Fractal analysis of major faults and fractal dimension of lineaments in the Indo-Gangetic Plain on a regional scale

The Indo-Gangetic Plain(IGP)is one of the most seismically vulnerable areas due to its proximity to the Himalayas.Geographic information system(GIS)-based seismic characterization of the IGP was performed based on the degree of deformation and fractal dimension.The zone between the Main Boundary Thrust(MBT)and the Main Central Thrust(MCT)in the Himalayan Mountain Range(HMR)experienced large variations in earthquake magnitude,which were identified by Number-Size(NS)fractal modeling.The central IGP zone experienced only moderate to low mainshock levels.Fractal analysis of earthquake epicenters reveals a large scattering of earthquake epicenters in the HMR and central IGP zones.Similarly,the fault fractal analysis identifies the HMR,central IGP,and south-western IGP zones as having more faults.Overall,the seismicity of the study region is strong in the central IGP,south-western IGP,and HMR zones,moderate in the western and southern IGP,and low in the northern,eastern,and south-eastern IGP zones.

A three-dimensional semi-implicit unstructured grid finite volume ocean model

A new three-dimensional semi-implicit finite-volume ocean model has been developed for simulating the coastal ocean circulation, which is based on the staggered C-unstructured non-orthogonal grid in the hor- izontal direction and z-level grid in the vertical direction. The three-dimensional model is discretized by the semi-implicit finite-volume method, in that the free-surface and the vertical diffusion are semi-implicit, thereby removing stability limitations associated with the surface gravity wave and vertical diffusion terms. The remaining terms in the momentum equations are discretized explicitly by an integral method. The partial cell method is used for resolving topography, which enables the model to better represent irregular topography. The model has been tested against analytical cases for wind and tidal oscillation circulation, and is applied to simulating the tidal flow in the Bohal Sea. The results are in good agreement both with the analytical solutions and measurement results.

Three-dimensional numerical modeling of gravity anomalies based on Poisson equation in spacewavenumber mixed domain

In gravity-anomaly-based prospecting, the computational and memory requirements for practical numerical modeling are potentially enormous. Achieving an efficient and precise inversion for gravity anomaly imaging over large-scale and complex terrain requires additional methods. To this end, we have proposed a new topography-capable By performing a two-dimensional Fourier transform in the horizontal directions, threedimensional partial differential equations in the spatial domain were transformed into a group of independent, one-dimensional differential equations engaged with different wave numbers. These independent differential equations are highly parallel across different wave numbers. differential equations with different wave numbers, and the efficiency of solving fixedbandwidth linear equations was further improved by a chasing method. In a synthetic test, a prism model was used to verify the accuracy and reliability of the proposed algorithm by comparing the numerical solution with the analytical solution. We studied the computational precision and efficiency with and without topography using different Fourier transform methods. The results showed that the Guass-FFT method has higher numerical precision, while the standard FFT method is superior, in terms of computation time, for inversion and quantitative interpretation under complicated terrain.

The study on three-dimensional numerical model and fronts of the Jiulong Estuary and the Xiamen Bay

Applying the methods of on-site observation and dynamic model, the research on the fronts at the Jiulong Estuary has been carried out, during which spatial and temporal distribution, dynamic characteristics and formation mechanism of salinity fronts are analyzed and discussed. The research shows that the estuarine fronts mainly lie in the area from the Jiyu Islet to the Haimen Island, outside of Yuweizai to Hulishan cross-section, the near coast of Yuweizai and the south of the Songyu-Gulangyu Channel. The fronts in the former two regions are formed directly by plume, while the one near the coast of Yuweizai is a tidal intrusion front caused by flood current and the one at the south of the Songyu-Gulangyu Channel is the result of current shear transformation. Under normal circumstances, fresh water of the Jiulong River mainly influences the inside of the Xiamen Bay, and when it is in typhoon seasons, plume front can affect the Taiwan Strait and has an effect on the biogeochemical Drocesses in the strait.

