Morphology development of elongated α phases in hot working of large-scale titanium alloy plate

The role of subtransus hot working on microstructure morphology of TA15 titanium alloy plate with elongatedαphases was studied by quantitative metallography on different sections. The results show that the microstructure morphology is mainly affected by loading direction. When the sample is compressed along normal direction, microstructure on the section vertical to normal direction has equiaxed primaryαphase but microstructure on the section vertical to rolling direction has strip primaryαphase with long axis along tangential direction. When the sample is compressed along rolling direction, microstructure on the section vertical to normal direction has strip primaryαphase elongated along tangential direction but microstructure on the section vertical to rolling direction consists of strip and irregular broad-band primaryαphase. The strip primaryαphase aspect ratio is smaller at lower temperature due to the dynamic break-down ofαphase. The difference on primaryαphase aspect ratio between different sections decreases after compression along distinct directions in two loading passes, suggesting the improvement of equiaxity of primaryαphase.

Analysis of working behavior of Jinping-I Arch Dam during initial impoundment

To study the stress, deformation, and seepage pressure during the initial impoundment of the Jinping-I Arch Dam, monitoring analysis and numerical calculation were used in a dam behavior analysis that focused on the working behavior of the dam during the late period of the initial impoundment up to the end of November 2014. The numerical calculation was performed based on feedback analysis of the deformation and stress of the arch dam through inversion of the elastic moduli(E) of the dam body and foundation, using a three-dimensional finite element model for the linear elastic material of the arch dam. The main monitoring indices presented insignificant changes in the late period of the initial impoundment, and the results of feedback analysis were consistent with monitoring results. Analysis results also show that the deformations of the dam body and dam foundation were within the design range; the dam stress distributions were normal, with values lower than the design control criteria; and the seepage flows through the dam body and dam foundation were lower than the design drainage capacity of the deep-well pump house, demonstrating that the Jinping-I Arch Dam was in good working condition, and the initial impoundment had been successfully completed. The results of the working behavior analysis of the Jinping-I hydropower project during the initial impoundment can provide references for safe operation of similar projects.

APPLICATIONS OF PHYSICAL SIMULATION IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF HOT WORKING PROCESSES

Modelling has become a more and more valuable tool in the design, control and development of steel processing. Empirical regression equations, physically based approachs, artificial neural networks and hybrid models are being theied in computer modelling. In all cases, relevant data are necessary, which can be most economically obtained by physical simulation. Physical simulation with a Gleeble simulator has been used in a large number of tasks at the University of Oulu for ten years in cooperotion with the Finnish metals industry. Some examples of these will be described and discussed below, such as the optimization of the recrystallization controlled rolling process, the improvement of the hot strength model for the control of coiling tension and the optimization of continuous strip annealing schedules.Finally,brief remarks will be then on a couple of projects now under way.

Heat Transfer Characteristics of Work Fluid Including Phase Change Material That Flow into Heating Surface from Narrow Path

Use of the low temperature (less than 100°C) energy contributes to effective use of heat resources. The cost recovery by power generation is difficult by using an existing system (the binary cycle or the thermoelectric conversion element), because the initial investment is large. The final purpose of this research is development of the low temperature difference drive engine supposing use in a hot-springs resort as a power source for electric power generation. In order that a traveler may look at and delight a motion of an engine, it is made to drive at low-speed number of rotations. An engine cycle of this study is aimed at the development of Stirling cycle engine which can maintain high efficiency in small size. This kind of engine has simple structure;it brings low cost, and it is easy to perform maintenance. However, it is difficult to obtain enough output by this type of engine, because of its low temperature difference. This paper deals with the heat transfer characteristic that the working fluid including a phase change material flows into the heating surface from the narrow path. In order to increase the amount of the heat transmission, Diethylether is added to the working fluid. Diethylether is selected as a phase change material (PCM) that has the boiling point which exists between the heat source of high temperature and low temperature. The parameters of the experiment are additive amount of PCM, rotational speed of the displacer piston and temperature of heat transfer surface. It is shown that it is possible to make exchange of heat amount increase by adding phase change material. The result of this research shows the optimal condition of the difference in temperature in heat processing, number of revolutions, and addition concentration of PCM.

