Analysis of Tidal Current Energy Potential in the Major Channels of the Bohai Strait Based on Delft3D

The utilization and development of tidal current energy can help alleviate the current energy shortage,improve the global ecological environment,and maintain sustainable development.In this study,numerical simulation is carried out on a rectangular grid using Delft3D.The tidal current energy potential of the major channels in the Bohai Strait is further simulated and estimated by comparing the simulated and measured data.Results show that the flow module in Delft3D has good modeling ability for the assessment of tidal current energy potential.The average flow velocity,maximum flow velocity,and energy flow density are consistent.The Laotieshan Channel,located in the northern part of the Bohai Strait,shows a large tidal current energy potential.The maximum flow velocity of this channel can reach 2 m s-1,and the maximum energy flow density can exceed 500 W m-2.The tidal current energy in the Laotieshan Channel is more than 10 times that in other channels.Therefore,this study advocates for the continued exploration and exploitation of the tidal current energy resources in the Laotieshan Channel.

Three-dimensional numerical simulation of tides and tidal currents in the Lianzhou Bay and adjacent areas

A 3-D unstructured-grid, finite-volume coastal ocean model （FVCOM） was used to study the tides and tidal currents in the Lianzhou Bay and adjacent areas. The simulation results were in good agreement with observations. The co-tidal maps of K1 , O1 , and M2 indicated that K1 and O1 were mostly standing waves outside the Lianzhou Bay, while M2 had a largely propagating character. However, all three constituents became propagating waves when entering the Lianzhou Bay, due to the shallow waters. The tidal current ellipses showed the characters of K1 , O1 , and M2 constituents： K1 and O1 were rotating outside the bay, but rectilinear along the water channels inside the bay; M2 was mostly rectilinear over the whole area. The tidal-induced residual current shows the flow was divided into two branches by the Guantouling Peninsula： one turned to flow west; the other was blocked by the southern boundary of the peninsula, creating a clockwise circulation. In Lianzhou Bay, there were two circulation systems, a cyclonic one at the top of the bay and an anti-cyclonic at the mouth.

Three-dimensional tidal current numerical model of the Oujiang Estuary

The characteristics of three-dimensional （3-D） tidal current in the Oujiang Estuary are investigated according to in situ observations. The Oujiang Estuary has features of irregular coastline, complex topography, many islands, moveable boundary, and submerged dyke, therefore, σ 3-D numerical model oil an unstructured triangular grid has been degeloped. The σ coordinate transforination, the moveable boundary and submerged dyke treatment techniques were employed in the model so it is suitable for the tidal simulations in the Oujing Estuary with submerged dyke and moveable boundary problems. The model is evaluated with the in situ data, and the results show that the calculated water elevations at 19 stations and currents at 19 profiler stations are in good agreement with measured data both in magnitude and phase. This numerical model is applied to the 3-D tidal circulation simulations of experiments in stopping flow transport through the South Branch of the Oujiang Estuary, and the feasibility to cutoff the flow in the South Branch of the Oujiang Estuary is demonstrated by numerical simulation experiments. The developed numerical model simulated the 3-D tidal current circulations in complicated coastal and estuarine waters very well.

Three-dimensional numerical simulation for tide and tidal current in the Beibu Gulf

By means of three dimensional POM model,which computes the eddy viscosity coefficient based on two order turbulent closed model,the tide and tidal current in the Beibu Gulf are simulated with fine grid.In the computed region,six islands are considered and the bottom friction coefficients are taken to be various values from the difference of sea region.Acquired tidal harmonic constants are compared with that of 81 tidal observatories.The absolute mean error of K 1 constituent amplitude is 4 6 cm and of the lag is 9°.The absolute mean error of O 1 constituent amplitude is 5 6 cm and of the lag is 7°.The absolute mean error of M 2 constituent amplitude is 6 2 cm and of the lag is 15°.The tide,tidal current,residual water level and tide induced residual current,as well as the vertial distribution of horizontal velocity in this sea region are analysed by the simulated results.

