A theoretical study of the multigrid three-dimensional variational data assimilation scheme using a simple bilinear interpolation algorithm

In order to solve the so-called ＂bull-eye＂ problem caused by using a simple bilinear interpolation as an observational mapping operator in the cost function in the multigrid three-dimensional variational （3DVAR） data assimilation scheme, a smoothing term, equivalent to a penalty term, is introduced into the cost function to serve as a means of troubleshooting. A theoretical analysis is first performed to figure out what on earth results in the issue of ＂bull-eye＂, and then the meaning of such smoothing term is elucidated and the uniqueness of solution of the multigrid 3DVAR with the smoothing term added is discussed through the theoretical deduction for one-dimensional （1D） case, and two idealized data assimilation experiments （one- and two-dimensional （2D） cases）. By exploring the relationship between the smoothing term and the recursive filter theoretically and practically, it is revealed why satisfied analysis results can be achieved by using such proposed solution for the issue of the multigrid 3DVAR.

Constructing Three-Dimension Space Graph for Outlier Detection Algorithms in Data Mining

Outlier detection has very important applied value in data mining literature. Different outlier detection algorithms based on distinct theories have different definitions and mining processes. The three-dimensional space graph for constructing applied algorithms and an improved GridOf algorithm were proposed in terms of analyzing the existing outlier detection algorithms from criterion and theory. Key words outlier - detection - three-dimensional space graph - data mining CLC number TP 311. 13 - TP 391 Foundation item: Supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (70371015)Biography: ZHANG Jing (1975-), female, Ph. D, lecturer, research direction: data mining and knowledge discovery.

A DESIGN OF THREE-DIMENSIONAL SPATIAL DATA MODEL AND ITS DATA STRUCTURE IN GEOLOGICAL EXPLORATION ENGINEERING

The key to develop 3-D GISs is the study on 3-D data model and data structure. Some of the data models and data structures have been presented by scholars. Because of the complexity of 3-D spatial phenomenon, there are no perfect data structures that can describe all spatial entities. Every data structure has its own advantages and disadvantages. It is difficult to design a single data structure to meet different needs. The important subject in the3-D data models is developing a data model that has integrated vector and raster data structures. A special 3-D spatial data model based on distributing features of spatial entities should be designed. We took the geological exploration engineering as the research background and designed an integrated data model whose data structures integrats vector and raster data byadopting object-oriented technique. Research achievements are presented in this paper.

VISUALIZATION OF THREE-DIMENSIONAL DATA FIELD AND ITS APPLICATION IN MACHINE TESTING

In order to realize visualization of three-dimensional data field （TDDF） in instrument, two methods of visualization of TDDF and the usual manner of quick graphic and image processing are analyzed. And how to use OpenGL technique and the characteristic of analyzed data to construct a TDDF, the ways of reality processing and interactive processing are described. Then the medium geometric element and a related realistic model are constructed by means of the first algorithm. Models obtained for attaching the third dimension in three-dimensional data field are presented. An example for TDDF realization of machine measuring is provided. The analysis of resultant graphic indicates that the three-dimensional graphics built by the method developed is featured by good reality, fast processing and strong interaction

Three-dimensional weighting reconstruction algorithm for circular cone-beam CT under large scan angles

Improving imaging quality of cone-beam CT under large cone angle scan has been an important area of CT imaging research. Considering the idea of conjugate rays and making up missing data, we propose a three-dimensional(3D) weighting reconstruction algorithm for cone-beam CT. The 3D weighting function is added in the back-projection process to reduce the axial density drop and improve the accuracy of FDK algorithm. Having a simple structure, the algorithm can be implemented easily without rebinning the native cone-beam data into coneparallel beam data. Performance of the algorithm is evaluated using two computer simulations and a real industrial component, and the results show that the algorithm achieves better performance in reduction of axial intensity drop artifacts and has a wide range of application.

Design and Realization of Block Level Augmented Reality Three-Dimensional Map

In response to the construction needs of “Real 3D China”, the system structure, functional framework, application direction and product form of block level augmented reality three-dimensional map is designed. Those provide references and ideas for the later large-scale production of augmented reality three-dimensional map. The augmented reality three-dimensional map is produced based on skyline software. Including the map browsing, measurement and analysis and so on, the basic function of three-dimensional map is realized. The special functional module including housing management, pipeline management and so on is developed combining the need of residential quarters development, that expands the application fields of augmented reality three-dimensional map. Those lay the groundwork for the application of augmented reality three-dimensional map. .

