Fundamental principles of an effective reinforcing roof bolting strategy in horizontally layered roof strata and areas of potential improvement

It is arguable that the development of reinforcing roof bolting systems has largely stagnated in recent times, primarily due to the prevailing industry view that few, if any, further improvements can be made to what currently exists.However, this paper contends that reinforcing roof bolting systems can be further refined by considering both the specific manner by which horizontally bedded roof strata loses its natural self-supporting ability and the specific means by which reinforcing roof bolts act to promote or retain this natural self-supporting ability.The Australian coal industry has insisted on minimising bolt-hole diameter to maximise load transfer and on targeting full-encapsulation by any means necessary for many years.This has led to a significant, albeit unintended, consequence in terms of overall roof bolting effectiveness, namely increased resin pressures during bolt installation and the associated potential for opening bedding planes that may have, otherwise, remained closed during the bolt installation process.Given that the natural self-supporting ability of roof strata is strongly linked to whether bedding planes are open or closed, logically, minimising resin pressures should be a significant benefit.This paper focuses primarily on three key issues that relate directly to the function of the roof bolting system itself:(1) the importance of proper resin mixing in the context of maximising load transfer strength and stiffness,(2) the importance of minimising resin pressures developed during bolt installation, and(3) the importance of maximising the effectiveness of the available bolt pre-tension.All mine operators should be invested in improving the individual effectiveness of each installed roof bolt, even by relatively small incremental amounts, so this is an important topic for discussion within the mining community.

Shear behavior of single-joint bolted sandstone subjected to dryewet cycles:Experimental and analytical approaches

A series of direct shear tests under constant normal loading conditions were carried out on specimens of bolted sandstone single-joint treated with different numbers of dryewet cycles.The experimental results show that the peak shear strength and shear stiffness of bolted sandstone joints were significantly reduced after 12 dryewet cycles.The decrease in the shear strength of rough joints is more significant than that of flat joints.Due to the decrease in the strength of the surrounding rock,the deformation characteristics of the bolts are significantly affected by the number of dryewet cycles performed.With an increase in the number of dryewet cycles,the plastic hinge length of the bolt gradually increases,resulting in an increase in the corresponding shear displacement when the bolt breaks.Compared with the tensileeshear failure mode of the bolts in flat joints,the tensileebending failure mode arises for bolts in rough joints.A shear curve model describing the whole process of bolted rock joints is established based on the deterioration of rock mechanical parameters caused by dry‒wet cycles.The model proposed considers the change in the friction angle of the joint surface with the shear displacement,which is applied to the derivation of the model by introducing the dynamic evolutionary friction angle parameter.The reasonably good agreement between a predicted curve and the corresponding experimental curve indicates that this method can effectively predict the shear strength of a bolted rock joint involving rough joint under dryewet cycling conditions.

Control mechanism and technique of floor heave with reinforcing solid coal side and floor corner in gob-side coal entry retaining

Floor heave is the most common convergence in gob-side entry retaining.The paper analyzes the form,process and characteristics of gob-side entry retaining with the comprehensive methods of theoretical analysis,numerical simulation and the field trial.Research results present that bending and folding floor heave is the main factor in the stage of the first panel mining;squeezing and fluidity floor heave plays a great role in the stable stage of gob-side entry retaining;the combination of the former two factors affects mainly the stage of the second mining ahead;abutment pressure is a fundamental contribution to the serious floor heave of gob-side entry retaining,and sides corners of solid coal body are key part in the case of floor heave controlling of gob-side entry retaining.Floor heave of gob-side entry retaining can be significantly controlled by reinforcing sides and corners of solid coal body,and influence rules on the floor heave of gob side entry retaining of sides supporting strength and the bottom bolt orientation in solid coal side are obtained.Research results have been successfully applied in gob-side entry retaining of G20-F23070 face haulage roadway in #2 coal mine of Pingmei Group,and the field observation shows that the proposed technique is an effective way in controlling the floor heave of gob-side entry retaining.