Numerical simulation of three-dimensional tidal current in the Bobal Sea

The model equations with tbree-dimensional, time-dependent, nonlinear Navier-Stokes equations are transformed by sigma-transformation.On the basis of the process splitting technique, the fluid flow problems are divided into two parts:the vertically-intopated equations (external mode) and the vertical structure equations(internal mace). The first set of equations being the propagation of the tidal weves and the ADI numerical scheme has ben chosen to solve them. Conerning the vertical structure equations, they are solved by means of leapfrog stepping procedure.The main features of the tide and associated tidal current in the Bohai Sea are examined with this 3-D model.To have a good reproduction of vertical structure, the column is divided into 10 layers and the M2 tidal current is computed in detail. The simulation reveal the spetial structure and some important characteristics of the tidal current of the Bohai Sea. The application of the 3-D madel to forecasting of the tidal current in the Bobal Sea has been Performed as an illustration.

A combined numerical model of three-dimensional tidal motion and sediment transport in tidal current and its application

A calculation scheme, which combines a horizontal upwind finite element method with vertical implicit differences, is used to establish a three-dimensional mathematical model of tidal motion and sediment transport in tidal current. Compared with those of the relative theoretical formula, the results are satisfactory. The model mentioned above has been applied to the water area of the Lianzhou Bay, Guangxi Province. On the basis of the analysis and comparison with the field data, it shows clearly that the model calculation results are reasonable.

Three-Dimensional Tidal Model and Its Application to Numerical Simulation of Water Quality in Coastal Waters

The turbulence mechanism plays an important part in the mixing process and momentum transfer of turbulence. A three-dimensional Prandtl mixing length tidal model has been developed to simulate tidal flows and water quality. The eddy viscosities and diffusivities are computed from the Prandtl mixing length model. In order to model the water quality of an estuary or coastal area many interdependent processes need to be simulated. These may be conveniently separated into three main groups: transport and mixing processes, biochemical interaction of water quality variables and the utilization and re-cycling of nutrients by living matter. The model simulates full oxygen and nutrient balance, primary productivity and the transport, reaction mechanism and fate of pollutants over tidal time-scales. The model is applied to numerical simulation of tidal flows and water quality in Dalian Bay. The model has been calibrated against a limited data set of historical water quality observations and in general demonstrates excellent agreement with all available data.

Vertical structure of tidal currents in the Xuliujing Section of Changjiang River Estuary

Three long-term fixed acoustic Doppler current profilers were first used for investigating the vertical structure of tidal currents in Xuliujing Section of Changjiang River Estuary.Moreover,three different periods(spring,summer and fall)were also considered for investigating seasonal variations.The semi-diurnal tides were the most energetic,with along-channel speed of up to 80 cm/s for M_(2)constituent,which dominates at all stations with percent energy up to 65%–75%during seasons.The shape of tidal ellipses of the most energetic semi-diurnal constituent M_(2)showed obvious polarization of the flow paralleling to the riverbank,with the minor semi-axis being generally less than 20%of the major one.The maximum velocity of mean current is appeared in top layers at all the three stations,and the velocity decreased with the depth.The seasonal variations of direction are also observed,which is probably caused by complex local topography since the erosion and deposition in riverbed.Observed vertical variation of four parameters of M_(2)ellipses,agreed well with the optimally fit frictional solutions in top and middle layers.However,there was an obvious difference between frictional model and observed data in the lower water column.Discrepancies are probably on account of stratification,which strengthens in summer and fall due to the freshening influence of the Changjiang River Estuary outflow.

