Effect of carbon and boron additions on segregation behavior of directionally solidified nickel-base superalloys with rhenium

The phase transformation temperature, segregation behavior of elements and as-cast microstructure were investigated in experimental nickel-base superalloys with different levels of carbon and boron. The results show that the liquidus temperature decreases gradually but the carbide solvus temperature increases obviously with increasing carbon addition. Minor boron addition to the alloy decreases the liquidus temperature, carbide solvus temperature and solidus temperature slightly. Apart from rhenium, the segregation coefficients of the elements alter insignificantly with the addition of carbon. The segregation behavior of rhenium, tungsten and tantalum become more severe with boron addition. The volume fraction and size of primary carbides increase with increasing carbon addition. The main morphology of the carbides is script-like in the alloys with carbon addition while the carbide sheets tend to be concentrated and coarse in the boron-containing alloys

An experimental study on horizontal well waterflooding in the Cretaceous porous carbonate reservoir of Oman

Porous carbonate reservoirs,prevalent in the Middle East,are lithologically dominated by bioclastic limestones,exhibiting high porosity,low permeability,intricate pore structure,and strong heterogeneity.Waterflooding through horizontal wells is commonly used for exploiting these reservoirs.However,challenges persist,such as significant uncertainty and complex operational procedures regarding adjustment effects during the exploitation.The USH reservoir of the Cretaceous D oilfield,Oman exemplifies typical porous carbonate reservoirs.It initially underwent depletion drive using vertical wells,followed by horizontal well waterflooding in the late stage.Currently,the oilfield is confronted with substantial developmental challenges,involving the understanding of residual oil distribution,effective water cut control,and sustaining oil production since it has entered the late development stage.Employing a microscopic visualization displacement system equipped with electrodes,this study elucidated the waterflooding mechanisms and residual oil distribution in the late-stage development of the USH reservoir.The results reveal that the reservoir's vertical stacking patterns act as the main factor affecting the horizontal well waterflooding efficacy.Distinct water flow channels emerge under varying reservoir stacking patterns,with post-waterflooding residual oil predominantly distributed at the reservoir's top and bottom.The oil recovery can be enhanced by adjusting the waterflooding's flow line and intensity.The findings of this study will provide theoretical insights of waterflooding mechanisms and injection-production adjustments for exploiting other porous carbonate reservoirs in the Middle East through horizontal wells.

Effect of Cr/Mn segregation on pearlite–martensite banded structure of high carbon bearing steel

The effect of Cr/Mn segregation on the abnormal banded structure of high carbon bearing steel was studied by reheating and hot rolling.With the use of an optical microscope, scanning electron microscope, transmission electron microscope, and electron probe microanalyzer, the segregation characteristics of alloying elements in cast billet and their relationship with hot-rolled plate banded structure were revealed.The formation causes of an abnormal banded structure and the elimination methods were analyzed.Results indicate the serious positive segregation of C, Cr, and Mn alloy elements in the billet.Even distribution of Cr/Mn elements could not be achieved after 10 h of heat preservation at 1200℃, and the spacing of the element aggregation area increased, but the segregation index of alloy elements decreased.Obvious alloying element segregation characteristics are present in the banded structure of the hot-rolled plate.This distinct white band is composed of martensitic phases.The formation of this abnormal pearlite–martensite banded structure is due to the interaction between the undercooled austenite transformation behavior of hot-rolled metal and the segregation of its alloying elements.Under the air cooling after rolling, controlling the segregation index of alloy elements can reduce or eliminate the abnormal banded structure.

Electro-enhanced adsorption of As(V)by activated carbon in three-dimensional electrode reactor

This study focused on As(V)removal by electrosorption in a self-made three-dimensional electrode reactor,in which granular activated carbon(GAC)was used as the particle electrode.Under the optimal conditions,the removal efficiency of As(V)was 84%,and its residual concentration in solution was 0.08 mg/L.From kinetic investigation,the rate determining steps of the entire process may involve more than two processes:membrane diffusion,material diffusion and physical/chemical adsorption processes.During the desorption process,As(V)can be desorbed from GAC,and the GAC was able to electro-adsorb As(V)again after desorption,which means that the electrode has good cycling performance.