A local homogenization approach for simulating the reinforcement effect of the fully grouted bolt in deep underground openings

Fully grouted bolts are a key component of the support system for underground openings.Although considerable effort has been made in the simulation of the reinforcement effect of the fully grouted bolts on the rock masses surrounding underground openings,most of the work has limited significance since the structural element approach is used.This study proposes a local homogenization approach(L-H approach)that integrates elastoplastic mechanics,composite mechanics,and analytical approaches with numerical simulation to effectively simulate the reinforcement effect of the fully grouted bolt on deep surrounding rock masses.In the L-H approach,the representative volume of bolted rock mass(RVBRM)with a fully grouted bolt is established based on the original mesh model utilized in the rockbolt element approach.The RVBRM is a regular quadrangular prism with a cross-sectional size equal to the bolt spacing and a length equal to the bolt length.The RVBRM is homogenized by the L-H approach from a unidirectional bolt-reinforced composite into a homogeneous transversely isotropic medium whose mechanical properties are described by a new transversely isotropic elastoplastic model.The L-H parameters for the RVBRM are obtained using analytical approaches,composite mechanics,and known parameters of the rock mass and bolt.Using the L-H approach,the reinforcement effect of the fully grouted bolt on the bolted rock specimen and the surrounding rock mass in Jinping II Diversion Tunnel#2 with a depth greater than 2000 m is simulated.The results show that the predictions of the L-H approach are more in agreement with the physical model results of bolted rock specimen and provide a more realistic response of the bolted surrounding rock mass.The L-H approach demonstrates that fully grouted bolts with common bolt spacings and diameters substantially enhance the elastic modulus,shear strength,and tensile strength of the rock mass in the direction of the bolt axis.

Experimental Study on Mechanical Characteristics of Cracked Rock Mass Reinforced by Bolting and Grouting

The stress hardening characteristics of the reinforced rock mass in uniaxial compression tests were revealed by means of the experimental study on mechanical characteristics of cracked rock mass reinforced by bolting and grouting. And the load-beating mechanism of the reinforced rock mass was perfectly reflected by the experiment. The results can offer some useful advice for support design and stability analysis of deep drifts in unstable strata.

Controllable theory and applications for the wall bolting reinforcement in the roadway of seam

By using the Radar penetrating technology and numerical simulations, the fractured zone could be easily determined. Both wall fractured zone and mining action of coal seam roadway were considered, and the bolt reinforcing criteria for wall including low limit condition and up limit condition were put up, which supply a basis for the bolt reinforcement design. For a particular engineering, there existed a bolt reinforcing controllable range which can be determined by the method put up in this paper. For the out of controllable range of bolt reinforcement in engineering, it is necessary to seek for other kind rein forcing technology, because the bolt reinforcing technology is not omnipotent.

钢筋增强钢夹板-螺栓连接胶合木梁受力性能试验研究

为改善钢夹板-螺栓连接胶合木梁的刚度在到达极限荷载55%~70%区间内存在减小的问题,设计制作了3组共12根钢筋增强钢夹板-螺栓连接胶合木梁,通过改变配筋率进行三分点加载试验,并与相同设计参数的胶合木梁和钢夹板-螺栓连接胶合木梁进行对比试验。观察记录试件的受力过程和破坏现象,实测各组试件的极限承载力、荷载位移曲线和应变曲线,对比分析增强筋对各组试件破坏机理、抗弯刚度和极限承载力的影响规律。试验结果表明:与钢夹板-螺栓连接胶合木梁相比,钢筋增强钢夹板-螺栓连接胶合木梁的抗弯承载力和整体弯曲刚度在增强筋的作用下均有显著提高,钢夹板-螺栓连接试验梁在到达极限荷载55%~70%区间内刚度减少问题得到明显改善。钢筋增强钢夹板-螺栓连接试验梁的破坏形式随着配筋率的增大,逐渐由受拉脆性破坏向受拉延性破坏再到受压延性破坏进行转变。增强梁截面应变沿高度方向的分布基本符合平截面假定。依据试验数据和理论推导,得出了钢筋增强钢夹板-螺栓连接试验梁抗弯计算公式,其理论结果与试验结果吻合较好。研究表明,在钢夹板-螺栓连接胶合木梁受拉区配置增强筋可以有效改善其后期刚度减少的问题,并提升其抗弯性能,可为此类连接木梁的增强提供理论依据和试验支撑。

