Leading-edge receptivity of boundary layer to three-dimensional free-stream turbulence

The laminar-turbulent transition has always been a hot topic of fluid mechanics. Receptivity is the initial stage and plays a crucial role in the entire transition process. The previous studies of receptivity focus on external disturbances such as sound waves and vortices in the free stream, whereas those on the leading-edge receptivity to the three-dimensional free-stream turbulence (FST), which is more general in the nature, are rarely reported. In consideration of this, this work is devoted to investigating the receptivity process of three-dimensional Tollmien-Schlichting (T-S) wave packets excited by the three-dimensional FST in a flat-plate boundary layer numerically. The relations between the leading-edge receptivity and the turbulence intensity are established, and the influence of the FST directions on the propagation directions and group velocities of the excited T-S wave packets is studied. Moreover, the leading-edge receptivity to the anisotropic FST is also studied. This parametric investigation can contribute to the prediction of laminar-turbulent transition.

Unsteady three-dimensional boundary layer flow due to a permeable shrinking sheet

The unsteady viscous flow over a continuously permeable shrinking surface is studied. Similarity equations are obtained through the application of similar transformation techniques. Numerical techniques are used to solve the similarity equations for different values of the unsteadiness parameter, the mass suction parameter, the shrinking parameter and the Prandtl number on the velocity and temperature profiles as well as the skin friction coefficient and the Nusselt number. It is found that, different from an unsteady stretching sheet, dual solutions exist in a certain range of mass suction and unsteadiness parameters.

Mechanism of three-dimensional boundary-layer receptivity

Boundary-layer receptivity is always a hot issue in laminar-turbulent tran- sition. Most actual laminar-turbulent transitions belong to three-dimensional flows. An infinite back-swept fiat-plate boundary layer is a typical three-dimensionalflow. Study of its receptivity is important both in theory and applications. In this paper, a free- stream turbulence model is established. A modified fourth-order Runge-Kutta scheme is used for time marching, and compact finite difference schemes are used for space dis- cretization/ On these bases, whether unsteady cross-flow vortices can be excited in the three-dimensional boundary layer （the infinite back-swept flat-plate boundary layer） by free-stream turbulence is studied numerically. If so, effects of the level and the direc- tion of free-stream turbulence on the three^dimensional boundary-layer receptivity are further studied. Differences of the three-dimensional boundary-layer receptivity are then discussed by considering the non-parallel effect, influence of the leading-edge stagnation point of the flat plate, and variation of the back-swept angle separately. Intensive studies on the ＇three-dimensional boundary-layer receptivity will benefit the development of the hydrodynamic stability theory, and provide a theoretical basis for prediction and control of laminar-turbulent transition.

Mathematical Formulation of Bubble Formation after Compressible Boundary Layer Separation: Preliminary Numerical Results

Laminar boundary layer (BL), under adverse pressure gradient, can separate. The separated shear layer reattaches to form a laminar separation bubble. Such bubbles are usually observed on gas turbine blades, on low Reynolds number wings and close to the leading edges of airfoils. Presence of bubbles has a weakening effect on the performance of a fluid device. The understanding of the prevailing mechanism of the separation bubble and ways to control it are essential for the efficient design of these devices. This is due to the significance of drag reduction in these various aerodynamic devices, such as gas turbines, re-entry space vehicles and airfoils. This study introduces a two-dimensional mathematical formulation of bubble formation after flow separation. The laminar BL equations with appropriate boundary conditions are dimensionalized using the Falkner-Skan transformation. Additionally, using the Keller-box method, the nonlinear system of partial differential equations (PDEs) is numerically solved. This study presents preliminary numerical results of bubble formation in low Mach numbers. These results reveal that after separation, a laminar bubble is formed in all studied cases, for Mach numbers, M = 0.2, 0.33 and 1.0. The flow after separation reverses close to the wall and finally reattaches downstream, in a new location. As the Mach number increases, this effect is more intense. After reattachment, the BL is again established in a lower energy level and the velocity field is substantially reduced, for all cases.