Carbon Segregation of Bearing Steel Concasting Billet

The formation mechanism of 'white band' and central carbon segregation of high-carbon Cr bearing steel concasting billets are discussed in this paper. The maximum oxygen content in the steel produced by concasting process was 13xl0^-6 with an average oxygen content of 9.3xl0^-6. Comparison of metallurgical quality and fatigue property between the concasting steel (CC) and ingot casting steel (IC) showed that the carbon segregation (C/C0) in former steel was 0.92～1.10 and its fatigue life was equal to that of the latter steel.

High Density 3D Carbon Tube Nanoarray Electrode Boosting the Capacitance of Filter Capacitor

Electric double-layer capacitors(EDLCs)with fast frequency response are regarded as small-scale alternatives to the commercial bulky aluminum electrolytic capacitors.Creating carbon-based nanoarray electrodes with precise alignment and smooth ion channels is crucial for enhancing EDLCs’performance.However,controlling the density of macropore-dominated nanoarray electrodes poses challenges in boosting the capacitance of line-filtering EDLCs.Herein,a simple technique to finely adjust the vertical-pore diameter and inter-spacing in three-dimensional nanoporous anodic aluminum oxide(3D-AAO)template is achieved,and 3D compactly arranged carbon tube(3D-CACT)nanoarrays are created as electrodes for symmetrical EDLCs using nanoporous 3D-AAO template-assisted chemical vapor deposition of carbon.The 3D-CACT electrodes demonstrate a high surface area of 253.0 m^(2) g^(−1),a D/G band intensity ratio of 0.94,and a C/O atomic ratio of 8.As a result,the high-density 3D-CT nanoarray-based sandwich-type EDLCs demonstrate a record high specific areal capacitance of 3.23 mF cm^(-2) at 120 Hz and exceptional fast frequency response due to the vertically aligned and highly ordered nanoarray of closely packed CT units.The 3D-CT nanoarray electrode-based EDLCs could serve as line filters in integrated circuits,aiding power system miniaturization.

PHOSPHORUS SEGREGATION AND ANNEALING TEXTURE IN A LOW CARBON STEEL SHEETS

The present work is to study the effect of phosphorus on the annealing texture of a low carbon steel at different cold rolling and annealing condition by means of pole-figure,inverse-pole figure and orientation distribution function(ODF)method.The microstructure and distribu- tion of phosphorus in steel sheet are studied by means of metallography,scanning electron mi- croscope(SEM)and electron probe microanalysis(EPMA).The results show that phos- phorus promotes the formation of the fiber texture of〈011〉parallel to the rolling direc- tion and〈111〉normal to the sheet surface.The texture was found to be affected mainly by preannealing temperatures,promoted at 390 or 590℃,and retarded at 490℃.At the preannealing temperature promoting the formation of texture,phosphorus segregation to the interior of grains was observed.It seems that the formation of the fiber texture may be associ- ated with the segregation of phosphorus.

In-situ formation of cobalt phosphide nanoparticles confined in three-dimensional porous carbon for high-performing zinc-air battery and water splitting

The rational design of efficient and stable carbon-based electrocatalysts for oxygen reduction and oxygen evolution reactions is crucial for improving energy density and long-term stability of rechargeable zinc-air batteries(ZABs).Herein,a general and controllable synthesis method was developed to prepare three-dimensional(3D)porous carbon composites embedded with diverse metal phosphide nanocrystallites by interfacial coordination of transition metal ions with phytic acid-doped polyaniline networks and subsequent pyrolysis.Phytic acid as the dopant of polyaniline provides favorable anchoring sites for metal ions owing to the coordination interaction.Specifically,adjusting the concentration of adsorbed cobalt ions can achieve the phase regulation of transition metal phosphides.Thus,with abundant cobalt phosphide nanoparticles and nitrogen-and phosphorus-doping sites,the obtained carbon-based electrocatalysts exhibited efficient electrocatalytic activities toward oxygen reduction and evolution reactions.Consequently,the fabricated ZABs exhibited a high energy density,high power density of 368 mW cm^(-2),and good cycling/mechanical stability,which could power water splitting for integrated device fabrication with high gas yields.