特厚煤层大巷变形破坏特征及控制技术研究

针对特厚煤层大巷变形破坏特征分析及控制技术难题,以砚北煤矿二水平回风大巷为研究背景,在分析巷道围岩地质力学测试及围岩变形破坏特征与机理的基础上,提出了全断面注浆加固与高预应力支护综合围岩控制技术,制定了煤层大巷修复加固具体实施方案,并确定了相应的技术参数,开展了井下工业试验,试验结果表明:修复加固后35 d左右巷道变形趋于稳定,两帮最大位移量63.5 mm,顶底板最大移近量79.8 mm;注浆后水泥浆液与巷帮煤体裂隙及破碎区充分胶结,围岩裂隙明显减少,钻孔成型效果显著提高。研究表明采用高预应力锚杆支护及全断面注浆加固后,在巷道围岩内形成锚注加固体,提高了巷道围岩稳定性与抗变形能力以及浅部锚杆(索)锚固基础力学性能,巷道围岩变形得到有效控制。

公路隧道二衬钢筋装配化螺栓的接头设计

针对公路隧道二衬钢筋现场焊接、绑扎效率低、质量控制难度大的弊端,基于直线型混凝土软化本构模型及钢筋应力应变关系,推导得到钢筋混凝土衬砌截面的极限承载力计算式.结合螺栓连接面极限承载力,以应力分布系数作为控制因素,将轴心压缩状态、大小偏心分界点以及纯弯状态时的最危险截面作为特征截面,控制钢筋混凝土截面极限承载力以及螺栓连接面极限承载力在特征截面处的大小,得到连接面处螺栓的设计方法 .选取某隧道隧址围岩参数及其断面尺寸、支护参数,运用得到的螺栓设计方法进行螺栓选型并设计连接面处的螺栓分布,给出钢筋预制节段的划分方案,通过数值模拟验证了二衬钢筋装配化螺栓的接头设计的合理性.研究结果表明:钢筋骨架采用螺栓装配化预制连接后,二衬结构的应力进行了重分布,应力与变形的增长速率放缓,并逐渐稳定.最终,左拱肩和左拱脚处的应力分别降低58%和53%,位移量同样有不同程度的降低;在拱底螺栓连接面,应力相较提高,但由于螺栓的高承载性能,隆起量反而有所降低,充分发挥了螺栓的性能,实现了结构优化.

钢板加固螺栓球节点力学性能试验研究

针对螺栓球节点高强螺栓漏拧、少拧的情况,实际工程中常采用焊接钢板加固螺栓球节点来保障螺栓球节点承载力。为探究钢板加固螺栓球节点的破坏形式及极限承载力规律,对三组高强螺栓拧入深度0.5d(d为螺栓直径)螺栓球节点采用钢板加固并进行受拉承载力试验。试验结果表明,钢板加固螺栓球节点虽能提高节点的承载力,但试件高强螺栓和钢板变形很难协调,共同受力不理想,易发生局部破坏。故对原有加固方法进行改进,并进行加固后螺栓球节点拉伸破坏试验。结果表明,改进后的钢板加固螺栓球节点力学性能得到很好的提升,可为螺栓节点加固提供保障。

胶栓组合连接加固钢板疲劳性能试验研究

为了对比高强螺栓栓接加固和胶栓组合连接加固带初始缺陷钢板的疲劳性能,制作9个试件,试验采用MTS进行压弯疲劳加载,对加载过程中的应力变化和试件的破坏模式进行监测和分析。研究表明:胶栓组合连接加固中胶体的存在可有效降低螺栓孔附近的应力水平,延缓疲劳裂纹的产生;单侧栓接加固使带初始缺陷钢板的疲劳寿命增加了11.5倍,而单侧胶栓组合连接加固增加了15.3倍,单侧胶栓组合连接加固较单侧栓接加固提升了30%。

波纹钢板套衬加固大断面隧道衬砌力学性能

采用有限元软件建立了江西省某座大断面隧道地层-结构数值计算模型,对波纹钢板套衬加固隧道衬砌的力学性能进行研究。结果表明:波纹钢板套衬分担了部分围岩压力,隧道衬砌的应力出现重分布;波纹钢板套衬与既有衬砌组合结构的承载力随着锚栓数量的增加而增强,建议拱顶至拱肩区间的锚栓间距为2~3 m、拱肩至拱脚位置锚栓间距为1 m;既有衬砌和波纹钢板套衬对围岩压力的承担比呈负相关;考虑经济性和波纹钢板厚度对锚栓受力的影响,建议波纹钢板厚度不超过6 mm。