Risk Assessment of Coal Mine Water Hazard Based on Three-Dimensional Model of Geology and Underground Space

Mine safety have top-five disasters,which including the water,gas,fire,dust and geological dynamic disaster.The coal mine water disaster is one of the important factors which restricted the development of China’s coal production.It is showed by statistics that 60%of mine accidents are affected by groundwater,which not only result in the production losses,casualties and a variety of

Model-based Predictive Control for Spatially-distributed Systems Using Dimensional Reduction Models

In this paper, a low-dimensional multiple-input and multiple-output （MIMO） model predictive control （MPC） configuration is presented for partial differential equation （PDE） unknown spatially-distributed systems （SDSs）. First, the dimension reduction with principal component analysis （PCA） is used to transform the high-dimensional spatio-temporal data into a low-dimensional time domain. The MPC strategy is proposed based on the online correction low-dimensional models, where the state of the system at a previous time is used to correct the output of low-dimensional models. Sufficient conditions for closed-loop stability are presented and proven. Simulations demonstrate the accuracy and efficiency of the proposed methodologies.

Three-Dimension Mathematical Model of Total Phosphor in the Reservoir and Application

Taking the transport of total phosphor pollutants in the Beijing Miyun reservoir for example,we have obtained three dimensional distributing regularity of total phosphor pollutants by the calculation of the linear interpolation value of each point between horizontal layers. The credibility analysis in allusion to this method was carried out and the programming scheme for realizing this method was set forth.

Three-Dimensional Model Test for Port Engineering with Multi-Directional Waves

-The necessity of using irregular waves, especially multi- directional waves to conduct three-dimensional model tests for port engineering and the test method are described in this paper through an example of model test for a port. The test results show that a deep navigation channel has a large effect on the waves in front of the breakwater near the port entrance and on the wave condition in the port.

THREE-DIMENSIONAL MATHEMATICAL MODEL AND ITS APPLICATION IN THE NEIGHBORHOOD OF THE THREE GORGES RESERVOIR DAM IN THE YANGTZE RIVER

The calculation of flow and sediment transport is one of the most important tasks in river engineering. The task is particularly difficult because a number of complex physical phenomena should be accounted for more realistically in a model with a predictive power. Three-dimensional calculations of river flow and suspended sediment transport are performed in this paper with application in the Three Gorges Reservoir in the Yangtze River. A period of 76 years after the dam is built is simulated and the results are compared with laboratory measurements obtained by Tsinghua University whereby the model is verified and calibrated. Generally speaking, the calculated results agree well with the experiments, demonstrating that the present model can be used for flow and sediment transport prediction in rivers.

A Novel Three-Dimensional Mouse Embryonic Implantation Model In Vitro

To regenerate three-dimensional endometrium in vitro as a novel model for studying the mechanism of implantation of embryos, the luminal epithelial cells and stromal cells of the rabbit uterus were separated and cultured in vitro. The type Ⅰ mouse tail collagen was used as scaffolding material. The stromal cells were inoculated in the type I mouse tail collagen, and the luminal epithelial cells were inoculated on the type i mouse tall collagen to regenerate the endometrium in vitro. The regenerated endometrium was cultured in DMEM-F/12 media containing 100 nmol L^-1 progesterone, 10 nM β-estradiol, and 10% fetal bovine serum （FBS） for 3 d. The media were then replaced with CZB containing 100 nM progesterone, 10 nmol L-1 β-estradiol, and 10% FBS, and the mouse blastulas were co-cultured with it. The results of scanning electronic micrography showed that the epithelial cells on the surface of the reconstructed endometrium were covered with numerous slender microvilli and some epithelial cells protruded pinopodes. After culturing for 12 h with the mouse blastula, the shedding, attachment, and implantation of the blastula were observed. The blastula can escape from zona pellucida and attach to the three-dimensional endometrium and is then implanted into it. This study showed that the reconstructed three-dimensional endometrium can serve as a robust embryo implantation model in vitro.

