Oxygen tension modulates cell function in an in vitro three-dimensional glioblastoma tumor model

Hypoxia is a typical feature of the tumor microenvironment,one of the most critical factors affecting cell behavior and tumor progression.However,the lack of tumor models able to precisely emulate natural brain tumor tissue has impeded the study of the effects of hypoxia on the progression and growth of tumor cells.This study reports a three-dimensional(3D)brain tumor model obtained by encapsulating U87MG(U87)cells in a hydrogel containing type I collagen.It also documents the effect of various oxygen concentrations(1%,7%,and 21%)in the culture environment on U87 cell morphology,proliferation,viability,cell cycle,apoptosis rate,and migration.Finally,it compares two-dimensional(2D)and 3D cultures.For comparison purposes,cells cultured in flat culture dishes were used as the control(2D model).Cells cultured in the 3D model proliferated more slowly but had a higher apoptosis rate and proportion of cells in the resting phase(G0 phase)/gap I phase(G1 phase)than those cultured in the 2D model.Besides,the two models yielded significantly different cell morphologies.Finally,hypoxia(e.g.,1%O2)affected cell morphology,slowed cell growth,reduced cell viability,and increased the apoptosis rate in the 3D model.These results indicate that the constructed 3D model is effective for investigating the effects of biological and chemical factors on cell morphology and function,and can be more representative of the tumor microenvironment than 2D culture systems.The developed 3D glioblastoma tumor model is equally applicable to other studies in pharmacology and pathology.

A sub-grid scale model for Burgers turbulence based on the artificial neural network method

The present study proposes a sub-grid scale model for the one-dimensional Burgers turbulence based on the neuralnetwork and deep learning method.The filtered data of the direct numerical simulation is used to establish thetraining data set,the validation data set,and the test data set.The artificial neural network(ANN)methodand Back Propagation method are employed to train parameters in the ANN.The developed ANN is applied toconstruct the sub-grid scale model for the large eddy simulation of the Burgers turbulence in the one-dimensionalspace.The proposed model well predicts the time correlation and the space correlation of the Burgers turbulence.

Three-dimensional structural models,evolution and petroleum geological significances of transtensional faults in the Ziyang area,central Sichuan Basin,SW China

With drilling and seismic data of Transtensional(strike-slip)Fault System in the Ziyang area of the central Sichuan Basin,SW China plane-section integrated structural interpretation,3-D fault framework model building,fault throw analyzing,and balanced profile restoration,it is pointed out that the transtensional fault system in the Ziyang 3-D seismic survey consists of the northeast-trending F_(I)19 and F_(I)20 fault zones dominated by extensional deformation,as well as 3 sets of northwest-trending en echelon normal faults experienced dextral shear deformation.Among them,the F_(I)19 and F_(I)20 fault zones cut through the Neoproterozoic to Lower Triassic Jialingjiang Formation,presenting a 3-D structure of an“S”-shaped ribbon.And before Permian and during the Early Triassic,the F_(I)19 and F_(I)20 fault zones underwent at least two periods of structural superimposition.Besides,the 3 sets of northwest-trending en echelon normal faults are composed of small normal faults arranged in pairs,with opposite dip directions and partially left-stepped arrangement.And before Permian,they had formed almost,restricting the eastward growth and propagation of the F_(I)19 fault zone.The F_(I)19 and F_(I)20 fault zones communicate multiple sets of source rocks and reservoirs from deep to shallow,and the timing of fault activity matches well with oil and gas generation peaks.If there were favorable Cambrian-Triassic sedimentary facies and reservoirs developing on the local anticlinal belts of both sides of the F_(I)19 and F_(I)20 fault zones,the major reservoirs in this area are expected to achieve breakthroughs in oil and gas exploration.

