

Pervasive low levels of education and weak civil society activism in poor rural communities are cited as constraining factors for participatory development (PD), resulting in technical capacity for participation being skewed against the community participants. This paper highlights the outcomes of a research study that examined the applicability of the participatory development concept in conditions characterised by low levels of education and weak civil society. The research was undertaken in two rural villages in the Eastern Cape Province of South Africa, utilising both quantitative and qualitative approaches entailing interviews with 18 key informants followed by two focus group discussions each with seven participants respectively. The research found that rural communities were not aware of the government policy placing people participation at the centre of rural development interventions;and that they would not support it as they believed it was government's role to champion their development. The research also found that the government officials that lead the implementation effort of the rural development programmes did not believe that the participation policy was practical, citing capacity limitations among rural communities. The researcher recommends a moderated rural people participation process, which features creation of a facilitative institutional infrastructure to optimise productive participation of rural people in local development processes.

Photographic Representation of Socio-economic Development on Rural Communities in Ghana

It has come to notice that developments that take place in rural communities bring about a lot of challenges both positive and negative. However, people who try to manage these challenges use ＂text type＂ in books and through other communication media （publications）, but the effect has scarcely been effective because, most of the people living in rural communities are illiterates. The purpose of this study was to use pictorial illustrations to create awareness on how socioeconomic development affects rural communities （Cape Three Points） and the extent to which its effect can be seen on human life within the local communities （fishermen, farmers, and fish mongers） in terms of their livelihood, attitudes, education and on the general environment. Interviews were mainly used to ascertain facts on how the situation was before the new developments started. Workshops were also organized for focus groups, through which the effect of pictorial illustrations on the people were ascertained. Again, how they should prepare for the foreseen changes that will emanate from any form of rural development was also discussed. At the end of the study, it came to light that many of our rural areas face significant challenges. These challenges as a matter of fact affect their cultural practices and the socio-economic development of the people in such rural communities and the country as a whole. It is believed that these challenges and many other related concerns that have emanated from this study would be critically recognized and managed if not solved by the powers that be. Results from this study will form a basis for further discussion of socio-economic effects of rural development on rural communities and any other related effects caused by any physical change on rural environment.

Community Based Natural Resource Management, Tourism and Poverty Alleviation in Southern Africa： What Works and What Doesn＇t Work

Community based natural resource management （CBNRM） is perhaps the most important tool for driving community and rural development in southern Africa. The paper therefore analyses the CBNRM framework as a strategy for implementing sustainable tourism and poverty alleviation initiatives in Botswana, Namibia, and Zambia. The article specifically underscores the importance of local-level participatory management and utilisation of natural resources in the region. Paying special attention to the previous researches that have been conducted in Botswana, Namibia, and Zambia, the methodological approach employed in the paper centres on critical discourse analysis and review of literatures to highlight the interface existing between CBNRM and rural （tourism） development. The analytical framework of the paper is thus rooted in the Common Property Resource （CPR） theory Overall, the authors argue that tourism, poverty alleviation, rural development, and sustainable natural resource use are linked and interrelated in the process of enhancing community well-being. Findings indicate that CBNRM initiatives have had a significant and positive impact in achieving sustainable tourism, rural development, poverty alleviation, and natural resource management. Specifically, findings show that the CBNRM has contributed to the reduction in wildlife poaching. While other pertinent issues remain, national governments in the three southern African economies need to fully appropriate the benefits that CBNRM offers and improve on them for better implementation of developmental programs.

Rural Community Variation in Physician RecruitmentReadiness

The capacity at which a rural community can mobilize resources involved in recruiting physicians has positive implicationsfor community health. The purpose of this study was to assess whether rural communities varied in their physician recruitmentreadiness. Methods： The Critical Access Hospital Community Apgar Questionnaire （CAH CAQ） was the instrument used in this study.Seventy one （71） rural communities in five US states who participated in the Community Apgar Program were included in this researchIn each rural community, the administrator of the critical access hospital and the physician/clinician with recruiting responsibilitiesparticipated individually in a structured interview. A total of 71 administrators and 71 physician/clinicians participated in the study（total N = 142）. Cumulative Community Apgar scores were calculated for each rural community. Descriptive statistics were calculatedfor this measure including means, standard deviations and coefficient of variations. No statistical differences were discerned acrossstate mean cumulative Community Apgar scores. Cumulative Community Apgar scores demonstrated variability within states and inthe aggregate across states. The five rural states included in this study showed similar distributions/patterns of cumulative CommunityApgar scores within their respective states. These distributions/patterns demonstrated variability in the cumulative Community Apgarscores in every state. Likewise, the aggregate distribution of cumulative Community Apgar scores demonstrated variability across thefive states. These rural communities vary in their physician recruitment readiness as measured by the CAH CAQ. As such,improvement efforts need to be customized for the specifics of the individual community. One size does not fit all.