二三维地理信息数据坐标转换软件研究

由于历史和应用场景等原因,地理信息数据格式多样、坐标系不统一,在数据应用和共享时需要进行坐标转换。现有坐标转换软件功能不齐全、支持数据格式少、依赖第三方平台,针对上述问题,本文分析坐标转换软件的关键技术,并基于开源库设计坐标转换软件,该系统支持多种格式二三维地理信息数据的坐标转换,功能齐全、转换效率高、操作简单,已在多个地市取得良好的应用效果。

基于三维地球模型的中国大陆重力潮汐因子研究

潮汐现象是地球对日、月等星体引力的响应,重力潮汐因子对于揭示地球内部结构具有重要作用.中国地震局、中国科学院等自20世纪80年代开始布设首批重力仪,用于研究中国大陆固体潮空间分布特征,到目前为止已建成超过50个台站的重力观测网络.本研究利用该网络的重力潮汐因子观测结果,结合考虑了横向非均匀效应的潮汐理论和三维地球模型,构建了中国大陆及周边地区的重力M_(2)、O_(1)因子分布模型.基于微扰理论,本研究发现P波速度扰动、S波速度扰动、密度扰动及综合效应对重力M_(2)因子影响的幅值范围分别为-0.12%至0.14%、-0.19%至0.17%、-0.08%至0.06%和-0.09%至0.11%(对O1因子的影响为-0.13%至0.28%、-0.27%至0.15%、-0.12%至0.10%和-0.15%至0.05%),影响最显著的区域为喜马拉雅造山带(负值)和华夏古陆东南缘(正值),体现了这些地区的特殊构造.本研究利用最小二乘配置方法对重力潮汐因子的理论值与实测值进行了融合,发现中国大陆及周边地区的重力M_(2)因子幅值范围为1.130至1.175,总体呈现周围低、中心高的特征.重力O1因子幅值范围为1.145至1.195,总体呈现从西北向东南逐渐升高的特征.以上结果可为中国大陆及周边地区重力潮汐因子、地球模型等相关研究提供参考.

煤矿灾害监测预警与融合展现平台研究

灾害监测预警是智能化矿山的重点建设内容和验收要求。针对当前煤矿灾害监测预警数据接入规范不完整、地质保障系统三维模型不能共享、灾害监测预警结果无法融合展现等突出问题,制定了井巷工程地理信息、地质体及设备三维模型、灾害监测预警、灾害应急处置等数据的接入规范,研究了数据采集治理与存储、三维模型的快速构建和实时渲染、多种灾害监测预警融合展现等技术,研发了煤矿灾害监测预警与融合展现平台。现场应用表明,该平台利用已有地质保障系统建设成果,实现了基于三维模型的监测预警数据的融合展现,有效提升了煤矿灾害监测预警的表达能力,为煤矿安全生产和灾害应急处置提供了技术支撑。

新能源场站专用系统数据可视化技术研究

为充分体现新能源场站专用系统的应用情况,提出新能源场站专用系统数据可视化技术。利用三维激光扫描技术获取新能源场站的测绘点云数据,并利用最小二乘平面拟合去噪法去除采集到的测绘点云数据噪声。基于测绘点云数据去噪结果进行绝对定向处理,以此获取测绘系统相对坐标位置,并将切片点云导入计算机辅助设计(CAD)中,即可实现新能源场站的测绘。依据测绘结果,采用球面投影方法实施测绘数据的三维重建,以此实现系统可视化研究。试验结果表明,所提技术对新能源场站测绘系统的测绘可视化效果较好,具有一定的应用价值。该技术可以有效提升新能源场站测绘效果。

Impacts of XBT,TAO,Altimetry and ARGO Observations on the Tropical Pacific Ocean Data Assimilation

This study aims at assessing the relative impacts of four major components of the tropical Pacific Ocean observing system on assimilation of temperature and salinity fields. Observations were collected over a period between January 2001 through June 2003 including temperature data from the expendable bathythermographs （XBT）, thermistor data from the Tropical Ocean Global Atmosphere Tropical Atmosphere-Ocean （TOGA-TAO） mooring array, sea level anomalies from the Topex/Poseidon and Jason-1 altimetry （T/P-J）, and temperature and salinity profiles from the Array for Real-time Geostrophic Oceanography （ARGO） floats. An efficient three-dimensional variational analysis-based method was introduced to assimilate the above data into the tropical-Pacific circulation model. To evaluate the impact of the individual component of the observing system, four observation system experiments were carried out. The experiment that assimilated all four components of the observing system was taken as the reference. The other three experiments were implemented by withholding one of the four components. Results show that the spatial distribution of the data influences its relative contribution. XBT observations produce the most distinguished effects on temperature analyses in the off-equatorial region due to the large amount of measurements and high quality. Similarly, the impact of TAO is dominant in the equatorial region due to the focus of the spatial distribution. The Topex/Poseidon-Jason-1 can be highly complementary where the XBT and TAO observations are sparse. The contribution of XBT or TAO on the assimilated salinity is made by the model dynamics because no salinity observations from them are assimilated. Therefore, T/P-J, as a main source for providing salinity data, has been shown to have greater impacts than either XBT or TAO on the salinity analysis. Although ARGO includes the subsurface observations, the relatively smaller number of observation makes it have the smallest contribution to the assimilation system.