Preparation of Three-Dimensional Carbon Network Reinforced Epoxy Composites and Their Thermal Conductivity

As a thermosetting resin with excellent properties,epoxy resin is used in many areas such as electronics,transportation,aerospace,and other fields.However,its relatively low thermal conductivity limits its wide application in more demanding fields.Here,a three-dimensional carbon(3DC)network was prepared through NaCl template-assisted in situ chemical vapor deposition(CVD)and used to reinforce epoxy resin for enhancing its thermal conductivity.The 3DC was prepared with a molar ratio of sodium atom to carbon atom of 100:20,and argon atmosphere in CVD led to an optimal improvement in the thermal conductivity of epoxy resin.The thermal conductivity of epoxy resin increased by 18%when the filling content was 3 wt.%of 3DC network because of the high contact area,uniform dispersion,and enhanced formation of conductive paths with epoxy resin.As the amount of 3DC addition increases,the thermal conductivity of composites also increases.As an innovative exploration,the work presented in this paper is of great significance for the thermal conductivity application of epoxy resin in the future.

Surface characteristics analysis of fractures induced by supercritical CO_(2)and water through three-dimensional scanning and scanning electron micrography

Morphology of hydraulic fracture surface has significant effects on oil and gas flow,proppant migration and fracture closure,which plays an important role in oil and gas fracturing stimulation.In this paper,we analyzed the fracture surface characteristics induced by supercritical carbon dioxide(SC-CO_(2))and water in open-hole and perforation completion conditions under triaxial stresses.A simple calculation method was proposed to quantitatively analyze the fracture surface area and roughness in macro-level based on three-dimensional(3D)scanning data.In micro-level,scanning electron micrograph(SEM)was used to analyze the features of fracture surface.The results showed that the surface area of the induced fracture increases with perforation angle for both SC-CO_(2)and water fracturing,and the surface area of SC-CO_(2)-induced fracture is 6.49%e58.57%larger than that of water-induced fracture.The fractal dimension and surface roughness of water-induced fractures increase with the increase in perforation angle,while those of SC-CO_(2)-induced fractures decrease with the increasing perforation angle.A considerable number of microcracks and particle peeling pits can be observed on SC-CO_(2)-induced fracture surface while there are more flat particle surfaces in water-induced fracture surface through SEM images,indicating that fractures tend to propagate along the boundary of the particle for SC-CO_(2)fracturing while water-induced fractures prefer to cut through particles.These findings are of great significance for analyzing fracture mechanism and evaluating fracturing stimulation performance.

Numerical simulations and comparative analysis of two- and three-dimensional circulating fluidized bed reactors for CO2 capture

Carbon dioxide(CO2),the main gas emitted from fossil burning,is the primary contributor to global warming.Circulating fluidized bed reactor(CFBR)is proved as an energy-efficient method for post-combustion CO2 capture.The numerical simulation by computational fluid dynamics(CFD)is believed as a promising tool to study CO2 adsorption process in CFBR.Although three-dimensional(3D)simulations were proved to have better predicting performance with the experimental results,two-dimensional(2D)simulations have been widely reported for qualitative and quantitative studies on gas-solid behavior in CFBR for its higher computational efficiency recently.However,the discrepancies between 2D and 3D simulations have rarely been evaluated by detailed study.Considering that the differences between the 2D and 3D simulations will vary substantially with the changes of independent operating conditions,it is beneficial to lower computational costs to clarify the effects of dimensionality on the numerical CO2 adsorption runs under various operating conditions.In this work,the comparative analysis for CO2 adsorption in 2D and 3D simulations was conducted to enlighten the effects of dimensionality on the hydrodynamics and reaction behaviors,in which the separation rate,species distribution and hydrodynamic characteristics were comparatively studied for both model frames.With both accuracy and computational costs considered,the viable suggestions were provided in selecting appropriate model frame for the studies on optimization of operating conditions,which directly affect the capture and energy efficiencies of cyclic CO2 capture process in CFBR.