Coastline changes and tidal current responses due to the large-scale reclamations in the Bohai Bay

China’s Bohai Bay has experienced large-scale land reclamation since 2000.These reclamation projects create a nearshore ecological imbalance and shift sediment transport by changing the tidal current.However,these tidal current changes are not comprehensively understood.In this paper,the coastline changes in Bohai Bay due to reclamation are investigated and the responses of the tidal current are calculated through numerical methods.The results show that the coastline length of the bay increases by more than 500 km from 2000 to 2015 with the largest reclamation rate of 150.9 km^(2)/a.Consequently,the current velocity changes with an uneven distribution near the reclamation due to construction masking and dike protrusion.The tidal symmetry also changes in most nearshore areas,with opposite variations in the current velocity at peak flood and ebb tide.In addition,the tide direction deflects to bypass the reclamation and is usually consistent with the coastline.Harmonic analysis of the dominant M2 tidal constituent shows that the range of the reciprocating current is widely extended.The total influence of the reclamation can reach the-8-m isobaths in Bohai Bay.Changes in the tidal current are the main causes of water environment deterioration.Therefore,the arrangement and structural optimization of reclamation projects should be considered in the future.

A study of impact of the reclamation and artificial island projects on tidal currents and sediment concentration in radial sand ridge field of the South Yellow Sea

The two-dimensional hydrodynamic model, MIKE21, is applied to simulate the tidal currents and sediment concentration in the radial sand ridges of the South Yellow Sea. Results are in accordance with in situ observations. Then the variations of tidal currents and suspended sediment concentration caused by reclamation and artificial islands projects are simulated. The results show that the impacts are limited around the project areas. After the projects, the fan-shaped, Jianggang centered tidal current pattern would be replaced by a pattern which is formed by two tidal paths. One locates at the Xiyang channel in north-south direction, and the other locates at the Huangshayang channel in east-west direction. The reclamation of Tiaozini separates the waters into south portion and north portion. The changes of sediment concentrations coincide with those of currents. Both the sediment concentrations and tidal currents increase at the northwest of Dongsha and the south of Gaoni, while both decrease at the north and south of Tiaozini, and the east and southwest of Dongsha.

Analysis of tidal and residual currents across semi-enclosed bay mouth based on shipboard ADCP measurements

Based on 25 hours shipboard ADCP measurements across semi-enclosed bay mouth（Kemen Channel）, time series of tidal currents over 12 sites, which distribute evenly along the transect, were constructed to improve our understanding of tidal characteristics and residuals in this region. The tidal currents in Kemen Channel were identified as the regular semidiurnal and reversing tidal flows, with its behaviour more like standing waves. Moreover, the flood currents in the lower layers were found to be ahead of that in the upper layers and vice versa for ebb tides. The major of tidal ellipse for M2 constituent was found to be larger close to the southern side of the channel, with its incline also increasing toward the south. The signs of M4 constituent were also found mainly nearby the end points of this transect, indicating the importance of nonlinearity in tidal dynamics due to the shallower topography. A two-layer structure was found for the residual currents in Kemen Channel, flowing northeastwardly out of the Bay in upper 20m and southwestwardly into the bay in the lowers. Besides approximate 4.81×10^8 m^3 water exchanges were determined between the Luoyuan Bay and outer seas by the calculation of tidal flux through Kemen Channel.

Numerical modeling of tidal current of LNG terminal in Caofeidian,Bohai Sea

In order to reasonably simulate tidal currents around small structures such as piles in a large-scale model domain, a 2-D hydrodynamic integrated model for Bohai Sea is established with the finite element method. The grid can be discretionarily refined as a non-structure triangle or quadrilateral so that piers can be treated as one or several impermeable elements with an area of 20 to 30 km^2 in a model domain over 85 700 km^2. The computational results of tidal levels and horizontal velocities are in good agreement with the field data. Based on the computed results by the model, the layout of an open 105 DWT liquefied natural gas （LNG）terminal in Caofeidian, Bohal Sea is effectively and reasonably optimized. It can be concluded that the model is suitable and reasonable for direct simulation of tidal currents around small structures in projects.