基于离散元的岩质高边坡开挖支护数值模拟

为分析岩质路堑高边坡的开挖支护对边坡变形破坏及边坡稳定性的影响,利用离散元数值模拟与原位监测相结合的方法,对开挖适时支护与开挖未支护两种工况进行比较,评价了锚杆支护的效果。结果表明:边坡开挖引起的竖向位移主要集中于开挖面中部;在相同开挖条件下,经适时支护后,边坡开挖面临空向水平位移最大值减小2.50 cm,安全系数提高8.62%,处于基本稳定状态;数值模拟结果与原位监测数据基本吻合,说明离散单元法对于分析岩质边坡稳定性问题的适用性。

钢横梁SMA蜂窝结构加劲肋面外疲劳性能研究

针对某公路钢桁架桥工字型横梁腹板加劲肋下方出现纵向开裂问题,基于形状记忆合金(SMA)、蜂窝结构和波折腹板特性给出6种加劲肋方案:(1)横梁为原桥直腹板工字钢形状,有腹板间隙;(2)栓接钢板加固;(3)加劲肋为蜂窝结构,横梁为工字钢直板形状;(4)加劲肋为蜂窝结构,腹板为正弦波纹形状;(5)加劲肋为蜂窝结构,腹板为折线形状;(6)加劲肋下部抵住下翼缘板,不焊接。通过三维有限元数值模拟对不同加劲肋结构形式、有无SMA的蜂窝结构加劲肋腹板面外变形、疲劳应力幅和扭转角进行了比较研究。结果表明:腹板间隙处出现较大应力集中与变形扭转;栓接钢板加固、蜂窝结构加劲肋直腹板的抗面外变形疲劳效应效果显著,应力幅与位移都减少80%以上,蜂窝结构加劲肋直腹板相比于栓接钢板加固在提升抗扭转效应基础上钢材用量节约74.07%;蜂窝结构加劲肋折线腹板形式和加劲肋抵住下翼缘板方案不能有效加强抗扭刚度;使用SMA材料更有利于减少面外变形疲劳效应,最大应力幅减少可达77.86%,最大横向位移减少达到33.33%。综上所述,蜂窝结构加劲肋以更少的成本来增强横梁腹板抗面外变形与抗扭刚度。

泥岩巷道跨越大巷立交段围岩变形影响因素与控制对策

立交巷道由于掘进扰动相互叠加影响,岩柱承受应力复杂,立交巷道围岩维护困难。为解决巷道立交段围岩控制难题,以里必煤矿岩石底板抽放巷跨越中央辅助运输大巷立交段为工程背景,基于现场试验与矿压监测分析,明确了立交段矿压显现异常的主要影响因素,提出了立交围岩加强支护与施工优化方案,两巷立交段掘进过程中频繁爆破施工,原支护方案难以维持巷道围岩稳定,采用加强支护方案后,锚杆(索)压力趋于稳定,顶板离层量较小,有效控制巷道围岩变形,维护效果良好。

地铁隧道带螺栓纤维混凝土锚槽的拉伸及剪切性能分析

随着纤维混凝土(Fibre Reinforced Concrete, FRC)等新型混凝土在地铁隧道的应用,现有紧固件设计方法并不适用于带螺栓的纤维混凝土锚槽.通过剪切试验和拉伸试验,对比研究了地铁隧道普通混凝土和FRC中的锚槽-螺栓系统的力学性能.结果表明,与普通混凝土相比,浇筑在纤维增强混凝土中的锚槽-螺栓系统具有更高的极限承载力和极限位移,试件承载能力及延性得到显著提高,地铁管片试件从脆性的混凝土断裂过渡为更有延性的刚性破坏.