Ultrasmall NiS_(2)Nanocrystals Embedded in Ordered Macroporous Graphenic Carbon Matrix for Efficiently Pseudocapacitive Sodium Storage

Sodium-ion hybrid capacitor(SIHC)is one of the most promising alternatives for large-scale energy storage due to its high energy and power densities,natural abundance,and low cost.However,overcoming the imbalance between slow Na^(+)reaction kinetics of battery-type anodes and rapid ion adsorption/desorption of capacitive cathodes is a significant challenge.Here,we propose the high-rate-performance NiS_(2)@OMGC anode material composed of monodispersed NiS_(2) nanocrystals(8.8±1.7 nm in size)and N,S-co-doped graphenic carbon(GC).The NiS_(2)@OMGC material has a three-dimensionally ordered macroporous(3DOM)morphology,and numerous NiS_(2) nanocrystals are uniformly embedded in GC,forming a core-shell structure in the local area.Ultrafine NiS_(2) nanocrystals and their nano-microstructure demonstrate high pseudocapacitive Na-storage capability and thus excellent rate performance(355.7 mAh/g at 20.0 A/g).A SIHC device fabricated using NiS_(2)@OMGC and commercial activated carbon(AC)cathode exhibits ultrahigh energy densities(197.4 Wh/kg at 398.8 W/kg)and power densities(43.9 kW/kg at 41.3 Wh/kg),together with a long life span.This outcome exemplifies the rational architecture and composition design of this type of anode material.This strategy can be extended to the design and synthesis of a wide range of high-performance electrode materials for energy storage applications.

Carbon Characterization of Size-Segregated Particulate Matters (PMs) in Residential and Educational Areas in Padang City, Indonesia

Size-segregated of particulate matter (PM) including PM0.1 at two different sites, i.e., educational (EA) and residential (RA) areas in Padang city, Indonesia were sampled by using a cascade type air sampler for 24 hours with the average flowrate 40 l/m throughout three weeks (March, 08th-25th 2018). Carbonaceous components were analyses by a carbon analyzer following the IMPROVE_TOR protocol. Average PM2.5 and PM10 concentrations in RA were higher than those in EA while being below the NAAQS of Indonesia. However, it was much higher compared to the WHO limit for 24 hours in RA. OC was the dominant fraction in TC. OC/EC ratio ranging from 2.4 to 33.0 was similar at both sites, suggesting the OC was emitted from various sources. Char-EC and soot-EC ratio were founded to be minimized for PM0.1 (0.40 ± 0.27 and 0.39 ± 0.39, respectively at each site), indicating a more influence of burning of fossil fuel as vehicles exhaust and coal combustion. The transboundary influence of open biomass burning was not so significant although it cannot be ignored.

改善70钢连铸小方坯芯部质量的工艺实践

为了改善70钢连铸方坯的芯部质量,通过调整拉速、过热度、二冷比水量和压下工艺进行工业试验研究。结果表明:当压下工艺为2/2/4/7/7时,通过低过热度、高拉速或降低二冷比水量均可以改善铸坯中心碳偏析;但是在2.60 m/min高拉速或0.46 L/kg低二冷比水量浇注时,降低了铸坯的冷却速度,导致1#拉矫机处的固相率较低,坯壳厚度不足,压下时产生中间裂纹。当从2#拉矫机开始实施压下,压下工艺为0/2/5/7/6时,不仅中间裂纹有明显的改善,而且中心碳偏析也得到有效的控制,测得中心碳偏析度仅为1.02,铸坯芯部质量较好。

连铸机末端重压下对高建Z向钢铸坯质量的影响

针对铸坯内部中心偏析、板材探伤合格率(80%以下)低的问题,河钢集团唐山中厚板材有限公司在280 mm×1800 mm断面板坯连铸机10#、11#扇形段位置实施了重压下技术,总压下量达到24 mm,在生产高建Z向钢时,铸坯致密度提高,中心偏析明显改善,铸坯晶粒尺寸随着压下量的提高显著细化。利用低倍、金相组织分析,以及铸坯碳偏析指数、致密度和真密度等实验,分析了重压下对连铸坯内部质量的影响。结果表明:随着压下量的增加,铸坯中心偏析与疏松逐步改善,低倍C级品率由原来的85%提高至98%;连铸坯断面组织也发生晶粒的细化,有明显的细化晶粒效果;当铸坯中心偏析为C级1.0时,中心碳偏析指数均可有效控制在1.10以内;铸坯的真密度整体提升,重压下工艺下铸坯中心位置真密度提升0.17%;C级≤0.5级比例≥98%;铸坯中心偏析C级率(≤0.5级比例)综合比例达92.9%。重压下技术应用后,高建Z向钢铸坯晶粒尺寸随着压下量的提高显著细化,中心偏析得到明显改善。