Elucidating the evolution of long-period stacking ordered phase and its effect on deformation behavior in the as-cast Mg-6Gd-1Zn-0.6Zr alloy

Herein,the evolution of long-period stacking ordered(LPSO)phases in the as-cast Mg-6Gd-1Zn-0.6Zr(wt.%)alloy are investigated via transmission electron microscopy(TEM)and atom probe tomography(APT).The TEM results reveal that two types of LPSO phase(a bulky interdendritic phase and a plate-like matrix LPSO phase)are formed in the as-cast sample.Most of the LPSO phases are confirmed to be of the 14H type,with a smaller proportion being of the 18R LPSO.Further,the APT results reveal that the composition of the interdendritic LPSO phase is closer to that of the ideal 14H phase compared to the matrix LPSO phase,and both the interdendritic and matrix LPSO phases exhibit a Gd/Zn ratio of 2.5,thereby indicating a deficient Zn content compared to the ideal 14H phase(i.e.,1.3).In addition,the influence of the LPSO phases on the deformation behavior is investigated at different compressive plastic strains using electron backscatter diffraction(EBSD)analysis to reveal twinning and slip behavior during deformation.The results indicate that the LPSO phase induces additional work hardening in the late stage of deformation via the suppression of{1011}compressive twinning and the activation of non-basal slip systems.

Three gorges Dam work on schedule

Ongoing construction of the Three Gorges Dam is expected to ensure interception of the Yangtze River between October and November of 1997. Overall, the first phase of the construction is being accomplished a bit ahead of schedule. The project officially started in December 1993. By the end of 1995, 108.8 million cubic metres of earth had been removed and 1.35 million cubic metres of cement placed. The only delay experienced was in the building of a highway linking the dam site with the nearest city, Yichang, where the Three Gorges Development Corp. is based. It is estimated the road, originally scheduled

Effects of Color on the Buildup and Resolution of Proactive Interference in Working Memory

The“color superiority effect”was confirmed by the research of color on forgetting,which showed that proactive interference(PI)has less impact on colored items than gray ones.Color could directly affect the buildup of PI,leading to reduced levels of interference,or controlled processes that resolve PI.However,the effects of red and green on memory were inconsistent.Using Recent-Probes task,the current study explored how the red and green color influenced to the buildup phase(i.e.,200ms after the onset of probe)and resolution phase(i.e.800ms after the onset of probe)of PI.Results revealed that the reaction times of green words were significantly shorter than the red words under 200ms.There were no significant differences between the red and green words under 500ms and 800ms.It indicated that green might shortened the reaction times for the PI buildup,while red prolonged it.However,on the resolution phase of PI,green words were less effective than red words.These findings offered some new information for the underlying mechanisms that modulate the interactions between color and memory.

FEM simulation and experimental verification of temperature field and phase transformation in deep cryogenic treatment

Combining with the low temperature material properties and the boiling heat transfer coefficient of specimen immersed in the liquid nitrogen, a numerical model based on metallo-thermo-mechanical couple theory was established to reproduce the deep cryogenic treatment （DCT） process of a newly developed cold work die steel Cr8Mo2SiV （SDC99）. Moreover, an experimental setup for rapid temperature measurement was designed to validate the simulation results. The investigation suggests that the differences in temperature and cooling rate between the surface and core of specimen are very significant. However, it should be emphasized that the acute temperature and cooling rate changes during DCT are mainly concentrated on the specimen surface region about 1/3 of the sample thickness. Subjected to DCT, the retained austenite of quenched specimen continues to transform to martensite and finally its phase volume fraction reduces to 2.3%. The predicted results are coincident well with the experimental data, which demonstrates that the numerical model employed in this study can accurately capture the variation characteristics of temperature and microstructure fields during DCT and provide a theoretical guidance for making the reasonable DCT procedure.

间断theta脉冲磁刺激对空间工作记忆相关神经振荡及其同步性的影响

目的间断theta脉冲磁刺激(iTBS)已被证实可以通过夹带大脑不同频段神经振荡调控工作记忆功能,但其对神经振荡及其同步性的调节尚不清晰。本研究旨在探讨iTBS对大鼠局部脑区及跨脑区神经振荡及其同步性的影响,探究iTBS调控工作记忆的作用机制。方法24只大鼠根据年龄及是否接受iTBS分为4组,应用时频分布、相位同步性以及相位-幅值耦合分析方法,对比分析各组大鼠在进行空间工作记忆(SWM)行为学任务的过程中前额叶和海马脑区theta及gamma频段局部场电位信号神经振荡的变化规律。结果随着年龄增长,老年大鼠学会SWM任务规则所用时间明显增加(P=0.0056);iTBS可以缩短成年大鼠(P=0.0011)和老年大鼠(P=0.0090)学会SWM任务规则所用时间。相比成年大鼠,老年大鼠前额叶和海马脑区theta和gamma频段神经振荡的时频能量(theta:P<0.0001;gamma:P<0.0001)、跨脑区相位-幅值耦合作用(PFC-HPC:P=0.0002;HPC-PFC:P=0.0277)均出现一定程度的下降;iTBS可以提高成年大鼠(theta:P<0.0001;gamma:P<0.0001)和老年大鼠(theta:P=0.0144;gamma:P=0.0006)神经振荡的时频能量以及老年大鼠跨脑区相位-幅值耦合作用(PFC-HPC:P=0.0180;HPC-PFC:P=0.0221)。此外,两脑区各频段信号的时频能量及相位-幅值耦合与大鼠行为学正确率均具有正相关关系。结论iTBS可以增强老年大鼠的SWM能力以及认知功能,这与老年大鼠SWM任务期间跨脑区theta频段和gamma频段神经振荡的时频能量以及跨脑区相位幅值耦合增强有关。对于成年大鼠,iTBS通过提升成年大鼠SWM任务期间两脑区theta频段和gamma频段神经振荡的时频能量增强其SWM能力与认知功能。