Gentrifying rural community development:A case study of Bama Panyang River Basin in Guangxi,China

Rural gentrification is deeply characterized by institutional context and spatiotemporal heterogeneity.Based on a diachronic field investigation,this paper constructs an analytical framework for gentrifying rural community development(GRCD)with a“community”theoretical perspective and analytical approach,defines the concept of GRCD,and analyzes the main characteristics,formation mechanism and regulation path of a typical gentrifying rural community in the Panyang River Basin of Bama County,Guangxi.Driven by factors such as the complex flow and heterogeneous living space practices of the host-guest community,the longevity“myth”led by commercial capital and consumption demand,and multiple action logics and desertification community governance,great changes have occurred in the social space and material landscape of the rural longevity community.Such changes include comprehensive reconstruction of the resident population,surface interaction and social separation of the host-guest community,residential structure change and settlement landscape renewal,and delocalization of the healing landscape and lifestyle changes.We propose policy insights in three areas:public and localization institutional arrangements,shared and comfortable gentrifying rural community making,and inclusive and synergistic gentrifying rural community governance.Through these aspects,we provide insights from the Chinese case for the gentrification and community development of rural areas in the Global South.

Ecological Democracy and Sustainability in Fragile Environment： Environmental Discourse in Select Pieces of Environmental Writing from India

Environmental writing has attained a new relevance in the 21st century. In the present scenario, environmental writing becomes a social discourse. This is the result of a new, vibrant and growing environmental constituency in societies such as Brazil, India, Thailand and other Third World Countries. The features of environmental writing include a visible concern for social justice, defence of livelihood and the determining part played by women. This new discourse has emerged with a new focus on redefinition of terms like human rights, common good, democracy and CPRs （common property resources）. Environmental Writing becomes a powerful discourse when it protests against the increasingly intrusive and interventionist developmental projects, implemented by the government, which in turn assert dominion over indigenous people of the land. There is also a strong emphasis on prudence among the poor as contrasted to the ecological profligacy of the rich. This paper is an attempt to examine the voices of dissent and the accountability of postmodern writers and environmental activists in India regarding environmental issues in India.

Rural Urban Sustainability in Malinalco, Mexico

Design of a rural-urban sustainable consists six small businesses that use appropriate technologies, human work and natural resources of the region. The six sustainable technological-economic activities will be localized in a single field, so, there is interaction between all activities and workers. The site also have to educate the surrounding communities to environmental issues. It is also a demonstration of how to improve the economic development of a region without damaging the environment. The proposal is to create a cooperative society with interested persons of the area and working groups for the six proposed technical and economic activities.

山地农村如何发展高质量休闲农业经济?——基于系统工程思想的贵州M村案例分析

发展高质量休闲农业经济能够持续推进山地农村一二三产业融合,是全面推进乡村振兴与调整农业结构的有效途径之一。本文运用案例研究方法,基于系统工程思想,遵循“要素—结构—功能”的脉络,对山地农村发展高质量休闲农业经济进行了系统分析。研究发现:一是以顶层设计要素为基础支撑,合理布局休闲农业经济空间结构,实现休闲农业经济有效供给增长;二是以科学管理要素为发展手段,平衡充分休闲农业经济组织结构,促进休闲农业经济持续稳定发展;三是以自主创新要素为重要抓手,优化升级休闲农业经济产业结构,推动休闲农业经济绿色转型提升。基于此,建议从制定科学发展规划、构建网络管理平台、转变产业发展方式、培育新型职业农民和加强基层组织建设等方面着手,加快建设现代化休闲农业经济发展体系,纵向延伸产业链条,横向拓展产业功能,多向提升乡村价值。

