TURBULENT SEPARATED REATTACHED FLOW IN A TWO-DIMENSIONAL CURVED-WALL DIFFUSER

A turbulent separation-rcattachment flow in a two-dimensional asymmetrical curved-wall diffuser is studied by a two-dimensional laser doppler velocimeter.The turbulent boundary layer separates on the lower curved wall under strong pressure gradient and then reattaches on a parallel channel.At the inlet of the diffuser,Reynolds number based on the diffuser height is 1.2×10~5 and the velocity is 25.2m/s.The re- sults of experiments are presented and analyzed in new defined streamline-aligned coordinates.The experiment shows that after Transitory Detachment Reynolds shear stress is negative in the near-wall backflow region. Their characteristics are approximately the same as in simple turbulent shear layers near the maximum Reynolds shear stress.A scale is formed using the maximum Reynolds shear stresses.It is found that a Reynolds shear stress similarity exists from separation to reattachment and the Schofield-Perry velocity law ex- ists in the forward shear flow.Both profiles are used in the experimental work that leads to the design of a new eddy-viscosity model.The length scale is taken from that developed by Schofield and Perry.The composite velocity scale is formed by the maximum Reynolds shear stress and the Schofield Perry velocity scale as well as the edge velocity of the boundary layer.The results of these experiments are presented in this paper

NUMERICAL SIMULATION OF THREE DIMENSIONAL TURBULENT FLOW IN SUDDENLY EXPANDED RECTANGULAR DUCT

In this paper,to simulate the three dimensional turbulent flow in suddenly expanded rectangular duct numerically,the SIMPLEC algorithm is employed to solve the incompressible Navier-Stckes equation with k-εturbulence model.The numerical resulis show well the three dimensional turbulent flow field in the rectangular duct behind the sudden expansion cross-section. and agree.fairly well with the experimental result of the length of the main circumfluence.The numerical method of this paper can be applied to numerical analysis of this kind of turbulent flow.

ALGEBRAIC TURBUL ENCE MODEL WITH MEM ORY FOR COMPUTATION OF 3-D TURBULENT BOUNDARY LAYERS WITH VALIDATION

Additional equations were found based on experiments for an algebraic turbulence model to improve the prediction of the behavior of three dimensional turbulent boundary layers by taking account of the effects of pressure gradient and the historical variation of eddy viscosity, so the model is with memory. Numerical calculation by solving boundary layer equations was carried out for the five pressure driven three dimensional turbulent boundary layers developed on flat plates, swept wing, and prolate spheroid in symmetrical plane. Comparing the computational results with the experimental data, it is obvious that the prediction will be more accurate if the proposed closure equations are used, especially for the turbulent shear stresses.

Numerical Simulation of Turbulent Flow of Hydraulic Oil through 90° Circular-sectional Bend

Oil flow through pipe bends is found in many engineering applications. However, up to now, the studies of oil flow field in the pipe bend appear to be relatively sparse, although the oil flow field and the associated losses of pipe bend are very important in practice. In this paper, the relationships between the turbulent flow of hydraulic oil in a bend and the Reynolds number Re and the curvature ratio δare studied by using computational fluid dynamics （CFD）. A particular emphasis is put on hydraulic oil, which differs from air or water, flowing through 90° circular-sectional bend, with the purpose of determining the turbulent flow characteristics as well as losses. Three turbulence models, namely, RNG κ-ε model, realizable k-ε model, and Reynolds stress model （RSM）, are used respectively. The simulation results in the form of contour and vector plots for all the three turbulence models for pipe bends having curvature ratio of δ=0.5, and the detailed pressure fields and total pressure losses for different Re and δ for RSM are presented. The RSM can predict the stronger secondary flow in the bend better than other models. As Re increases, the pressure gradient changes rapidly, and the pressure magnitude increases at inner and outer wall of the bend. When δ decreases, two transition points or transition zones of pressure gradient arise at inner wall, meanwhile, the transition point moves towards the inlet at outer wall of the bend. Owing to secondary flow, the total pressure loss factor k increases as the bend tightens, on the contrary, as Re increases, factor k decreases due to higher velocity heads, and the rapid change of pressure gradient on the surface of the bend leads to increasing of friction and separation effects, and magnified swirl intensity of secondary flow. A new mathematical model is proposed for predicting pressure loss in terms of Re and δ in order to provide support to the one-dimensional simulation software. The proposed research provides reference for the analysis of oil flow with higher Re in the large bends.