Influence of original microstructure on the transformation behavior and mechanical properties of ultra-high-strength TRIP-aided steel

The transformation behavior and tensile properties of an ultra-high-strength transformation-induced plasticity （TRIP） steel （0.2C-2.0Si-I.SMn） were investigated by different heat treatments for automobile applications. The results show that F-TRIP steel, a tradi- tional TRIP steel containing as-cold-rolled ferfite and pearlite as the original microstructure, consists of equiaxed grains of intercritical ferrite surrounded by discrete particles of M/RA and B. In contrast, M-TRIP steel, a modified TRiP-aided steel with martensite as the original mi- crostlucture, containing full martensite as the original microstructure is comprised of lath-shaped grains of ferrite separated by lath-shaped martensite/retained austenite and bainite. Most of the austenite in F-TRIP steel is granular, while the austenite in M-TRIP steel is lath-shaped. The volume fraction of the retained austenite as well as its carbon content is lower in F-TRIP steel than in M-TRIP steel, and austenite grains in M-TRIP steel are much finer than those in F-TRIP steel. Therefore, M-TRIP steel was concluded to have a higher austenite stability, re- sulting in a lower transformation rate and consequently contributing to a higher elongation compared to F-TRIP steel. Work hardening be- havior is also discussed for both types of steel.

Calculation and Analysis of Valence Electron Structure of Mo_2C and V_4C_3 in Hot Working Die Steel

Taking the hot working die steel （HWDS） 4Cr3Mo2NbVNi as an example, the phase electron structures （PES） and the biphase interface electron structures （BIES） of Mo2C and V4 C3 , which are two kinds of important carbides precipitated during tempering in steel were calculated, on the basis of the empirical electron theory of solids and molecules and the improved TFD theory. The influence of Mo2 C and V4 C3 on the mechanical properties of HWDS has been analyzed at electron structure level, and the fundamental reason that the characteristic of the PES and the BIES of carbides decides the behavior of them has been revealed.

Effect of cold rolling on the microstructural, magnetic, mechanical, and corrosion properties of AISI 316L austenitic stainless steel

This study has evaluated the effect of different levels of cold rolling（from 0 to 50%）on the microstructural,magnetic,and mechanical properties and the corrosion behavior of 316L austenitic stainless steel in Na Cl（1 mol/L）＋H_2SO_4（0.5 mol/L）solution.Microstructural examinations using optical microscopy revealed the development of a morphological texture from coaxial to elongated grains during the cold-rolling process.Phase analysis carried out on the basis of X-ray diffraction confirmed the formation of the ferromagneticα′-martensite phase under the stresses applied during cold rolling.This finding is in agreement with magnetic measurements using a vibrating sample magnetometer.Mechanical properties determined by tensile and Vickers microhardness tests demonstrated an upward trend in the hardness-to-yield strength ratio with increasing cold-rolling percentage,representing a reduction in the material’s work-hardening ability.Uniform and localized corrosion parameters were estimated via potentiodynamic polarization corrosion tests and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy.In contrast to the uniform corrosion,wherein the corrosion current density increased with increasing cold-working degree because of the high density of microstructural defects,the passive potential range and breakdown potential increased by cold working,showing greater resistance to pit nucleation.Although pits were formed,the cold-rolled material repassivation tendency decreased because of the broader hysteresis anodic loop,as confirmed experimentally by observation of the microscopic features after electrochemical cyclic polarization evaluations.

Phenomena and Mechanism of Positive Pulsed Discharge Branching in Two-phase Mixtures

Discharge branching is a general phenomenon in atmospheric-pressure air,dense gases,and two-phase mixtures(TPMs).In this work,an ultraviolet imaging device is utilized to investigate the branching of positive pulsed discharges in TPMs.Comparison among the captured images indicates that the branching is caused by the voltages and the macropartilces in the discharge channels combining together.The interaction of macroparticles with ions,electrons or photons is one reason for the branching behavior of pulsed discharges.The generation of electrons at the discharge front closely relates to the work function of dielectric macroparticles,which is a key parameter influencing the electron-emission ability of macroparticle surfaces.The electric field alteration under various applied voltage in TPMs,which is calculated by a two-dimension finite element method,is the other reason for the guiding effect of macroparticles on the streamers compared with in the air.