In uence of Endwall Boundary Layer Suction on the Flow Fields of a Critically Loaded Di usion Cascade

Boundary layer suction is an e ective method used to delay separations in axial compressors. Most studies on bound?ary layer suction have focused on improving the performance of compressors,whereas few studies investigated the influence on details of the flow fields,especially vortexes in compressors. CFD method is validated with experi?mental data firstly. Three single?slot and one double?slot endwall boundary layer suction schemes are designed and investigated. In addition to the investigation of aerodynamic performance of the cascades with and without suction,variations in corner open separation,passage vortex,and concentration shedding vortex,which are rarely seen for the flow controlled blades in published literatures,are analyzed. Then,flow models,which are the ultimate aim,of both baseline and aspirated cascades are established. Results show that single?slot endwall suction scheme adjacent to the suction surface can e ectively remove the corner open separation. With suction mass flow rate of 0.85%,the overall loss coe cient and endwall loss coe cient of the cascade are reduced by 25.2% and 48.6%,respectively. Besides,this scheme increases the static pressure rise coe cient of the cascade by 3.2% and the flow turning angle of up to 3.3° at 90% span. The concentration shedding vortex decreases,whereas the passage vortex increases. For single?slot suction schemes near the middle pitchwise of the passage,the concentration shedding vortex increases and the passage vortex is divided into two smaller passage vortexes,which converge into a single?passage vortex near the trailing edge section of the cascade. For the double?slot suction scheme,triple?passage vortexes are presented in the blade passage. Some new vortex structures are discovered,and the novel flow models of aspirated compressor cascade are proposed,which are important to improve the design of multi?stage aspirated compressors.

Linear spatial instability analysis in 3D boundary layers using plane-marching 3D-LPSE

It is widely accepted that a robust and efficient method to compute the linear spatial amplified rate ought to be developed in three-dimensional （3D） boundary layers to predict the transition with the e^N method, especially when the boundary layer varies significantly in the spanwise direction. The 3D-linear parabolized stability equation （3D- LPSE） approach, a 3D extension of the two-dimensional LPSE （2D-LPSE）, is developed with a plane-marching procedure for investigating the instability of a 3D boundary layer with a significant spanwise variation. The method is suitable for a full Mach number region, and is validated by computing the unstable modes in 2D and 3D boundary layers, in both global and local instability problems. The predictions are in better agreement with the ones of the direct numerical simulation （DNS） rather than a 2D-eigenvalue problem （EVP） procedure. These results suggest that the plane-marching 3D-LPSE approach is a robust, efficient, and accurate choice for the local and global instability analysis in 2D and 3D boundary layers for all free-stream Mach numbers.

Numerical Analysis of Electromagnetic Control of the Boundary Layer Flow on a Ship Hull

In this article, electromagnetic control of turbulent boundary layer on a ship hull is numerically investigated. This study is conducted on the geometry of tanker model hull. For this purpose, a combination of electric and magnetic fields is applied to a region of boundary layer on stern so that produce wall parallel Lorentz forces in streamwise direction as body forces in stern flow. The governing equations including RANS equations with SST k-ω?turbulent model coupled with electric potential equation are numerically solved by using Ansys Fluent codes. Accuracy of this turbulent model of Fluent in predicting Turbulent flow around a ship is also tested by comparing with available experimental results that it shows a good agreement with experimental data. The results obtained for ship flow show that by applying streamwise Lorentz forces that are large enough, flow is accelerated. The results are caused to delay or avoid the flow separation in stern, increase the propeller inlet velocity, create uniform flow distribution behind the ship’s hull in order to improve the propeller performance, and finally decrease the pressure resistance and total resistance.

EXPERIMENTAL INVESTIGATION ON THE TURBULENT COHERENT STRUCTURES OF LAMINAR SEPARATION FLOW OVER A BACKWARD FACING STEP

The experimental investigation is conducted with LDV and hydrogen bubble technique in water flow. The shear layer thickness. the vorticity thickness. the maximulll value of turbulence intensities. the turbulent coherent structure. the variations of wall shear stress and the boundary layer shape factor are obtained. In the redevelopment region. the detailed analysis is first made for the streak structures in the near wall region and the turbulent boundary layer is formed at (x-xr) / h = 20.

STUDY OF THREE-DIMENSIONAL SEPARATION OF BOUNDARY LAYER OVER BLUNT BODIES

In the case of three-dimensional flows, the separation can be defined in more than one way. Discussions about three-dimensional boundary layer separation in the literature have found a rational extension of the zero skin friction. Attempts have been made to establish the identity of “separation lines”. Among definitions, these may be found： （1） envelopes of limiting streamlines, （2） lines dividing flow which has come from different regions, （3） lines of singularities （problems of topology）, （4） lines on which some component of the skin friction vanishes. Each of these is valid under certain conditions, but none is universally valid. In the present work, we use the definition （4）, i.e. at low incidence of a blunt body the separation line is identified as the zero of the meridian skin friction component （Wang 1975）. So the separation line on a flattened spheroid （6：3：1） at 6° of incidence is calculated, as well as experimentally determined by using the electrochemical method, which allows to follow the evolution of the parietal velocity gradient.