Evaluation of Two Momentum Control Variable Schemes and Their Impact on the Variational Assimilation of Radar Wind Data:Case Study of a Squall Line

Different choices of control variables in variational assimilation can bring about different influences on the analyzed atmospheric state. Based on the WRF model＇s three-dimensional variational assimilation system, this study compares the be- havior of two momentum control variable options-streamfunction velocity potential （ψ-χ） and horizontal wind components （U-V）-in radar wind data assimilation for a squall line case that occurred in Jiangsu Province on 24 August 2014. The wind increment from the single observation test shows that the ψ-χ control variable scheme produces negative increments in the neighborhood around the observation point because streamfunction and velocity potential preserve integrals of velocity. On the contrary, the U-V control variable scheme objectively reflects the information of the observation itself. Furthermore, radial velocity data from 17 Doppler radars in eastern China are assimilated. As compared to the impact of conventional observation, the assimilation of radar radial velocity based on the U-V control variable scheme significantly improves the mesoscale dynamic field in the initial condition. The enhanced low-level jet stream, water vapor convergence and low-level wind shear result in better squall line forecasting. However, the ψ-χ control variable scheme generates a discontinuous wind field and unrealistic convergence/divergence in the analyzed field, which lead to a degraded precipitation forecast.

基于C++的三维闪电回击数据再处理系统设计

针对三维闪电数据处理算法改进之后需重新定位回击数据,以及省级三维闪电探测系统的回击数据通常更加完整,应用时要将多个省份闪电回击数据合并后重新处理出准确的云内闪电高度值等问题,本研究使用C/S架构和C++builder编程开发了三维闪电回击数据再处理系统。系统设计了回击数据查询处理界面,提供了监视控制功能。通过设定回击数据文件和配置文件,再运行软件系统对符合条件的回击数据进行排序,在完成排序的数据中提取同一闪电相关信息,经计算处理得到重新定位的三维闪电探测结果并存储。将系统部署于国家级平台查询处理全国组网的三维闪电历史回击数据,测试结果表明,再处理系统操作便捷、功能齐全,满足三维闪电回击数据再处理系统的任务要求。

An Improved Data Exchange Method Between Pro/E and ADAMS

According to the question of how to transfer data between Pro/E and ADAMS correctly, the paper gives an improved importing solution, which combines the interface and the Standard Data Format（SDF） files. It settles the problems caused by improper geometry during the import conducted by the interface software. With the solution ,fea- ture points can be conveniently picked to build kinematic constraints are the preparation of the model will be simpli- fied. An example is given for the method, and corresponding simulations are conducted. The results of the simula- tions verify the validity of the solution.

基于三维点云的采后香蕉表征褐变定量评估方法

【目的】研究采后香蕉的表征褐变并评估其衰老程度对香蕉保鲜管理至关重要,本研究致力于解决传统人工测量香蕉表征褐变存在的劳动强度大、效率低下的问题。【方法】提出一种基于三维点云的采后香蕉表征褐变过程定量评估方法。首先利用三维扫描仪获取香蕉的三维点云模型,重构出香蕉的几何模型;然后使用欧式聚类对香蕉几何模型进行点云滤波降噪处理;再结合图像阈值分割法与散点轮廓算法(Alpha Shapes)求出香蕉的体积、表面积和黑斑面积;最后利用傅里叶函数对香蕉表面黑斑变化过程进行模拟,确定香蕉表征褐变过程的评估模型。设计本算法与溢水法测量实际香蕉体积、手绘测量面积的对比试验。【结果】拟合香蕉的生长函数,回归直线对观测值的拟合程度R2=0.9816>0.75,验证了算法的有效性。对比试验结果表明,本算法与实际测量值的平均相对误差小于1%,验证了该算法的准确性和可行性。【结论】本研究可为香蕉的保鲜管理提供数据及技术支撑。