Stress-Blended Eddy Simulation of the Turbulent Flow Around Circular Cylinder with Dynamic Hybrid RANS/LES Model

In order to verify the effectiveness and superiority of the dynamic hybrid RANS/LES(DHRL)model,the flow around a cylinder with sinusoidal fluctuating velocity at the inlet was used as the test case.The latest computational fluid dynamics(CFD)model can flexibly choose any existing large-eddy simulation(LES)method combined with RANS method to calculate the flow field.In addition,the DLES model and DDES model are selected as typical representatives of the turbulence model to compare the capture ability of the flow field mechanism.The internal flow field including the y+value,velocity distribution,turbulent kinetic energy and vortex structures is comprehensively analyzed.Finally,the results show that the new model has enough sensitivity to capture the information of the flow field and has more consistent velocity distribution with the experimental value,which shows its potential in practical engineering applications to some extent.

NumericaI Computation of Flow over a Train in Cross-Wind

A finite different method is developed to predict the side force on a high speedtrain in a cross-wind at low yaw anglee. The k-εturbulence model with wallfunctions is employed. the solution algorithm is based on curvilinearnonorthogonal coordinates,covariant velocity components ,and staggered gridarrangement. The convective fluxes are described by the Power tow Scheme.A highly deformed grid generated with an elliptic grid generator is used aroundthe comero of the cross-section of the train. The results obtained comparepositively with wind tunnel experinients.

Thermal Radiation Effect on the MHD Turbulent Compressible Boundary Layer Flow with Adverse Pressure Gradient, Heat Transfer and Local Suction

The combined effect of magnetic field, thermal radiation and local suction on the steady turbulent compressible boundary layer flow with adverse pressure gradient is numerically studied. The magnetic field is constant and applied transversely to the direction of the flow. The fluid is subjected to a localized suction and is considered as a radiative optically thin gray fluid. The Reynolds Averaged Boundary Layer (RABL) equations with appropriate boundary conditions are transformed using the compressible Falkner Skan transformation. The nonlinear and coupled system of partial differential equations (PDEs) is solved using the Keller box method. For the eddy-kinematic viscosity the Baldwin Lomax turbulent model and for the turbulent Prandtl number the extended Kays Crawford model are used. The numerical results show that the flow field can be controlled by the combined effect of the applied magnetic field, thermal radiation, and localized suction, moving the separation point, xs , downstream towards the plate’s end, and increasing total drag, D . The combined effect of thermal radiation and magnetic field has a cooling effect on the fluid at the wall vicinity. The combined effect has a greater influence in the case of high free-stream temperature.

Analysis of three-dimensional vortexes below the free surface in a continuous casting mold

To study fluctuations of the free surface of liquid steel in the mold,two different models with the same casting conditions but different thicknesses were employed to analyze the hydrodynamic behavior at the top of the mold.The first model was a standard thickness slab,and the second had a thickness three times wider.It is found with the second model that above the plane formed by the steel jets,it is possible to observe four three-dimensional vortexes that interact with the submerged entry nozzle（SEN）and mold walls.By using a biphasic model to simulate the interface between the liquid and air inside the mold,the flow asymmetry and the fluctuations of the free surface can be clearly observed.

Three-Dimensional Water-Quality Simulation for River Based on VOF Method

In the present study, considering the transport and transformation processes of variables, a threedimensional water quality model for the river system was established, which coupled the volume of fluid(VOF) method with the k-ε turbulence mathematical model. Then, the water hydrodynamic characteristics and transport processes for BOD_5, NH_(3^-)N and TP were analyzed. The results showed that the water surface of convex bank was a little lower than that of concave bank due to the centrifugal force near the bend, and most concentrations were inferior to the type Ⅴ standard indexes of surface water environmental quality. The model validation indicated that the errors between the simulated and monitored values were comparatively small, satisfying the application demands and providing scientific basis and decision support for the restoration and protection of water quality.

High performance parallel computing of large eddy simulation of the flow in a curved duct with square cross section

Large eddy simulation(LES) cooperated with a high performance parallel computing method is applied to simulate the flow in a curved duct with square cross section in the paper. The method consists of parallel domain decomposition of grids, creation of virtual diagonal bordered matrix, assembling of boundary matrix, parallel LDL^T decomposition, parallel solving of Poisson Equation, parallel estimation of convergence and so on. The parallel computing method can solve the problems that are difficult to solve using traditional serial computing. Furthermore, existing microcomputers can be fully used to resolve some large-scale problems of complex turbulent flow.