Effects of three-dimensional quality assessment nursing intervention on efficacy and disease management of patients undergoing esophageal cancer surgery

BACKGROUND Esophageal cancer is one of the most common malignant tumors.The three-dimensional quality structure model is a quality assessment theory that includes three dimensions:Structure,process,and results.AIM To investigate the effects of nursing interventions with three-dimensional quality assessment on the efficacy and disease management ability of patients undergoing esophageal cancer surgery.METHODS In this prospective study,the control group received routine nursing,and the intervention group additionally received a three-dimensional quality assessment intervention based on the above routine care.Self-efficacy and patient disease management abilities were evaluated using the General Self-Efficacy Scale(GSES)and Exercise of Self-Care Agency scale,respectively.IBM SPSS Statistics for Windows,version 17.0,was used for the data processing.RESULTS This study recruited 112 patients who were assigned to the control and experi-mental groups(n=56 per group).Before the intervention,there was no significant difference in GSES scores between the two groups(P>0.05).After the inter-vention,the GSES scores of both groups increased,with the experimental group showing higher values(P<0.05).At the time of discharge and three months after discharge,the scores for positive attitudes,self-stress reduction,and total score of health promotion in the experimental group were higher than those in the control group(P<0.05).CONCLUSION The implementation of a three-dimensional quality structure model for postoperative patients with esophageal cancer can effectively improve their self-management ability and self-efficacy of postoperative patients.

Research on Three-Dimensional Simulation of the Internal Arc Gear Skiving

Aiming at the problems that the simulation accuracy which is reduced due to the simplification of the model,a three-dimensional simulation method based on solid modeling is being proposed.By analyzing the motion relationship and positional relationship between the caries knife and the workpiece,the coordinate system of the caries machining was established.With the MATLAB software,the cutting edge model and the blade sweeping surface model of the boring cutter are sequentially established.Boolean operation is performed on the blade swept surface formed by the tooth cutter teeth with time t and the workpiece tooth geometry as well as the undeformed three-dimensional chip geometry model and the instantaneous cogging geometry model are obtained at different times.Through the compare between gear end face simulation tooth profile and the theoretical inner arc tooth profile,we verified the accuracy and rationality of the proposed method.

Study of the geomagnetic field's regional gradients in Chinese continent using three-dimensional surface Spline model

We combined domestic ground-based and satellite magnetic measurements to create a regional three-dimensional surface Spline(3DSS)gradient model of the main geomagnetic field over the Chinese continent.To improve the precision of the model,we considered the data gap between the ground and satellite data.We compared and analyzed the results of the Taylor polynomial,surface Spline,and CHAOS-6(the CHAMP,?rsted and SAC-C model of Earth’s magnetic field)gradient models.Results showed that the gradients in the south-north and east-west directions of the four models were consistent.The 3DSS model was able to express not only gradients at different altitudes,but also average gradients inside the research area.The two Spline models were able to capture more information on gradient anomalies than were the fitted models.Strong local anomalies were observed in northern Xinjiang,Beijing,and the junction area between Jiangsu and Zhejiang,and the total intensity F decreased whereas the altitude increased.The gradient decreased by 21.69%in the south-north direction and increased by 11.78%in the east-west direction.In addition,the altitude gradient turned from negative to positive while the altitude increased.The Spline model and the two fitted models differed mainly in the field sources they expressed and the modeling theory.

Can preoperative planning using IRIS™three-dimensional anatomical virtual models predict operative findings during robot-assisted partial nephrectomy?

Objective To evaluate the predictive validity of IRIS™(Intuitive Surgical®,Sunnyvale,CA,USA)as a planning tool for robot-assisted partial nephrectomy(RAPN)by assessing the degree of overlap with intraoperative execution.Methods Thirty-one patients scheduled for RAPN by four experienced urologists were enrolled in a prospective study.Prior to surgery,urologists reviewed the IRIS™three-dimensional model on an iphone Operating System(iOS)app and completed a questionnaire outlining their surgical plan including surgical approach,and ischemia technique as well as confidence in executing this plan.Postoperatively,questionnaires assessing the procedural approach,clinical utility,efficiency,and effectiveness of IRIS™were completed.The degree of overlap between the preoperative and intraoperative questionnaires and between the planned approach and actual execution of the procedure was analyzed.Questionnaires were answered on a 5-point Likert scale and scores of 4 or greater were considered positive.Results Mean age was 65.1 years with a mean tumor size of 27.7 mm(interquartile range 17.5-44.0 mm).Hilar tumors consisted of 32.3%;48.4%of patients had R.E.N.A.L.nephrometry scores of 7-9.On preoperative questionnaires,the surgeons reported that in 67.7%cases they were confident that they can perform the procedure successfully,and on intraoperative questionnaires,the surgeons reported that in 96.8%cases IRIS™helped achieve good spatial sensation of the anatomy.There was a high degree of overlap between preoperative and intraoperative questionnaires for the surgical approach,interpreting anatomical details and clinical utility.When comparing plans for selective or off-clamp,the preoperative plan was executed in 90.0%of cases intraoperatively.Conclusion A high degree of overlap between the preoperative surgical approach and intraoperative RAPN execution was found using IRIS™.This is the first study to evaluate the predictive accuracy of IRIS™during RAPN by comparing preoperative plan and intraoperative execution.

