Simultaneous detection of CH_(4)and CO_(2)through dual modulation off-axis integrated cavity output spectroscopy

This study established a novel method for the simultaneous detection of two-component gases.Radio frequency(RF)white noise disturbance laser current and wavelength modulation were simultaneously used to improve the off-axis integrated cavity output spectroscopy technique,and a high-precision dual modulation OA-ICOS(RF-WM-OA-ICOS)system was established.The two laser beams were coupled into one laser beam that was applied incident to the cavity of RF-WM-OA-ICOS system.The second harmonic signals of CH_(4)and CO_(2)gas simultaneously appeared in the rising or falling edge of a triangular wave.This method was used to measure CH_(4)and CO_(2)with different concentrations.The results indicated that the proposed system has high stability and can accurately and simultaneously measure the concentrations of CH_(4)and CO_(2),with an optimal integration time of 220 s.The minimum detection limit was 10 ppb for CH_(4)and 1.5 ppm for CO_(2).The corresponding noise equivalent absorption sensitivity values were calculated as 2.67×10^(-13)cm^(-1)·Hz^(-1/2)and 5.18×10^(-11)cm^(-1)·Hz^(-1/2),respectively.The proposed dual-component gas simultaneous detection method can also be used for high-precision simultaneous detection of other gases.Therefore,this study may serve as a reference for developing portable multicomponent gas analyzers.

Stable single longitudinal mode erbium-doped silica fiber laser based on an asymmetric linear three-cavity structure

We present a stable linear-cavity single longitudinal mode （SLM） erbium-doped silica fiber laser. It consists of four fiber Bragg gratings （FBGs） directly written in a section of photosensitive erbium-doped fiber （EDF） to form an asymmetric three-cavity structure. The stable SLM operation at a wavelength of 1545.112 nm with a 3-dB bandwidth of 0.012 nm and an optical signal-to-noise ratio （OSNR） of about 60 dB is verified experimentally. Under laboratory conditions, the performance of a power fluctuation of less than 0.05 dB observed from the power meter for 6 h and a wavelength variation of less than 0.01 nm obtained from the optical spectrum analyzer （OSA） for about 1.5 h are demonstrated. The gain fiber length is no longer limited to only several centimeters for SLM operation because of the excellent mode-selecting ability of the asymmetric three-cavity structure. The proposed scheme provides a simple and cost-effective approach to realizing a stable SLM fiber laser.

Low insertion loss silicon-based spatial light modulator with high reflective materials outside Fabry–Perot cavity

The extinction ratio and insertion loss of spatial light modulator are subject to the material problem, thus limiting its applications. One reflection-type silicon-based spatial light modulator with high reflective materials outside the Fabry-Perot cavity is demonstrated in this paper. The reflectivity values of the outside-cavity materials with different film layer numbers are simulated. The reflectivity values of 6-pair Ta2O5/SiO2 films at 1550 nm are experimentally verified to be as high as 99.9%. The surfaces of 6-pair Ta2O5/SiO2 films are smooth: their root-mean-square roughness values are as small as 0.53 nm. The insertion loss of the device at 1550 nm is only 1.2 dB. The high extinction ratio of the device at 1550 nm and 11 V is achieved to be 29.7 dB. The spatial light modulator has a high extinction ratio and low insertion loss for applications.

Phase-modulated quadrature squeezing in two coupled cavities containing a two-level system

The phase-modulated quadrature squeezing in the system that composed of two coupled cavities interacting with a two-level atom is investigated.The variances of the amplitude and phase quadrature of the output field are calculated.It turns out that the squeezing behaviors of the output field can be obviously modified due to the phase difference of the coupling strengths between the atom and the two cavities.The squeezing in one quadrature(i.e.,phase quadrature)can be transferred into another(i.e.,amplitude quadrature),or the quadrature squeezing located at the low-frequency region can be transferred into the high-frequency region by modulating the relative phase of the coupling strengths.Furthermore,the effects of the decay mismatch between the two cavities and the coupling mismatch between the atom and the cavities on the quadrature squeezing have been discussed.The results show that both the decay mismatch and the coupling mismatch play a positive role in generating better quadrature squeezing.