以发展生态循环农业促进乡村产业振兴的技术对策

发展生态循环农业是新时期乡村绿色发展的重要举措之一。在全面实施乡村振兴战略的热潮中,如何着力寻求资源节约与环境友好并重的乡村产业振兴的有效途径是重要的实践命题。本研究在分析影响乡村生态循环农业发展制约因素基础上,提出了乡村生态循环农业振兴的若干发展思路,并结合新时期乡村产业转型升级的实际情况,提出了以发展生态循环农业促进乡村产业振兴的技术对策及其建议,以求为家庭农场及乡村企业发展现代生态循环农业提供参考与借鉴。

基于生态文明视域的农业绿色发展思路及对策——以福建省为例

阐述了深入学习与深刻领会习近平生态文明思想的重要性及其贯彻落实“绿水青山就是金山银山”等一系列绿色理念的重大现实意义,其不仅承载着引领美丽中国建设的重大历史使命,而且必将在中华民族伟大复兴的进程中焕发出无限的生机和活力;同时分析了生态文明建设与乡村持续发展的内在关系;阐述了福建省生态文明建设与乡村绿色发展的成效及其经验,并提出了践行生态文明思想与乡村绿色振兴战略的若干思考及其具体对策;主要思路包括了以乡村“四生要素”(生产、生态、生活、生命)为主线,着力构建以政府为主导、乡村为平台、农民为主体的基本实施体系,强化并推动公众参与的产业持续发展与生态环境治理系统工程建设;具体对策要把握8个环节,即因势利导发展乡村生态经济、充分发挥农业多样功能优势、严格防控农村面源污染扩展、加强农村生态文明宣传普及、开展农村人居环境整治行动、以洁净环境保障绿色化生产、促进生态化与产业化的融合、探索创立保护与利用耦合体。

东南部欠发达地区县域城乡空间统筹发展的规划思考

随着国内区域经济联动的加强,产业布局的调整升级,以及大区域交通条件的改善,我国城市化经济已经进入了一个"全球化-区域化"的新发展时期.东南部欠发达地区的城市化、工业化发展面临着若干重大机遇.通过分析县域城乡空间发展存在的一般性问题和制约因素,提出:东南部欠发达地区的发展应以空间规划作为切入点,通过空间规划与行动集成,将城乡统筹概念落实到县域空间层面上,构建一个综合的发展战略与行动规划.

关于开展云南乡村旅游的思考

提出了乡村旅游的概念 ,在分析云南乡村旅游发展优势和条件的基础上 ,提出了云南乡村旅游发展的思路。

探索乡村生态振兴绿色发展路径

生态振兴是乡村振兴的重要组成部分,是乡村"五个振兴"之一。本文以马克思生态文明思想与习近平生态文明思想作为乡村生态振兴的理论支撑分析,进而论证生态振兴是乡村振兴的重要基础,由此,进一步论证推动乡村生态振兴绿色发展的着力点,应该而且必须促进生态和产业融合,推动形成绿色生产方式和生活方式,优化人居生态环境。

新阶段重庆市农村扶贫开发态势及思路创新

在我国进入全面建设小康社会的新形势下,重庆市如何持续推进农村扶贫开发工作,乃是当前重庆市经济社会发展进程中急需研究和解决的一个重大问题。本文首先阐述重庆市农村扶贫开发的历程,然后分析重庆市农村扶贫开发工作现状,并明确新阶段我市农村扶贫开发工作的基点选择,最后提出新阶段重庆市农村扶贫开发工作应采取的对策措施。

发展农村创意经济构建综合发展的农村现代社会

中国的传统农业社会以小规模农户经济为特征,很难摆脱城乡差距的进一步拉大。近年来国家出台了一系列破解"三农'问题的文件,最根本的目的是深度调整农村产业结构,实现城乡统筹和城乡一体化发展,增加农民收入,建设农民幸福生活的美好家园,使中国的农业社会走向全面发展的现代社会。因此,根据中国的国情,提出以现代农业科技为依托,以各具特色的资源、生态、历史、文化、民风民俗为基础,以知识经济和信息经济为发展方向,耦合各种农村自然、经济、社会、人文等资源要素,形成融一、二、三产业,持续健康综合发展的经济、社会、文化、生态为一体的现代农村新型产业体系——农村创意经济,并阐述了农村创意经济的概念与内涵、发展的思路与原则、路径与对策等。