FAST SOLUTION OF TURBULENT SEPARATION BY STRAWN'S METHOD

A quasi-simultaneous viscous/inviscid interaction model and a new integral method are tried to predict twodimensional incompressible turbulent boundary-layer separating flows. The results are compared with experiments and other prediction.

SEPARATION CONTROL FOR THE OUTWING OF A STRAKE－WING BY ROTATING CONE PLACED NEAR THE LEADING EDGE

Based on the research result on the strake-wing, when the size of a strakeis not large, there is a separation zone near the leading edge of the outwing of thestrake-wing at middle angles of attack. So the idea on separation control by rotating acone placed near the leading edge is presented. The cone surface consists of the part ofthe wing. The effect of rotating the cone on aerodynamic characteristics of thestrake-wing is investigated. The results show that a rotating surface could play an important role in controlling the flow separation for a 3-dimensional wing. For example,the relative increment in maximum lift coefficient attains 30%. The separation zone issuppressed to a certain extent.

Near-wall behaviors of oblique-shock-wave/turbulent-boundary-layer interactions

A direct numerical simulation （DNS） on an oblique shock wave with an incident angle of 33.2° impinging on a Mach 2.25 supersonic turbulent boundary layer is performed. The numerical results are confirmed to be of high accuracy by comparison with the reference data. Particular efforts have been made on the investigation of the near-wall behaviors in the interaction region, where the pressure gradient is so significant that a certain separation zone emerges. It is found that, the traditional linear and loga- rithmic laws, which describe the mean-velocity profiles in the viscous and meso sublayers, respectively, cease to be valid in the neighborhood of the interaction region, and two new laws of the wall are proposed by elevating the pressure gradient to the leading order. The new laws are inspired by the analysis on the incompressible separation flows, while the compressibility is additionally taken into account. It is verified by the DNS results that the new laws are adequate to reproduce the mean-velocity profiles both inside and outside the interaction region. Moreover, the normalization adopted in the new laws is able to regularize the Reynolds stress into an almost universal distribution even with a salient adverse pressure gradient （APG）.

CALCULATION OF THREE DIMENSIONAL BOUNDARY LAYER EQUATIONS USING DIFFERENTIAL QUADRATURE METHOD

An extended differential quadrature method is used to compute nonlinear partial differential equations for tbree-dimensional laminar boundary layer now in this paPer. The key technique to differential quadrature, which is used in determining weighting coefficients for discretization of any order partial derivative, is investigated. The method of computing different weighting coefficients is presented. Three dimensional boundary layer equations are discretized by the differential quadrature method, and relative formula is obtained. The resulting scheme is applied to the computation of examples, which shows that the differential quadrature method can achieve rather high accurate solution using much less grid points than those of other methods, suck as finite difference and finite element methods.

Linear stability theory with the equivalent spanwise wavenumber correction in 3D boundary layers

The prediction on small disturbance propagation in complex three-dimensional(3D) boundary layers is of great significance in transition prediction methodology, especially in the aircraft design. In this paper, the linear stability theory(LST) with the equivalent spanwise wavenumber correction(ESWC) is proposed in order to accurately predict the linear evolution of a disturbance in a kind of boundary layer flow with a vital variation in the spanwise direction. The LST with the ESWC takes not only the scale of the mean flow with the significant variation but also the wavenumber evolution of the disturbance itself. Compared with the conventional LST, the results obtained by the new method are in excellent agreement with those of the numerical simulations. The LST with the ESWC is an effective method on the prediction of the disturbance evolution in 3D boundary layers, which improves the prediction of the LST in the applications to complex 3D boundary layers greatly.

激波/湍流边界层干扰中的自适应控制技术

从激波/湍流边界层干扰机理以及流动控制的迫切需求入手,从自适应涡流发生器、自适应鼓包、自适应微射流以及自适应次流循环四个方面对激波/湍流边界层干扰中的自适应控制技术研究进展进行了总结。分析认为,结合AI技术发展自适应流动控制技术,加速控制方式智能化,可作为新一代高超声速飞行器宽速域飞行的重要技术手段。具体来说,就是通过调节外加激励对高超声速飞行器不同区域实现局部流动加/减速、气动热防护、气动控制等功能,根据流场参数建立控制反馈回路,自适应调整局部流场结构,以满足工程实际需求。