Splash Zone Dynamic Analysis of A Suspended Semi-Submerged Subsea Module for Irregular Waves

Experimental and numerical studies on the dynamic cable tension of a subsea module during semi-submerged hoisting tests are performed. The experiments are carried out in irregular waves and the time-domain numerical simulations are conducted using the software “Simulation of Marine Operations”. The numerical formulation is validated through a comparison with experimental test measurements. The effects of the significant wave height, spectral peak period,and wave direction on the dynamic effect in the main sling and sub-slings are then investigated numerically. The relationship between the wave parameters and the dynamic effect is identified in the time and frequency domains,enabling the allowable sea states to be partially specified. The extreme dynamic effects in all slings under different wave conditions are estimated by using cumulative distribution functions of the Gumbel distribution. The results show that it is reasonable to model a complex subsea module via slender elements and depth-dependent coefficients in simulations of offshore operations. Lowering operations are safer if the wave height is 1 m and the wave period is larger than 8 s because the wave steepness is sufficient for the maximum possible dynamic effect to remain below 0.9. The dynamic tension may decrease when the wave direction is approximately 150°. It is dangerous for subsea modules to encounter lateral waves while entering the water because large overloads and underloads in the extreme dynamic tension may cause snap loads to occur and the slings to become slack.

Optomagnonically tunable whispering gallery cavity laser wavelength conversion

We achieve laser wavelength conversion in an optomagnonical whispering gallery cavity by adjusting the strength of the applied static magnetic field. Numerical simulations are carried out on a yttrium iron garnet(YIG) sphere under different cavity quality factors or coupling strength. It is found that a high cavity quality factor will not always mean a high cavity excitation field for Gaussian lasers with finite linewidth. On state of the art, the high cavity quality factor will always mean the higher lightwave conversion rate. In addition, we also find that increasing the mode coupling strength is beneficial to the conversion of the laser. Our study provides new insights into generation of highly precise tunable coherent light.

An Economic Phase-Mdulation to Intensity-Modulation Converter

A novel phase-modulation to intensity-modulation (PM-to-IM) converter is proposed and experimentally demonstrated basing on a vertical-cavity surface-emitting laser (VCSEL). Comparing with the published schemes, in which the employed DI, FBG, OBPF or dispersion devices can only process a certain phase-modulated RF signal, the proposed scheme can achieve the conversion process in an economic and resourceful manner. To be the first one of achieving such PM-to-IM conversion process by a VCSEL, the feasibility of the proposal is experimentally demonstrated with an open eye diagram when it is employed to convert phase-modulated RF signal.

基于光注入电流调制弱谐振腔法布里珀罗激光器获取光学频率梳

提出了一种基于电流调制弱谐振腔法布里珀罗激光器在外部光注入下产生光学频率梳的方案,实验研究了关键参量对所产生的光学频率梳性能的影响。在该方案中,首先采用频率为1.6 GHz(激光器弛豫振荡频率)、功率为19 dBm的正弦信号直接电流调制弱谐振腔法布里珀罗激光器,使其进入增益开关状态;进一步引入单光注入以及双光注入以获取高性能光学频率梳。实验研究结果表明:采用单光注入时,在合适的注入光功率条件下,连续变化注入光波长可使产生的光学频率梳的中心波长在1525~1560 nm内实现连续调谐。光学频率梳的梳线数目呈现周期性变化,变化周期为激光器的纵模间距0.28 nm(35 GHz);在给定注入光波长条件下,逐渐增加注入光功率,光学频率梳的梳线数目先在一个较高水平附近振荡,然后急剧下降,最后趋于平缓,而光学频率梳的载噪比呈现先增加后饱和的趋势;在优化单光注入参数条件下,获得了梳线功率在10 dB变化范围内包含49根梳线的光学频率梳。引入额外的注入光构建双光注入,在优化的参数条件下,获得了梳线功率在10 dB变化范围内包含92根梳线的光学频率梳。最后,对单光注入和双光注入以及不同注入波长间距的双光注入所产生的光学频率梳各梳齿之间的相干性进行了分析,发现各种光注入方式下所产生的光学频率梳各梳齿之间均具有强的相干性,其拍频信号中基频的单边带相位噪声均处于−125.0 dBc/Hz@10 kHz左右的水平。