多级冗余强干扰下医用三维力传感器数据的自动挖掘方法

针对医用三维力传感器容易受电磁场等外部环境的影响,产生大量相似特征数据,导致其输出紊乱信号,降低传感器控制精度和测量速度的问题,提出一种多级冗余强干扰下三维力传感器数据挖掘方法。根据角度标定理论采集三维力传感器冗余数据;引入相似度指数函数计算冗余因子,获取三维力传感器冗余数据活跃度,完成数据冗余分类;通过差值去噪算法高性能过滤三维力传感器冗余数据;利用谱聚类算法构建拉普拉斯矩阵,剔除冗余数据,实现三维力传感器数据自动挖掘。仿真结果表明,所提方法在多级冗余强干扰下的三维力传感器控制精度为96.54%,测量速度为0.61 ms,能量消耗为0.26 kcal。由此证明,所提方法的控制精度高、测量速度快、传输效果优,能够满足机器人辅助手术过程中的力反馈控制需求。

基于三维重建的物体空间数据合成增广方法

深度学习目标检测算法需大量训练数据支撑,数据增广是一种自动生成训练样本的有效手段。为在原始样本稀缺时提供大量高质量训练样本,提出一种基于三维重建的物体空间数据增广合成方法,克服现有数据增广要么需要复杂手工建模、要么样本视角多样性不足的问题。首先用少量多视角图像重建目标三维模型,再通过多域随机化图像渲染得到不同环境下任意视角图像,然后将渲染图与随机背景融合并自动生成标注信息,得到海量多样化合成样本。构建5种训练数据集并在典型目标检测算法上对上述增广方法开展实验验证,结果表明合成样本对原始稀缺样本数据集有显著增强作用,可大幅提高目标检出概率和目标检测定位精度,而且对一般数据集也具有很好的适用性。

改进的密度聚类精确自适应提取LiDAR电力线点云方法

原有邻域半径r_(Eps)与密度阈值p_(MinPts)两个参数的初始赋值导致电力线点云的提取结果存在不确定性,在密度聚类的基础上增添了点云簇类自适应判别方法,该方法避免人员重复测试初始参数的繁琐过程,采用C++语言完成了对该算法电力线精确提取及电力线拟合程序的开发与测试。结果表明:改进后的密度聚类法在电力线点云提取的损失率仅0.02%,三维重建残差为0.213 m;该方法大幅提高了电力线点云提取的准确性与便捷性,适用于高压电力走廊的电力巡检与三维重建等工作。

基于改进Marching Cubes算法的雷达气象数据三维重建

在气象领域中,多普勒天气雷达探测到的气象数据采用以雷达站点为原点的三维极坐标系进行存储,具有形状不规则、数据量大等特征。Marching Cubes(MC)算法是三维重建中的经典算法,但应用于气象领域时存在重建效率低下和不能直接处理气象数据的缺点。为了实现气象数据的三维重建,基于MC算法提出雷达数据归一化处理与状态标记判别算法NBV-MC。该算法根据雷达基数据文件的特点对其进行归一化预处理,使用雷达基数据构建拟梯形六面体体素,对每一个六面体体素进行状态标记,在遍历六面体体素时动态判别其是否需要处理。实验结果表明,NBV-MC算法不仅解决了由于气象数据具有不规则性而不能直接用于MC算法的问题,而且可以在保证数据真实性和重建效果的情况下有效减少绘制等值面所需要的三角面片数量,提高重建速度。与MC算法相比,NBV-MC算法的重建效率提升了77.70%以上,有利于实时场景交互,便于气象研究人员直接分析雷达数据。

Myvoxel R-CNN:基于体素的三维点云目标检测模型

围绕目前三维点云目标检测中存在的特征提取不充分、困难(Hard)目标检测准确率低、模型泛化能力有待提高等问题,提出了一种新的单模态三维点云目标检测模型Myvoxel R-CNN,该模型由3个主要模块组成,分别是3D主干网络、2D鸟瞰区域建议网络(2D主干网络+区域建议网络(RPN))以及检测头,在3D主干网络中添加了多头自注意力模块和基于稀疏卷积的残差块,增强了3D主干网络的体素特征学习能力,捕获了更多数据和特征内部的相关性.设计了一个由注意力融合模块组成的2D主干网络,增加了原模型对2D特征的关注度.为了进一步增加所提出模型的泛化性,引入了一种新的数据增强方案——随机局部金字塔数据增强方法,以形状感知的方式生成增强对象样本.在KITTI数据集上,本模型对汽车Hard级别的检测精度AP 3D提升了约2.23%,此外简单(Easy)和中等(Moderate)类别分别提高了约0.60%和0.62%,对行人Easy级别的检测精度AP 3D、AP BEV分别提升了约0.62%和0.86%,Hard级别的AP 3D、AP BEV分别提升了约1.45%和1.53%,实验结果表明,Myvoxel R-CNN在KITTI数据集上的表现优于其他方法.