Three-Dimensional Analytical Modeling of Axial-Flux Permanent Magnet Drivers

In this paper, the axial-flux permanent magnet driver is modeledand analyzed in a simple and novel way under three-dimensional cylindricalcoordinates. The inherent three-dimensional characteristics of the deviceare comprehensively considered, and the governing equations are solved bysimplifying the boundary conditions. The axial magnetization of the sectorshapedpermanent magnets is accurately described in an algebraic form bythe parameters, which makes the physical meaning more explicit than thepurely mathematical expression in general series forms. The parameters of theBessel function are determined simply and the magnetic field distribution ofpermanent magnets and the air-gap is solved. Furthermore, the field solutionsare completely analytical, which provides convenience and satisfactoryaccuracy for modeling a series of electromagnetic performance parameters,such as the axial electromagnetic force density, axial electromagnetic force,and electromagnetic torque. The correctness and accuracy of the analyticalmodels are fully verified by three-dimensional finite element simulations and a15 kW prototype and the results of calculations, simulations, and experimentsunder three methods are highly consistent. The influence of several designparameters on magnetic field distribution and performance is studied and discussed.The results indicate that the modeling method proposed in this papercan calculate the magnetic field distribution and performance accurately andrapidly, which affords an important reference for the design and optimizationof axial-flux permanent magnet drivers.

Numerical Solutions of Three-Dimensional Coupled Burgers’ Equations by Using Some Numerical Methods

In this paper, we found the numerical solution of three-dimensional coupled Burgers’ Equations by using more efficient methods: Laplace Adomian decomposition method, Laplace transform homotopy perturbation method, variational iteration method, variational iteration decomposition method and variational iteration homotopy perturbation method. Example is examined to validate the efficiency and accuracy of these methods and they reduce the size of computation without the restrictive assumption to handle nonlinear terms and it gives the solutions rapidly.

基于修正Burgers模型的泥岩层套管形变影响因素分析

地层含水饱和度的变化对于泥岩储层的蠕变特性有较大影响,尤其是注采过程中泥岩段套管产生形变从而导致套管损坏。本文在Burgers模型基础上加入含水饱和度元件,提高了瞬时蠕变阶段模型的精度,同时对实际油田某泥岩区块进行了比对,得出随含水饱和度增加,地层蠕变量增大,且瞬时蠕变阶段时间减小的结论,同时在蠕变条件下套管壁厚、水泥环弹性模量、地层含水饱和度均可大幅度影响套管变形,而套管尺寸对套管变形几乎无影响。本研究成果能够更加准确地计算地层不同含水量条件下泥岩蠕变的套管变形,对井筒的破坏进行有效的预防及控制。

考虑沥青混合料空隙率的蠕变特性及改进Burgers模型

为了更为精确的分析不同空隙类型沥青混合料的抗变形性能的影响,在经典的Burgers模型上进行改进,添加了一个非线性元件,得到改进的Burgers模型,将模型的宏观参数转化为离散元PFC的微观参数,植入PFC程序,用于分析不同空隙特征沥青混合料的抗变形性能。结果表明:改进Burgers模型能较好地表征空隙率较大的沥青混合料的蠕变特性,且空隙率较大的沥青混合料在加载过程中相比与空隙率较小的沥青混合料的非线性蠕变变形更为明显,同时,改进Burgers模型可较好地预测在不同温度条件下不同空隙类型的沥青混合料的蠕变变形。用于研究大空隙特征沥青混合料OGFC-13时,当空隙率增大2%时,沥青混合料蠕变变形最大可增大1/2,当空隙率增大10%时,沥青混合料蠕变变形可增大近6倍。

Shear behavior of intact granite under thermo-mechanical coupling and three-dimensional morphology of shear-formed fractures