FAST SOLUTION OF TURBULENT SEPARATION BY STRAWN'S METHOD

A quasi-simultaneous viscous/inviscid interaction model and a new integral method are tried to predict twodimensional incompressible turbulent boundary-layer separating flows. The results are compared with experiments and other prediction.

Assessment of Turbulence Models on Bridge-Pier Scour Using Flow-3D

The main purpose of this paper is to analyze the influence of different turbulence flow models on scouring pit of bridge-pier. Flow-3D software is applied in line with the purpose. The key motivation for this study is to contribute to the Flow-3D software by means of some modification and adjustment in the sediment scour model and shallow water model. An assessment of turbulence model adopted with the parameters of the Melville experiment to estimate the maximum scour-depth was performed. In the simulation results, the alternate eddy formation and shedding were repeated while the Karman vortex street formed behind the pier for the large eddy simulation LES turbulence model is more realistic in the flow phenomenon. The results of the scour development of large eddy simulation (LES) turbulence model were found to be more satisfied than the Renormalized group (RNG) turbulence model and close to the prior experiment results. The simulated scour results were significantly different with the observed data collected from previous literature in the reason of some unsuitability of meshing method in Flow-3D software.

NUMERICAL SIMULATION OF UNSTEADY TURBULENT FLOW INDUCED BY TWO-DIMENSIONAL ELEVATOR CAR AND COUNTER WEIGHT SYSTEM

A two-dimensional model of unsteady turbulent flow induced by high-speed elevator system was established in the present study. The research was focused on the instantaneous variation of the aerodynamic force on the car structure during traversing motion of the counter weight in the hoistway. A dynamic meshing method was employed to treat the multi-body motion system to avoid poor distortion of meshes. A comprehensive understanding of this significant aspect was obtained by varying the horizontal gap （δ =0.1m, 0.2m, and 0.3m） between the elevator car and the counter weight, and the moving speed （ U 0= 2m/s, 6m/s, and 10m/s） of the elevator system. A pulsed intensification of the aerodynamic force on the elevator car and subsequent appearance of large valley with negative aerodynamic force were clearly observed in the numerical results. In parameters studied （ δ =0.1m, U 0= 2m/s, 6m/s, 10m/s）, the peaked horizontal and vertical forces are respectively 7-11 and 4.3-5.65 times of that when the counter weight is far from the car. These results demonstrated the prominent influence of the traversing counter weight on aerodynamic force on the elevator car, which is of great significance to designers of high-speed elevator system.

THE EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS OF 2-D FREE SHEAR TURBULENT FLOWS AND THE COMPARISON WITH THE THEORETICAL COMPUTATION

An extensive set of measurements in 2-D turbulent mixing layer, wake and jet flow by the hot-wire technique and data sampling are presented. The measured quantities, i. e. the mean velocity, the turbulence intensity, the Reynolds stress and higher-order correlations of the fluctuating velocity in the self-preserving region of the above free shear flows are compared with the computational results based on Zhou's theory for the shear turbulence of in- compressible fluid. The experimental and computational results are in good agreement.

NUMERICAL COMPUTATION OF 3-D TURBULENT FLOW IN TURBINE CASCADE

Ⅰ. INTRODUCTIONThe flow phenomena that exist in the advanced turbomachinery are extremely complex and propose a challenge to the engineers and scientists to improve the design procedure. The rapid progress of high speed and large capacity computers has encouraged the development of computational fluid dynamics that has had an increasingly important influence on turbomachinery blade design and analysis. Compared with the inviscid solver, the N.S.

基于FLOW-3D软件的旋流起旋室水力特性数值模拟

文章采用FLOW-3D软件,通过RNGk-ε模型和volume of fluid(VOF)方法相结合,实现了竖井水平旋流泄洪洞水力特性的三维水流流场数值模拟;对开敞式进水口轴线与旋流洞轴线交角不同时起旋室的压强分布、旋流角和紊动能等水力特性进行了对比分析研究,数值模拟能够客观地反映起旋室旋流的流场特性,成果可为旋流溢洪道的研究应用提供参考.