Regeneration of activated carbon adsorbed EDTA by electrochemical method

Activated carbon after saturated adsorption of EDTA was used as particle electrode in a three-dimensional electrode reactor to treat EDTA-containing wastewater.Electrochemical method was used to regenerate activated carbon after many times of electrolysis.Based on the analysis of infrared spectra of activated carbon after adsorption and repeated electrolysis,EDTA was degraded into glycine,and then non-catalytic activated associated complex was formed with N—H bond on the activated carbon.The catalytic ability of the activated carbon vanished and the EDTA degradation efficiency was dropped.Activated carbon could be effectively regenerated by electrochemical method in the three-dimensional reactor.Effects of electric current,conductivity and pH on activated carbon regeneration were investigated,and the optimum conditions were concluded as follows：100-300 mA of current intensity,1.39 mS/cm of electric conductivity,60 min of electrolysis time and pH 6.0-8.0.Under the optimized conditions,the activity of the activated carbon can be recovered and the residual total organic carbon（TOC） was below 10 mg/L（the initial TOC was 200 mg/L） in the three-dimensional electrode reactor.

感应加热中间包钢液氢含量控制

重轨钢氢含量是影响质量的关键因素之一。包钢感应加热中间包运行初期,重轨钢等钢种常常出现首炉氢超标的现象。基于此,本文详细分析了感应加热中间包钢液氢含量超标的主要原因,并对中间包材料、耐火材料和连铸工艺进行了优化改造。研究发现,中间包感应加热上线后,预制件数量较多,常规烘烤方式很难实现有效烘烤,这是导致包钢钢液氢含量偏高的主要原因;通过改进耐火材料材质,使用PVC管替代铁皮作为通道模具,利用下线铸坯和中间包的余热以及外置烧嘴对流钢通道预烘烤,烘烤时添加烘烤喷嘴,同时提前对预制件进行烘烤、浇注前氩气置换以及浇注工艺优化等方式,有效实现了浇次首炉氢含量低于2 ppm的目标。中包感应加热运行后生产了154个浇次不同钢种,氢含量全部满足目标要求,同时碳偏析指数平均降低了0.013,提高质量的同时获得了显著的经济效益。

振动电极电渣重熔W9Mo3Cr4V高速钢碳偏析模拟

建立了振动电极电渣重熔W9Mo3Cr4V高速钢二维轴对称非稳态电磁场、流场、温度场和组分传输的多物理场耦合模型,分析了碳的偏析行为和影响规律,利用VOF模型对渣/金界面进行追踪,采用Lever算法调控了非平衡条件下的溶质再分配行为,并考虑了铸锭中不同元素之间的相互影响.结果表明:与传统工艺相比,振动电极电渣重熔工艺可以明显改善碳的偏析,最大正偏析指数由0.135减至0.116,减小了14.07%,最大负偏析指数由-0.124增至-0.105,增大了15.32%;增大w(W)会加重碳的偏析,当w(W)从9%增至9.5%时,最大正偏析指数增大了7.11%,最大负偏析指数减小了10.3%.

超深碳酸盐岩裸眼分段完井可溶球研究与应用

针对顺北油田5号条带超深碳酸盐岩储层裸眼分段完井工艺特点,研究设计了一种可控溶解的压裂球,主要用以解决“高耐酸腐蚀性、高速溶解特性、耐高压性能”等3个问题。可溶球采用“基体+涂层”结构,基体材料采用镁铝合金,涂层优选改性聚四氟乙烯+酚醛树脂纳米材料,并使用有机涂层对镁铝合金进行表面处理。对新研制的可溶球分别进行了承压数值仿真分析、耐酸承压测试和高温溶解测试,最后在顺北4-13H井进行了现场应用。研究结果表明:新研制的可溶球能够承受高温160℃、高压70 MPa、耐酸且能高速溶解,平均溶解速率为7.19 g/h,完全溶解只需12 h左右,实现了压裂时承压、生产时快速溶解不堵塞通道的双重要求,能有效提高可溶球在顺北区块裸眼分段完井工艺中的适用性和有效性,满足现场使用需求。研究结果可为油田现场水平井分段完井工艺提供参考。