基于TDLAS的近红外甲烷高灵敏检测技术

为增强甲烷气体检测技术的气体吸收率,提高检测灵敏度,利用可调谐二极管激光吸收光谱技术,采用中心波长为1 653.7 nm的分布反馈激光器作为光源,研制了有效光程为14.5 m的Herriott型气体吸收池,并采用波长调制光谱法进行甲烷气体浓度检测。结果表明,二次谐波峰值信号与甲烷气体浓度成较强的线性关系,线性度为0.998 52,检测下限为4.82 ppm;初始积分时间为1 s时的Allan方差为6.37 ppm;积分时间到112 s时,Allan方差为427 ppb,检测灵敏度为4.27×10^(-7)。

提高ECDL扫频线性度的高效迭代算法

针对调频连续波激光雷达扫频线性度较差的问题,提出一种适用于压电陶瓷外腔的可调谐外腔半导体激光(external cavity diode laser,ECDL)的高效率线性化预调制修正方法。基于体光栅反馈的ECDL模型和压电陶瓷迟滞特性,设计了符合压电陶瓷偏置器(piezoelectric ceramics,PZT)物理性质的迭代控制算法,实现了ECDL高线性度扫频激光输出。该激光系统能够实现在60 kHz的重频条件下,输出扫频带宽为1.1 GHz的线性扫频,残余非线性达到10-7,并且通过实验验证了在80 m的距离下厘米级的测量精度,在3 km的距离下实现米级测量精度。结果表明,该算法可以有效解决压电陶瓷偏置器的ECDL的线性化修正问题。

车用垂直腔面发射激光器模组整板金锡共晶焊接工艺

激光雷达及飞行时间(ToF)传感器中垂直腔面发射激光器(VCSEL)模组使用的银胶固晶工艺存在银迁移及硫化问题,亟需开发一种可靠性高并可量产的整板金锡共晶焊接工艺。以单颗焊接模式下单因素实验及正交实验为基础,借助Ansys热仿真工具,探究整板焊接中基板与压头之间合适的匹配温度。单因素控制变量实验发现,固晶芯片推力随共晶温度、压头行程、共晶时间的增加先增大后减小,正交实验得到最佳工艺参数为共晶温度320℃、压头行程500μm、共晶时间4 s。采用优选工艺参数500μm、4 s、270~350℃进行整板焊接,平均固晶芯片推力为821 N,相较银胶固晶工艺提高了139%。

调制光学参量放大器对双机械振子量子纠缠与压缩的影响

为了研究包含调制光参量放大器(optical parametric amplifier,OPA)的双机械振子腔光力系统中的量子纠缠和机械压缩,通过数值求解和解析求解,讨论了系统的有关参数,如OPA相位、调制频率、热声子数和相位增益量在腔光力系统中对量子纠缠和机械压缩的影响,重点分析了调制OPA对产生力学纠缠和机械压缩的作用.结果表明:本光学腔不需要额外的压缩光来驱动,并在较易实现的参数条件下通过调制OPA增强了2个机械振子间的纠缠.当系统处于稳定状态时,在边带可分辩和不可分辨条件下均可产生机械压缩,并可通过调制OPA在边带可分辨条件下实现强机械压缩.此外,在调制OPA的辅助下,机械振子间的纠缠和机械压缩对环境温度具有很强的鲁棒性.

多层硅基模块晶圆级键合腔体的可靠性

晶圆级键合是实现多层硅基模块内部互连的关键工艺,针对硅片在晶圆级键合工艺中的开裂现象,建立了硅基刻蚀腔体在键合工艺中的力学模型,经样件实验验证,该模型可以准确预估腔体的开裂现象。在此基础上设计了硅片键合实验,通过引入硅通孔(TSV)的应力集中因子确定了硅基晶圆级键合的应力失效判据。而后通过参数化仿真系统性探究了硅基刻蚀腔体面积及腔体形状等因素对键合应力的影响规律,并绘制出刻蚀腔体设计可靠范围图。结果表明,硅片键合可靠腔体临界面积约为21 mm^(2),且腔体形状越接近正方形越易开裂。该研究为多层硅基模块刻蚀腔体的可靠性设计提供了参考。

Density cavities generated by plasma-field interactions in the far wake region of a space vehicle

Under the consideration of non-steady case, a set of equations is derived, which describes the non-steady nonlinear interactions between plasma and field in the far wake region of a space vehicle. Numerical calculations are also made and the numerical results show that density cavities and electromagnetic solitary waves are generated due to the modulation instability, if the envelope of high frequency modulation field is strong enough. This is of great significance to the detection of disguised space vehicles.