Static and Fatigue Behavior of Hybrid Bonded/Bolted Glass Fiber Reinforced Polymer Joints Under Tensile Loading

This paper presents the static and fatigue tests of hybrid(bonded/bolted)glass fiber reinforced polymer(GFRP)joints.Nine specimens of single-lap hybrid GFRP joints have been fabricated to study the static and fatigue behaviors in the experimental campaign.The static tests of uniaxial tension loading are first conducted,from which the static ultimate bearing capacities of the joints are obtained.High-cycle fatigue tests are subsequently carried out so that the fatigue failure mode,fatigue life,and stiffness degradation of joints can be obtained.The measuring techniques including acoustic emission monitoring and three-dimensional digital image correlation have been employed in the tests to record the damage development process.The results revealed that the static strength and fatigue behavior of such thick hybrid GFRP joints were controlled by the bolted connections.The four stages of fatigue failure process are obtained from tests and acoustic emission signals analysis:cumulative damage of adhesive layer,damage of the adhesive layer,cumulative damage of GFRP plate,and damage of GFRP plate.The fatigue life and stiffness degradation can be improved by more bolts.The S-N(fatigue stress versus life)curves for the fatigue design of the single-lap hybrid GFRP joints under uniaxial tension loading are also proposed.

不同销钉加固胶合木螺栓洞口处节点拉伸性能

木结构螺栓节点在螺栓洞口周围易因应力集中而导致螺孔周围木材开裂,降低节点承载力。采用销类连接件垂直于木材纹理加固有望改善上述破坏现象。为探究不同种类销钉垂直于木材纹理的加固时对胶合木螺栓洞口处节点的增强效果,以及为木钉在增强胶合木螺栓洞口处节点的工程应用上提供试验基础和理论依据,以销钉的材料种类及直径为变量,参考美国标准(ASTM D1761-20)对4组共26个开孔胶合木试件在顺纹方向进行了1 mm/min的匀速单调加载拉伸试验。记录分析了试验前后各个试件洞口处节点的破坏形态、荷载-位移曲线、极限承载力、刚度和能量耗散。结果表明:(1)木钉和钢钉垂直于试件纹理的钉入对试件洞口处节点的破坏模式影响不大,但对试件节点的承载性能有一定提升;(2)木钉对试件洞口处节点的增强效果明显优于钢钉,木钉增强组SS2、SS3和钢钉增强组SS4试件与未加固组SS1试件相比,极限承载力分别提高了19.75%,19.18%和10.83%,能量耗散分别提高了87.48%,82.59%和28.33%;(3)木钉直径的较小变化对节点的增强效果影响不大。采用木钉垂直于木材纹理加固可显著提升螺栓洞口的承载力,有利于提升木结构螺栓节点的承载力。

边坡加固格构梁应用技术及C40混凝土配制研究

为了解决山体滑坡及公路边坡滑坡的恶劣灾害,试验研究边坡加固技术-钢筋混凝土格构梁结构体系以及配制C40混凝土。通过石粉含量单因素试验研究了对于混凝土性能影响,并确定最佳C40混凝土配合比。钢筋混凝土格构梁加固形式分析得出加固传力方式。边坡加固工程应用探讨了工程应用可行性施工要点。试验结果表明:(1)适量石粉会提高混凝土的流动性能与力学性能。石粉最佳含量6%,即1 m^(3)混凝土中50 kg,混凝土坍落度达到109 mm,扩展度达到590 mm,抗压强度48.9 MPa,劈裂抗拉强度4.9 MPa;(2)格构梁加固传力方式为边坡土、岩体-格构梁-格构梁交点-锚杆-深层岩层;(3)边坡加固应用表明,钢筋混凝土格构梁边坡加固方式受力均匀,被动力承受能力强,整体性强。

抗拔锚杆在超高挡土墙中的加筋作用研究

通过在超高挡土墙中安装水平抗拔锚杆和抗滑块,从而降低挡土墙的截面积。这种加筋方式可以有效地减轻主动土压力。当布置不同形式的抗拔锚杆和抗滑块时,墙后土体应力分布产生大幅的影响,对其水平应力和水平位移进行了数值分析。根据某工程实际情况,计算得出挡土墙背部土体在不同工况下的水平方向应力和位移大小,以验证其安全性,达到减少土体压力的目的。结果表明,在超高挡土墙中,采用3层抗拔锚杆和每层抗拔锚杆上安装2个抗滑块的加筋方式,对挡土墙墙后土体的预加固,增加墙后土体的自身稳定性,削减墙后土体对挡墙的土压力,可以获得最佳的加筋效果。