Numerical Simulation of Saline Intrusion and Purging in Long SeaOutfalls with Three-Dimensional Model

Saline intrusion into marine sewage ouffalls will greatly decrease the efficiency of sewage disposal. In order to investigate the mechanisms of this flow, in this paper, a three-dimensional numerical model based on FVM （Finite Volume Method） is established, The RNG κ-ε model is selected for turbulence modeling. The time-averaged vohtme fraction equations are introduced to simulate the stratification and inteffaeial exchange of sewage and seawater in outfalls. Validity of the established three-dimensional numerical model is evaluated by comparisons of numerical results with experimental data. With this three-dimensional numerical model, the internal flow characteristics in ouffalls for different sewage discharges are simulated. The results indicate that for a low sewage discharge, saline circulates in the outfall due to intrusion and both the inflowing momentum and the inteffaeial turbulent mixing are important mechanisms to extrude the saline. For a high sewage discharge, saline intrusion could be avoided. The inflow momentum is the main mechanism to extrude the saline and the inteffacial turbulent mixing is nut important relatively. Even at a high sewage discharge, the saline wedge would be retained in the main ouffall pipe after the risers are purged. It takes a long time for this saline wedge to be extruded by interracial turbulent mixing.

Cosmological Model in Four Time and Four Space Dimensions

We develop a cosmological model in a physical background scenario of four time and four space dimensions ((4+4)-dimensions or (4+4)-universe). We show that in this framework the (1+3)-universe is deeply connected with the (3+1)-universe. We argue that this means that in the (4+4)-universe there exists a duality relation between the (1+3)-universe and the (3+1)-universe.

Analysis of axial strain in one-dimensional loading by different models

Different phenomenological equations based on plasticity, primary creep （as a viscoplastic mechanism）, secondary creep （as another viscoplastic mechanism） and different combinations of these equations are presented and used to describe the material inelastic deformation in uniaxial test. Agreement of the models with experimental results and with the theoretical concepts and physical realities is the criterion of choosing the most appropriate formulation for uniaxial test. A model is thus proposed in which plastic deformation, primary creep and secondary creep contribute to the inelastic deformation. However, it is believed that the hardening parameter is composed of plastic and primary creep parts. Accordingly, the axial plastic strain in a uniaxial test may no longer be considered as the hardening parameter. Therefore, a proportionality concept is proposed to calculate the plastic contribution of deformation.

Development of a Percentile Based Three-dimensional Model of the Buttocks in Computer System

There are diverse products related to human buttocks, which need to be designed, manufactured and evaluated with 3D buttock model. The 3D buttock model used in present research field is just simple approximate model similar to human buttocks. The 3D buttock percentile model is highly desired in the ergonomics design and evaluation for these products. So far, there is no research on the percentile sizing system of human 3D buttock model. So the purpose of this paper is to develop a new method for building three-dimensional buttock percentile model in computer system. After scanning the 3D shape of buttocks, the cloud data of 3D points is imported into the reverse engineering software（Geomagic） for the reconstructing of the buttock surface model. Five characteristic dimensions of the buttock are measured through mark-points after models being imported into engineering software CATIA. A series of space points are obtained by the intersecting of the cutting slices and 3D buttock surface model, and then are ordered based on the sequence number of the horizontal and vertical slices. The 1st, 5th, 50 th, 95 th, 99 th percentile values of the five dimensions and the spatial coordinate values of the space points are obtained, and used to reconstruct percentile buttock models. This research proposes a establishing method of percentile sizing system of buttock 3D model based on the percentile values of the ischial tuberosities diameter, the distances from margin to ischial tuberosity and the space coordinates value of coordinate points, for establishing the Nth percentile 3D buttock model and every special buttock types model. The proposed method also serves as a useful guidance for the other 3D percentile models establishment for other part in human body with characteristic points.

Simulation-Based Construction of Three-Dimensional Process Model for Punching Cartridge Cases

A method of constructing three-dimensional process model for the punching cartridge cases is presented based on DEFORM simulation analysis. Using DEFORM software,the finite element simulation models for the punching and forming process of cartridge cases are established,and the corresponding simulation result model of each intermediate procedure is obtained by continuously performing the forming process simulation. The simulation model cannot annotate size and process information due to poor interface between DEFORM software and CAD software. Thus,a 3D annotation module is developed with secondary development technology of UG NX software. Consequently,the final process model with dimension and process information is obtained. Then,with the current 3D process management system,the 3D punching and forming process design of cartridge cases can be completed further. An example is also provided to illustrate that the relative error between the simulation process model and the physical model is less than 2%,which proves the validity and reliability of the proposed method in this study.