Theoretical investigation of an electron beam propagating through a wide gap cavity

This paper presents a self-consistent nonlinear theory of the current and energy modulations when an electron beam propagates through an inductively-loaded wide gap cavity. The integro-differential equations axe obtained to describe the modulation of the beam current and kinetic energy. A relativistic klystron amplifier （RKA） model is introduced, which uses an inductively-loaded wide gap cavity as an input cavity. And a numerical code is developed for the extended model based on the equations, from which some relations about the modulated current and modulated energy are numerically given.

Controllable double electromagnetically induced transparency in a closed four-level-loop cavity-atom system

We present a theoretical study of an optical cavity coupled with single four-level atoms in closed loop formed via applied control lasers. The transmitted probe field from the cavity is analyzed. We show that the electromagnetically induced transparency（EIT） in the cavity and the normal mode splitting will be very different with changing the closed interaction phase and the intensity of the free-space control laser. This coupled cavity-atom system presents a variational double-EIT that comes from modulating the splitting of the dark state, which means that we could realize the gradual transfer between one EIT peak and two EIT peaks by adjusting the applied control lasers, and the normal mode splitting sidebands will shift slightly by changing the free-space control laser. This means that we could control the output cavity probe field more freely and it is easer to realize optical switch controlled by more parameters. We also depict the angular dispersion of the intracavity probe field in different free-space control laser. The large phase shift（-π → π） of the reflected intracavity probe field will be very useful for optical temporal differentiation and quantum phase gate.

Simplified modeling of frequency behavior in photonic crystal vertical cavity surface emitting laser with tunnel injection quantum dot in active region

In this work, the characteristics of the photonic crystal tunneling injection quantum dot vertical cavity surface emitting lasers（Ph C-TIQD-VCSEL） are studied through analyzing a modified modulation transfer function. The function is based on the rate equations describing the carrier dynamics at different energy levels of dot and injector well. Although the frequency modulation response component associated with carrier dynamics in wetting layer（WL） and at excited state（ES） levels of dots limits the total bandwidth in conventional QD-VCSEL, our study shows that it can be compensated for by electron tunneling from the injector well into the dot in TIQD structure. Carrier back tunneling time is one of the most important parameters, and by increment of that, the bias current dependence of the total bandwidth will be insignificant. It is proved that at high bias current, the limitation of the WL-ES level plays an important role in reducing the total bandwidth and results in rollovers on 3-d B bandwidth-I curves. In such a way, for smaller air hole diameter of photonic crystal, the effect of this reduction is stronger.

80 Gb/s高速PAM4调制850 nm垂直腔面发射激光器

展示了高速直接调制850 nm氧化物限制垂直腔面发射激光器(VCSEL)的结果。优化设计应变InGaAs/AlGaAs量子阱以实现高微分增益,通过表面刻蚀来调节光子寿命实现响应平坦化。研制的氧化物孔径约7μm的VCSEL具有平坦的频率响应,3 dB调制带宽为24 GHz,相对噪声强度值-155 dB/Hz,未采用任何预加重和均衡技术情况下PAM4调制数据传输速率达80 Gb/s。

基于光注入下脉冲电流调制1550nm垂直腔面发射激光器获取宽带可调谐光学频率梳

光学频率梳由一组等间距的离散频率成分组成,在计量学、光谱学、太赫兹波产生、光通信、任意波形产生等领域有着广泛的应用.本文提出了一种基于光注入下脉冲电流调制1550 nm垂直腔面发射激光器获取宽带可调谐光学频率梳的实验方案.在该方案中,首先采用脉冲信号电流调制激光器,使其输出的光谱呈现出无明显梳状线的宽噪声谱;进一步引入光注入,获取宽带可调谐光学频率梳.当注入功率为18.82μW、注入波长为1551.8570 nm、调制电压为10.5 V、调制频率为0.5 GHz、脉冲宽度为200 ps时,获取了带宽约为82.5 GHz,信噪比约为35 dB的光学频率梳,且该光学频率梳的单边带相位噪声低至-123.3 dBc/Hz@10 kHz.此外,本实验也系统研究了注入波长、调制频率、脉冲宽度对光学频率梳性能的影响.实验结果表明:改变调制频率可以获得不同梳距的光学频率梳,当调制频率在0.25—3 GHz范围内,选择优化的注入波长和脉冲宽度,可获取带宽超过60 GHz的光学频率梳.