Variations in tidal currents and suspended sediment concentration of the upper part of the North Channel of Changjiang Estuary over the past 10 years

The tidal current duration （TCD） and velocity （TCV） and suspended sediment concentration （SSC） were measured in the dry season in December, 2011 and in the flood season in June, 2012 at the upper part of the North Channel of Changjiang Estuary. They were assimilated with the measured data in 2003, 2004, 2006 and 2007, using the tidal range＇s proportion conversion. Variations in TCD and TCV, preferential flow and SSC have been calculated. Influences of typical engineering projects such as Qingcaosha fresh water reservoir, Yangtze River Bridge, and land reclamation on the ebb and flood TCD, TCV and SSC in the North Channel for the last 10 years are discussed. The results show that： （1） currently, in the upper part of North Channel, the ebb tide dominates; after the construction of the typical projects, ebb TCD and TCV tends to be larger and the vertical average ebb and flood SSC decrease during the flood season while SSC increases during the dry season; （2） changes in the vertical average TCV are mainly contributed by seasonal runoff variation during the flood season, which is larger in the flood season than that in the dry season; the controlling parameters of increasing ebb TCD and TCV are those large-scale engineering projects in the North Channel; variation in SSC may result mainly from the reduction of basin annual sediment loads, large-scale nearshore projects and so on.

A 2D Mathematical Model for Sediment Transport by Waves and Tidal Currents

In this study, the combined actions of waves and tidal currents in estuarine and coastal areas are considered and a 2D mathematical model for sediment transport by waves and tidal currents has been established in orthogonal curvilinear coordinates. Non-equilibrium transport equations of suspended load and bed load are used in the model. The concept of background concentration is introduced, and the formula of sediment transport capacity of tidal currents for the Oujiang River estuary is obtained. The Dou Guoren formula is employed for the sediment transport capacity of waves. Sediment transport capacity in the form of mud and the intensity of back silting are calculated by use of Luo Zaosen＇ s formula. The calculated tidal stages are in good agreement with the field data, and the calculated velocities and flow directions of 46 vertical lines for 8 cross sections are also in good agreement with the measured data. On such a basis, simulations of back silting after excavation of the waterway with a sand bar under complicated boundary conditions in the navigation channel induced by suspended load, bed load and mud by waves and tidal currents are discussed.

The spatio-temporal variation of wintertime subtidal currents in the western Taiwan Strait

A new data set of observations by six cruises of ship-mounted acoustic doppler current profiler（SADCP） and three 40 d long bottom-mounted ADCPs（BADCPs） is employed to reveal the spatiotemporal variability of tidal and subtidal currents in the western Taiwan Strait（TWS） during winter season. The results confirm the existence of intense cotidal lines for M2 tidal current, which is located north of 25°N. In this case, no existence of an amphidromic point can be identified. It is also revealed that the counter-wind current（CWC） can extend through the whole western TWS and even occupy the entire water column during winter monsoon relaxation. However,this CWC is observed to be thoroughly overwhelmed by the downwind China coastal current（CCC） during the two big monsoon bloom events in the winter of 2007, and the CCC consequently extends southward throughout the western TWS instead. Most importantly, the variation of the spatial extent for the CWC and the CCC in the western TWS is found to be well explained by the first two modes of the vector empirical orthogonal function（VEOF） analysis, that is, it is mainly controlled by a wind-driven quasi barotropic current as the first mode and slightly modulated by a relatively weak background current with a first-order baroclinic structure as the second mode.

Experimental Study on Local Scour Around Bridge Piers in Tidal Current

Local scour around a bridge pier is an important parameter for the design of a bridge. Compared with the local scour in a mono-directional current, the local scour in a tidal current has its unique characteristics. In this paper, several aspects of local scour around bridge piers in tidal current, including the scour development process, the plane form of a scour hole and the maximum scour depth, are studied through movable bed flume experiments.