Construction and Analysis of Three-dimensional Graphic Model of Single-chain Fv Derived from an Anti-human Placental Acidic Isoferritin Monoclonal Antibody by Computer

Summary: A three-dimensional (3D) graphic model of a single-chain Fv (scFv) which was derived from an anti-human placental acidic isoferritin (PAF) monoclonal antibody (MAb) was construct- ed by a homologous protein-predicting computer algorithm on Silicon graphic computer station. The structure, surface static electricity and hydrophobicity of scFv were investigated. Computer graphic modelling indicated that all regions of scFv including the linker, variable regions of the heavy (VH) and light (VL) chains were suitable. The VH region and the VL region were involved in composing the 'hydrophobic pocket'. The linker was drifted away VH and VL regions. The complementarity determining regions (CDRs) of VH and VL regions surrounded the 'hydrophobic pocket'. This study provides a theory basis for improving antibody affinity, investigating antibody structure and analyzing the functions of VH and VL regions in antibody activity.

Three-dimensional cell culture systems as an in vitro platform for cancer and stem cell modeling

Three-dimensional(3D)culture systems are becoming increasingly popular due to their ability to mimic tissue-like structures more effectively than the monolayer cultures.In cancer and stem cell research,the natural cell characteristics and architectures are closely mimicked by the 3D cell models.Thus,the 3D cell cultures are promising and suitable systems for various proposes,ranging from disease modeling to drug target identification as well as potential therapeutic substances that may transform our lives.This review provides a comprehensive compendium of recent advancements in culturing cells,in particular cancer and stem cells,using 3D culture techniques.The major approaches highlighted here include cell spheroids,hydrogel embedding,bioreactors,scaffolds,and bioprinting.In addition,the progress of employing 3D cell culture systems as a platform for cancer and stem cell research was addressed,and the prominent studies of 3D cell culture systems were discussed.

A Numerical Algorithm Based on Quadratic Finite Element for Two-Dimensional Nonlinear Time Fractional Thermal Diffusion Model

In this article,a high-order scheme,which is formulated by combining the quadratic finite element method in space with a second-order time discrete scheme,is developed for looking for the numerical solution of a two-dimensional nonlinear time fractional thermal diffusion model.The time Caputo fractional derivative is approximated by using the L2-1formula,the first-order derivative and nonlinear term are discretized by some second-order approximation formulas,and the quadratic finite element is used to approximate the spatial direction.The error accuracy O(h3+
t2)is obtained,which is verified by the numerical results.

NUMERICAL MODELLING OF THREE-DIMENSION CHARACTERISTICS OF WIND-DRIVEN CURRENT IN THE BOHAI SEA

Three- dimension (3-D) wind-driven currents in the Bohai Sea in both winter and summer are calculated by using a 3- D barotropic steady model, and the results are consistent with observed flow char -acteristics. Based on the results, 3- D characteristics of flow, currents at different depths, compensated flow in the lower layer , long and narrow alongshore current, the area of upwelling and downwelling, main circulation in vertical profile, and the current in Bohai Strait are discussed.

Research on the Three-dimensional Modeling and Optimization of a Virtual Tower Crane Based on 3DS Max, Solidworks and EON Professional

Three-dimensional modeling of virtual hoisting machinery is the critical works to structure the system of virtual construction, and the foundation to realize intelligent and interactive virtual hoisting. Aimed at enhancing the requests of image quality and stability of the virtual construction scene, taking a tower crane for example. We studied the technology of three-dimensional modeling and optimization of a virtual tower crane, and a method named two-stage model optimization was put forward. This depended on the modeling stage using Solidworks and 3DS Max and the performance optimization stage in EON. The practice of software development indicates that the proposed methods of three-dimensional modeling and optimization could satisfy the performance request of virtual construction system and be popularized to other virtual system.