基于Flow-3D的陡坡弯道水流三维数值模拟

弯道急流有其独特的冲击波现象,流态极其复杂,为研究弯道对急流的影响和提出改善措施增添了困难。采用RNG k-ε双方程紊流模型和VOF法,以某工程溢洪道为依托,利用Flow-3D软件,对陡坡弯道段的急流进行了三维数值模拟,通过物理模型试验数据的验证,显示数值模拟结果的正确性。通过计算结果,分析了陡坡弯道对急流流态的影响,提出了导流墙法的弯道急流优化方案,通过物理模型进一步证明,采用导流墙法可有效改善急流弯道水流流态,表明借助Flow-3D软件对弯道水流进行三维数值模拟是可行的。

Spray Evaporation of Different Liquids in a Drying Chamber--Effect on Flow, Heat and Mass Transfer Performances

Almost without exception literature data and modeling effort are understandably devoted to water as the sprayed liquid since it constitutes the most common liquid used in spray drying applications. In selected applications, however, the liquid making up the solution or suspension may not be water. The objective of this work is to examine the differences in flow patterns, thermal behavior and drying rates caused by different liquids having different thermo-physical properties spray into a spray dryer using a computational fluid dynamic model.Numerical experiments were carried out for water (base case), ethyl alcohol and isopropyl alcohol-the latter two as model non-aqueous liquids. The chamber geometry was cylinder type with a co-current axial pressure nozzle and also an axial central exit so that the configuration is two dimensional and axi-symmetric. It is shown that the liquid properties can have major influence on the thermal field, droplet trajectories, residence times and overall evaporation capacity when all parameters of the problem are held fixed. Deviations from the single phase turbulent airflow in the same chamber without spray are different for the three liquids examined.

Effect of pitched short blades on the flow characteristics in a stirred tank with long-short blades impeller

This work focuses on the design improvement of the long-short blades(LSB)impeller by using pitched short blades(SBs)to regulate the flow field in the stirred vessel.After mesh size evaluation and velocity field validation by the particle image velocimetry,large eddy simulation method coupled with sliding mesh approach was used to study the effect of the pitched SBs on the flow characteristics.We changed the inclined angles of the SBs from 30°to 60°and compared the flow characteristics when the impeller was operated in the down-pumping and up-pumping modes.In the case of down-pumping mode,the power number is relatively smaller and vortexes below the SBs are suppressed,leading to turbulence intensification in the bottom of the vessel.Whereas in the case of up-pumping mode,the axial flow rate in the center increased significantly with bigger power number,resulting in more efficient mass exchange between the axial and radial flows in the whole vessel.The LSB with 45°inclined angle of the SBs in the up-pumping mode has the most uniform distributions of flow field and turbulent kinetic energy compared with other impeller configurations.

Numerical Simulation of Blood Flow in Aorta with Dilation:A Comparison between Laminar and LES Modeling Methods

Computational modeling methods have been increasingly employed to quantify aortic hemodynamic parameters that are challenging to in vivo measurements but important for the diagnosis/treatment of aortic disease.Although the presence of turbulence-like behaviors of blood flow in normal or diseased aorta has long been confirmed,the majority of existing computational model studies adopted the laminar flow assumption(LFA)in the treatment of sub-grid flow variables.So far,it remains unclear whether LFA would significantly compromise the reliability of hemodynamic simulation.In the present study,we addressed the issue in the context of a specific aortopathy,namely aortic dilation,which is usually accompanied by disturbed flow patterns.Three patient-specific aortas with treated/untreated dilation of the ascending segment were investigated,and their geometrical models were reconstructed from computed tomography angiographic images,with the boundary conditions being prescribed based on flow velocity information measured in vivo with the phase contrast magnetic resonance imaging technique.For the modeling of blood flow,apart from the traditional LFA-based method in which sub-grid flow dynamics is ignored,the large eddy simulation(LES)method capable of incorporating the dissipative energy loss induced by turbulent eddies at the sub-grid level,was adopted and taken as a reference for examining the performance of the LFA-based method.Obtained results showed that the simulated large-scale flow patterns with the two methods had high similarity,both agreeing well with in vivo measurements,although locally large between-method discrepancies in computed hemodynamic quantities existed in regions with high intensity of flow turbulence.Quantitatively,a switch from the LES to the LFAbased modeling method led to mild(<6%)changes in computed space-averaged wall shear stress metrics(i.e.,SA-TAWSS,SA-OSI)in the ascending aortic segment where intensive vortex evolution accompanied by high statistical Reynolds stress was observed.In addition,comparisons among the three aortas revealed that the treatment status of aortic dilation or the concomitant presence of aortic valve disease,despite its remarkable influence on flow patterns in the ascending aortic segment,did not significantly affect the degrees of discrepancies between the two modeling methods in predicting SA-TAWSS and SA-OSI.These findings suggest that aortic dilation per se does not induce strong flow turbulence that substantially negates the validity of LFA-based modeling,especially in simulating macro-scale hemodynamic features.