Corrected Formula of Bed Resistance Coefficient for Plane Numerical Simulation of Tidal Current

By means of a logarithm law for the velocity profile, a corrected formula of bed resistance coefficient, which involves many factors such as gradient of still water depth, variation of surface elevation, flow direction, and so on, is derived from the 3D governing equations of tidal current by averaging over the whole water depth. Theoretical analysis and application have shown that the 2D plane tidal current numerical model would be more reasonable and could be applied to steep bottom topography when the corrected bed resistance coefficient is used, therefore the results of reproduction simulation and engineering calculation would be more scientific and reasonable.

Two-Dimensional Mathematical Model of Tidal Current and Sediment for Oujiang Estuary and Wenzhou Bay

A 2-D mathematical model of tidal current and sediment has been developed for the Oujiang Estuary and the Wenzhou Bay. This model accomodates complicated features including multiple islands, existence of turbidity, and significant differ-ence in size distribution of bed material. The governing equations for non-uniform suspended load and bed load transport are presented in a boundary-fitted orthogonal curvilinear coordinate system. The numerical solution procedures along with their initial conditions, boundary conditions, and movable boundary technique are presented. Strategies for computation of the critical condition of deposition or erosion, sediment transport capacity, non-uniform bed load discharge, etc. are suggested. The model verification computation shows that, the tidal levels computed from the model are in good agreement with the field data at the 18 tidal gauge stations. The computed velocities and flow directions also agree well with the values measured along the totally 52 synchronously observed verticals distributed over 8 cross sections. The coraputed tidal water throughputs through the Huangda'ao cross section are close to the measured data. And the computed values of bed deformation from Yangfushan to the estuary outfall and in the outer-sea area are in good agreement with the data observed from 1986 to 1992. The changes of tidal volumes through the estuary, velocities in different channels and the bed form due to the influence of the reclamation project on the Wenzhou shoal are predicted by means of this model.

Modeling assessment of tidal current energy in the Qiongzhou Strait, China

In the present study, an existing three-dimensional finite volume computational ocean model （FVCOM） was refined and configured including an algorithm for computing the power density and mean power density at Qiongzhou Strait of China. The refined model was validated with the measured tidal levels and tidal currents at different gauging stations. The model results are in reasonable agreement with the measured data. Based on the modeling results, we assess the resource of the tidal stream energy in the Qiongzhou Strait and discuss the temporal and the spatial distribution of the tidal current energy there. The conclusion is extracted： the higher power density occurs in the middle area of the strait, and lower at both sides. Characteristics of power density such as the maximum possibility speed, maximum power density during the spring tide period and the neap tide period, have the similar distribution. The southeast part and central area of the strait are of rich tidal current energy, where the maximum possibility speed can reach to 4.6 m/s, and the maximum power density of the spring tide period and the neap tide period can reach 5 996 and 467 W/mz separately in the surface layer The annual mean power density can reach 819 W/m2. Statistical length of accumulative time of the velocity exceeding 0.7 m/s is about 4 717 h at local point during a year. The total theoretical tidal current energy resource is approximately 189.55 MW and the available exploited energy on present technology condition is 249, 20.2 and 263 GW/a separately by using the methods FLUX, FARM and GC in the Qiongzhou Strait.

Analysis of the integrated test and evaluation methods of tidal current energy generating devices in the offshore testing site

Actual sea condition testing and inspection and evaluation method research are carried out for tidal energy devices to provide scientific and effective technical support for the ocean high-tech achievement transformation and marine renewable energy development. By analyzing three core indicators, including the power output characteristics of the tidal current device, the generating capacity, energy conversion efficiency, proposed the test contents and evaluation methods of indicators are proposed in this paper; and based on the research of wind farms, power quality testing and assessment methods of offshore tidal energy device are proposed; given the security access to the test contents of tidal current energy device, tidal current energy device running conditions in the testing ground are comprehensively assessed.