The shear failure of intact rock under thermo-mechanical(TM)coupling conditions is common,such as in enhanced geothermal mining and deep mine construction.Under the effect of a continuous engineering disturbance,shear-formed fractures are prone to secondary instability,posing a severe threat to deep engineering.Although numerous studies regarding three-dimensional(3D)morphologies of fracture surfaces have been conducted,the understanding of shear-formed fractures under TM coupling conditions is limited.In this study,direct shear tests of intact granite under various TM coupling conditions were conducted,followed by 3D laser scanning tests of shear-formed fractures.Test results demonstrated that the peak shear strength of intact granite is positively correlated with the normal stress,whereas it is negatively correlated with the temperature.The internal friction angle and cohesion of intact granite significantly decrease with an increase in the temperature.The anisotropy,roughness value,and height of the asperities on the fracture surfaces are reduced as the normal stress increases,whereas their variation trends are the opposite as the temperature increases.The macroscopic failure mode of intact granite under TM coupling conditions is dominated by mixed tensileeshear and shear failures.As the normal stress increases,intragranular fractures are developed ranging from a local to a global distribution,and the macroscopic failure mode of intact granite changes from mixed tensileeshear to shear failure.Finally,3D morphological characteristics of the asperities on the shear-formed fracture surfaces were analyzed,and a quadrangular pyramid conceptual model representing these asperities was proposed and sufficiently verified.

DEVELOPMENT OF A HYBRID MODEL FOR THREE-DIMENSIONAL GIS

This paper presents a hybrid model for three-dimensional Geographical Information Systems which is an integration of surface- and volume-based models. The Triangulated Irregular Network (TIN) and octree models are integrated in this hybrid models. The TIN model works as a surface-based model which mainly serves for surface presentation and visualization. On the other hand, the octree encoding supports volumetric analysis. The designed data structure brings a major advantage in the three-dimensional selective retrieval. This technique increases the efficiency of three-dimensional data operation.

A three-dimensional semi-implicit unstructured grid finite volume ocean model

A new three-dimensional semi-implicit finite-volume ocean model has been developed for simulating the coastal ocean circulation, which is based on the staggered C-unstructured non-orthogonal grid in the hor- izontal direction and z-level grid in the vertical direction. The three-dimensional model is discretized by the semi-implicit finite-volume method, in that the free-surface and the vertical diffusion are semi-implicit, thereby removing stability limitations associated with the surface gravity wave and vertical diffusion terms. The remaining terms in the momentum equations are discretized explicitly by an integral method. The partial cell method is used for resolving topography, which enables the model to better represent irregular topography. The model has been tested against analytical cases for wind and tidal oscillation circulation, and is applied to simulating the tidal flow in the Bohal Sea. The results are in good agreement both with the analytical solutions and measurement results.

加筋黄土蠕变特性与改进Burgers模型模拟研究

位于中国西北部的黄土高原为滑坡多发区,具有亚稳态结构、高孔隙率和水敏性等特性的黄土在外界扰动作用下会表现出不稳定性。除了土的剪切特性外,蠕变特性被认为是决定长期抗剪强度的关键因素。合理评价加筋黄土的蠕变规律与长期强度对促进加筋黄土的工程应用具有十分重要的意义。本文利用大型直剪设备进行加筋黄土的蠕变试验得出水平剪位移–时间的变化曲线,研究了加筋黄土在大位移强度状态下的蠕变特性。此外,为了克服传统蠕变模型的不足,本文提出了一种引入非线性参数β的改进Burgers模型。与传统的Burgers模型相比,改进Burgers模型能够更准确地描述非衰减蠕变与黏性流动在加速蠕变阶段的曲线。结果表明:加筋黄土存在三种蠕变行为,包括衰减蠕变、非衰减蠕变和黏性流动;水平剪位移与蠕变时间的关系说明了当受到相同的剪应力比时,未加筋和加筋试件表现出不同的行为,加筋试件在限制颗粒在剪切面内的相对运动优于未加筋试件;蠕变速率与剪应力比的关系证实了在蠕变过程中,剪切应力会导致剪切带中土粒间发生会持续累积的相对位移,最终导致试件沿剪切面破坏。颗粒间接触损失的连锁反应,伴随着黏性位移过大,蠕变抗力迅速减弱,最终加速蠕变位移,为揭示缓慢移动滑坡灾害的形成机理提供了关键证据。