Derivation of the work expression and discussion on the effective principle and the phase separation theorem in unsaturated soil

Based on the balance equations for mass, linear momentum, energy in porous media theory and some hypotheses in unsaturated soil mechanics, an expression of the total deformation work W is derived, and with the help of the specific ex-pression of the work, the effective stress conjugated with the displacement of the soil skeleton is suggested by the authors, which has the similar form as the expressions proposed by Wheeler (2003) and some other researchers according to their experience and intuition, but the effective stress presented in this paper is derived on the basis of porous media theory and its assumptions, whose premise and hypothesis are clear. It is also pointed out that due to the complexity of the physical mechanism and various influencing factors, it is impossible in unsatu-rated soil mechanics to determine the deformation of solid skeleton by the effective stress only, like in the saturated soil mechanics. Besides, by using the expression of the deformation work and the free energy Aα for each phase, the applicability of the Phase Separation Principle proposed by Passman (1984) in unsaturated soil is discussed, and it is considered that the principle should not strictly apply to un-saturated soil mechanics.

Influence of Chemical Composition on Phase Transformation Temperature and Thermal Expansion Coefficient of Hot Work Die Steel

On the basis of the uniform design method, six kinds of martensitic hot work die steels were designed. The phase transformation temperatures including Ac1 , Ac3 , and Ms were measured by DIL805A quenching dilatometer. The influences of the main elements on phase transformation temperatures were analyzed by quadratic stepwise regression analysis, and three corresponding equations were obtained. These equations, in which the interactions of the elements were considered, showed more effectiveness than the traditional ones. In addition, the thermal expansion coefficients of these steels in annealed state and quenched state were also obtained during the tests. The influences of chemical composition and temperature on the thermal expansion coefficient were analyzed; the equations obtained were verified by using several kinds of steels. The predicted values were in accordance with the results of the experiments.

多路DAM自动测试系统设计

数字阵列模块(Digital Array Module,DAM)是数字阵列雷达的核心部件,其设计高度集成,技术指标繁多,传统的测试系统效率不高。通过多路DAM自动测试系统设计的可行性分析,优化各技术指标的测试流程和方法,采用高速光纤调制解调、多路发射同步测试、移相精度快速测试等一系列测试技术,完成了4路DAM并行测试的多路DAM自动测试系统设计,并在生产线上进行了测试验证,在自测模式下完成4路DAM的测试时间小于50min,测试效率大幅提高,为我国某重点型号雷达的科研生产提供了重要支撑和保障。

基于VOF方法和DFBI模型的溃坝水流数值模拟

为了评价在溃坝冲击效应问题中流体体积函数(VOF)方法与流体–刚体相互作用(DFBI)模型结合的适用性,本文开展了挡板溃坝的高速可视化实验。观测了液位变化及挡板摆角变化,结合Overset网格技术,对挡板溃坝问题开展了计算流体力学(CFD)数值模拟。在验证分析中,比较了不同初始液位条件下实验和数值模拟得到的溃坝最高液位和挡板摆角的变化。结果表明,VOF方法结合DFBI模型能够较好处理溃坝冲击效应问题。

DAM 10 kW中波发射机射频部分工作原理及故障维修

DAM中波发射机也称为数字调制中波发射机。由于采用了先进的数字调制与功率合成技术,DAM中波发射机整机工作效率可达85%以上,具有工作性能稳定、保护功能完善、操作方便的特点。由于组装工艺和采用的元器件质量不同,DAM中波发射机在使用过程中会出现各种各样的故障,其中射频部分故障为多发故障,也是处理起来比较棘手的故障。对此,以某厂家的DAM 10 kW发射机为例,对DAM中波发射机射频部分的工作原理及故障维修进行详细的论述。

New Representation of Maxwell Relation

A new representation of the Maxwell relation for phase transformation is given, which is expressed in simpler form and has more direct physical meaning than the original Maxwell relation. It is shown that the physical conjecture for the so-called "lock-up" condition suggested by Jensen (1999) is correct, but the equation for the "lock-up" condition suggested by Jensen (1999) is not. Numerical examples also demonstrate that the application of the new representation of Maxwell relation gives exactly the same solutions as the ones with application of the original Maxwell relation and, however, application of the "lock-up" condition gives no real solutions.

DAM中波发射机电源电路工作原理与常见故障分析

DAM中波发射机电源故障为多发故障,当出现电源故障时,多数情况下都有相应的故障显示,技术人员可以根据故障显示进行相应的检查处理,但有些电源故障没有故障指示,技术人员只能凭维修经验来分析查找故障原因,延误了维修时间。本文以陕西762厂生产的10k WDAM发射机为例,对电源电路的组成和工作原理进行剖析,并在分析故障案例的基础上论述电源故障的维修方法和技巧,与业内同行共分享。