附面层吸入条件下非轴对称静子对风扇流场影响数值研究

附面层吸入导致进气道与风扇气动交界面处产生严重的总压、旋流畸变,进而使得风扇效率、稳定性降低,是制约其应用的主要问题之一。为了提高风扇的抗畸变能力,本文对风扇静子进行了非轴对称设计和数值仿真计算。结果表明:相较于原型风扇,非轴对称静子效率提高0.31个百分点,失速裕度提高50.5%,风扇内部流场有明显改善,扩压因子减小,畸变区静叶叶尖吸力面角区分离范围显著降低,叶片通道通流能力上升。非轴对称静子改型方案通过改变畸变区静叶进口几何角与弦长,使静叶冲角基本不变,稠度增加,气流在吸力面上不易发生分离,从而使得角区分离范围减小,流动损失降低,风扇性能提升。

进口雷诺数和湍流度对压气机叶栅流动特性影响

针对高空条件下,无人机发动机的压气机气动性能明显下降的问题,本文以某高亚声速压气机叶型V103为研究对象,采用数值模拟方法研究了3种雷诺数(Re=1.5×10^(5),4.5×10^(5),1.2×106)条件下,不同来流湍流度(Tu=1%,3%,5%,6%,7.5%,10%)对压气机叶栅内部流动特性的影响,分析了流动分离和转捩之间的变化关系,以及由此引起的叶型损失变化规律。研究结果表明:当湍流度不变时,随着雷诺数减小,分离泡长度增加,但分离点位置不变;当雷诺数不变,湍流度减小,层流分离点位置会提前,并且前移现象在低雷诺数下更明显;当湍流度增加,叶片表面分离泡消失,但损失仍然呈现出随着湍流度增加而增大的趋势;在不同雷诺数条件下,都存在一个对应于最小叶型损失的来流湍流度,且该湍流度随着雷诺数的减小而略有增大。本文为修正低雷诺数条件下压气机叶型损失模型和发展预测压气机高空低雷诺数效应的数值模型提供理论指导。

雾滴冷却对压气机边界层分离流动的影响研究

采用欧拉-拉格朗日坐标系对喷雾减温过程进行数值研究,研究喷雾条件下NASA stage 35的流场特性,以及雾滴冷却对边界层分离的影响,探究对边界层分离产生的黏性损失。结果表明,喷雾冷却使流场进口质量流量增加和温度降低。雾滴的蒸发使流体组份发生变化,流场的运动黏度增加,导致边界层分离延迟和边界层厚度变薄。在干空气条件下边界层在25%弦长发生分离。喷雾使边界层移动至29%弦长发生分离。尽管雾滴冷却下边界层分离产生的黏性损失增大,但是边界层分离延迟和变薄对叶型损失起主导作用,喷雾冷却工况下叶型损失减小3.68%。

斜置槽道在翼型失速控制中的应用

翼型失速问题是风力机设计过程中需要重点考虑的气动现象,而引起失速的主要原因是附面层内流动能量不足,无法提供足够的附着力。利用翼型内部开槽,将大迎角状态时翼型下方的高动量气流引射进上部分离区可以有效解决这一问题。为了设计出具有更好气动特性的开槽翼型,研究了在不同宽度下2种不同形状的开槽对翼型气动特性的影响,通过观察不同开槽翼型的流场图和分析不同开槽翼型槽内、槽出口的气流流速,优化出具有更好气动特性的开槽翼型。经过优化设计的开槽翼型在深失速环境下,失速迎角增大了8°,相较于初始翼型,有了较大的气动性能的提升,并证明了开槽在较大迎角时有改善翼型气动特性的特征。

转子叶顶间隙值及改型对压气机性能影响的数值模拟

为了分析转子叶顶间隙值和改型对压气机性能的影响,以典型轴流跨声速压气机NASA stage 35为对象,对不同叶顶间隙值的压气机进行数值模拟。结果表明:叶顶间隙增大并且泄漏流强度提高,会导致脱体激波位置前移,转子吸力面激波作用位置后移,前缘溢流现象减弱,叶尖泄漏涡与激波作用增强,间隙区域涡量增加,靠近前缘的涡核向下游移动,但附面层与激波之间的作用减弱;不同叶顶间隙值的压气机失速机制不同,在小间隙下压气机失速是由叶尖泄漏涡和转子吸力面附面层分离共同作用引起的,在大间隙下压气机失速是由叶尖泄漏涡引起的;在研究的变化范围内,叶顶间隙值为0.50τ时,压气机性能最好,峰值效率和稳定裕度分别提高了0.16%和2.39%;将最优间隙改型成平行扩张式和正弦波间隙后,压气机性能提高,脱体激波后移,叶尖泄漏涡与激波作用程度减弱,转子吸力面附面层分离减弱,改型间隙能够减少叶片制作材料,减轻发动机质量。