基于修正Burgers模型的沥青混合料粘弹性蠕变损伤时-温激励特性研究

为研究沥青混合料蠕变特性与其时-温条件下的蠕变规律,准确反映沥青混合料蠕变过程及蠕变数值,引入反映材料内部损伤效应的损伤因子,对Burgers模型进行非线性修正,建立修正Burgers蠕变模型,并通过沥青混合料单轴压缩蠕变实验和离散元PFC模拟蠕变试验进行对比分析,以验证模型的可靠性.研究结果表明:通过修正模型对实验结果的拟合分析,得出沥青混合料时-温蠕变过程的5个发展阶段及各自特点;推导出不同温度沥青混合料蠕变值计算公式;建立的非线性材料损伤蠕变模型可较好地描述沥青混合料蠕变过程.

Three-dimensional numerical modeling of gravity anomalies based on Poisson equation in spacewavenumber mixed domain

In gravity-anomaly-based prospecting, the computational and memory requirements for practical numerical modeling are potentially enormous. Achieving an efficient and precise inversion for gravity anomaly imaging over large-scale and complex terrain requires additional methods. To this end, we have proposed a new topography-capable By performing a two-dimensional Fourier transform in the horizontal directions, threedimensional partial differential equations in the spatial domain were transformed into a group of independent, one-dimensional differential equations engaged with different wave numbers. These independent differential equations are highly parallel across different wave numbers. differential equations with different wave numbers, and the efficiency of solving fixedbandwidth linear equations was further improved by a chasing method. In a synthetic test, a prism model was used to verify the accuracy and reliability of the proposed algorithm by comparing the numerical solution with the analytical solution. We studied the computational precision and efficiency with and without topography using different Fourier transform methods. The results showed that the Guass-FFT method has higher numerical precision, while the standard FFT method is superior, in terms of computation time, for inversion and quantitative interpretation under complicated terrain.

Discrete Element Simulation of Asphalt Mastics Based on Burgers Model

In order to investigate the viscoelastic performance of asphalt mastics, a micro-mechanical model for asphalt mastics was built by applying Burgers model to discrete element simulation and constructing Burgers contact model. Then the numerical simulation of creep tests was conducted, and results from the simulation were compared with the analytical solution for Burgers model. The comparision showed that the two results agreed well with each other, suggesting that discrete element model based on Burgers model could be employed in the numerical simulation for asphalt mastics.

Three-dimensional cell culture systems as an in vitro platform for cancer and stem cell modeling

Three-dimensional(3D)culture systems are becoming increasingly popular due to their ability to mimic tissue-like structures more effectively than the monolayer cultures.In cancer and stem cell research,the natural cell characteristics and architectures are closely mimicked by the 3D cell models.Thus,the 3D cell cultures are promising and suitable systems for various proposes,ranging from disease modeling to drug target identification as well as potential therapeutic substances that may transform our lives.This review provides a comprehensive compendium of recent advancements in culturing cells,in particular cancer and stem cells,using 3D culture techniques.The major approaches highlighted here include cell spheroids,hydrogel embedding,bioreactors,scaffolds,and bioprinting.In addition,the progress of employing 3D cell culture systems as a platform for cancer and stem cell research was addressed,and the prominent studies of 3D cell culture systems were discussed.

Three-Dimensional Tidal Model and Its Application to Numerical Simulation of Water Quality in Coastal Waters

The turbulence mechanism plays an important part in the mixing process and momentum transfer of turbulence. A three-dimensional Prandtl mixing length tidal model has been developed to simulate tidal flows and water quality. The eddy viscosities and diffusivities are computed from the Prandtl mixing length model. In order to model the water quality of an estuary or coastal area many interdependent processes need to be simulated. These may be conveniently separated into three main groups: transport and mixing processes, biochemical interaction of water quality variables and the utilization and re-cycling of nutrients by living matter. The model simulates full oxygen and nutrient balance, primary productivity and the transport, reaction mechanism and fate of pollutants over tidal time-scales. The model is applied to numerical simulation of tidal flows and water quality in Dalian Bay. The model has been calibrated against a limited data set of historical water quality observations and in general demonstrates excellent agreement with all available data.