Synthesis and Crystal Structure of a Novel Three-dimensional Complex Ni(Iz)_2(Bdc)(H_2O)_2 (Iz = Imidazole,Bdc = 1,4-Benzenedicarboxylate)

A novel nickel（Ⅱ） complex Ni（Iz）2（Bdc）（H2O）2 （Iz = imidazole, Bdc = 1,4-benzenedicarboxylate） has been synthesized and structurally characterized by X-ray analysis. The crystal is of monoclinic, space group P2 1/n with a = 5.5079（5）, b = 15.0973, c = 9.9825（9） A, β = 90.2380（10）°, C14H16N4NiO6, Mr = 395.02, Z = 2, V = 830.08（13） A^3 Dc = 1.580 g/cm^3, μ（MoKa） = 1.208 mm^-1, F（000） = 408, R = 0.0234 and wR = 0.0603 for 1379 observed reflections （I 〉 2σ（I））. In the title complex, adjacent nickel（Ⅱ） ions are bridged through the oxygen atoms of carboxylic groups in syn-anti conformation, yielding an infinite one-dimensional chain. These chains are linked to each other to form a 3-D network structure by three kinds of hydrogen-bonding interactions.

Three-dimensional visualization technology for guiding one-step percutaneous transhepatic cholangioscopic lithotripsy for the treatment of complex hepatolithiasis

BACKGROUND Biliary stone disease is a highly prevalent condition and a leading cause of hospitalization worldwide.Hepatolithiasis with associated strictures has high residual and recurrence rates after traditional multisession percutaneous transhepatic cholangioscopic lithotripsy(PTCSL).AIM To study one-step PTCSL using the percutaneous transhepatic one-step biliary fistulation(PTOBF)technique guided by three-dimensional(3D)visualization.METHODS This was a retrospective,single-center study analyzing,140 patients who,between October 2016 and October 2023,underwent one-step PTCSL for hepatolithiasis.The patients were divided into two groups:The 3D-PTOBF group and the PTOBF group.Stone clearance on choledochoscopy,complications,and long-term clearance and recurrence rates were assessed.RESULTS Age,total bilirubin,direct bilirubin,Child-Pugh class,and stone location were similar between the 2 groups,but there was a significant difference in bile duct strictures,with biliary strictures more common in the 3D-PTOBF group(P=0.001).The median follow-up time was 55.0(55.0,512.0)days.The immediate stone clearance ratio(88.6%vs 27.1%,P=0.000)and stricture resolution ratio(97.1%vs 78.6%,P=0.001)in the 3D-PTOBF group were significantly greater than those in the PTOBF group.Postoperative complication(8.6%vs 41.4%,P=0.000)and stone recurrence rates(7.1%vs 38.6%,P=0.000)were significantly lower in the 3D-PTOBF group.CONCLUSION Three-dimensional visualization helps make one-step PTCSL a safe,effective,and promising treatment for patients with complicated primary hepatolithiasis.The perioperative and long-term outcomes are satisfactory for patients with complicated primary hepatolithiasis.This minimally invasive method has the potential to be used as a substitute for hepatobiliary surgery.

Three-dimensional magnetic reconnection in complex multiple X-point configurations in an ancient solar-lunar terrestrial system

Magnetic reconnection processes in three-dimensional(3D)complex field configurations have been investigated in different magneto-plasma systems in space,laboratory,and astrophysical systems.Two-dimensional(2D)features of magnetic reconnection have been well developed and applied successfully to systems with symmetrical property,such as toroidal fusion plasmas and laboratory experiments with an axial symmetry.But in asymmetric systems,the 3D features are inevitably different from those in the 2D case.Magnetic reconnection structures in multiple celestial body systems,particularly star-planet-Moon systems,bring fresh insights to the understanding of the 3D geometry of reconnection.Thus,we take magnetic reconnection in an ancient solar-lunar terrestrial magneto-plasma system as an example by using its crucial parameters approximately estimated already and also some specific applications in pathways for energy and matter transports among Earth,ancient Moon,and the interplanetary magnetic field(IMF).Then,magnetic reconnection of the ancient lunar-terrestrial magnetospheres with the IMF is investigated numerically in this work.In a 3D simulation for the Earth-Moon-IMF system,topological features of complex magnetic reconnection configurations and dynamical characteristics of magnetic reconnection processes are studied.It is found that a coupled lunar-terrestrial magnetosphere is formed,and under various IMF orientations,multiple X-points emerge at distinct locations,showing three typical magnetic reconnection structures in such a geometry,i.e.,the X-line,the triple current sheets,and the A-B null pairs.The results can conduce to further understanding of reconnection physics in 3D for plasmas in complex magnetic configurations,and also a possible mechanism for energy and matters transport in evolutions of similar astrophysical systems.

A theory for three-dimensional response of micropolar plates

Through combined applications of the transfer-matrix method and asymptotic expansion technique,we formulate a theory to predict the three-dimensional response of micropolar plates.No ad hoc assumptions regarding through-thickness assumptions of the field variables are made,and the governing equations are two-dimensional,with the displacements and microrotations of the mid-plane as the unknowns.Once the deformation of the mid-plane is solved,a three-dimensional micropolar elastic field within the plate is generated,which is exact up to the second order except in the boundary region close to the plate edge.As an illustrative example,the bending of a clamped infinitely long plate caused by a uniformly distributed transverse force is analyzed and discussed in detail.

Oxygen tension modulates cell function in an in vitro three-dimensional glioblastoma tumor model

Hypoxia is a typical feature of the tumor microenvironment,one of the most critical factors affecting cell behavior and tumor progression.However,the lack of tumor models able to precisely emulate natural brain tumor tissue has impeded the study of the effects of hypoxia on the progression and growth of tumor cells.This study reports a three-dimensional(3D)brain tumor model obtained by encapsulating U87MG(U87)cells in a hydrogel containing type I collagen.It also documents the effect of various oxygen concentrations(1%,7%,and 21%)in the culture environment on U87 cell morphology,proliferation,viability,cell cycle,apoptosis rate,and migration.Finally,it compares two-dimensional(2D)and 3D cultures.For comparison purposes,cells cultured in flat culture dishes were used as the control(2D model).Cells cultured in the 3D model proliferated more slowly but had a higher apoptosis rate and proportion of cells in the resting phase(G0 phase)/gap I phase(G1 phase)than those cultured in the 2D model.Besides,the two models yielded significantly different cell morphologies.Finally,hypoxia(e.g.,1%O2)affected cell morphology,slowed cell growth,reduced cell viability,and increased the apoptosis rate in the 3D model.These results indicate that the constructed 3D model is effective for investigating the effects of biological and chemical factors on cell morphology and function,and can be more representative of the tumor microenvironment than 2D culture systems.The developed 3D glioblastoma tumor model is equally applicable to other studies in pharmacology and pathology.

Three-dimensional cell-based strategies for liver regeneration

Liver regeneration and the development of effective therapies for liver failure remain formidable challenges in modern medicine.In recent years,the utilization of 3D cell-based strategies has emerged as a promising approach for addressing these urgent clinical requirements.This review provides a thorough analysis of the application of 3D cell-based approaches to liver regeneration and their potential impact on patients with end-stage liver failure.Here,we discuss various 3D culture models that incorporate hepatocytes and stem cells to restore liver function and ameliorate the consequences of liver failure.Furthermore,we explored the challenges in transitioning these innovative strategies from preclinical studies to clinical applications.The collective insights presented herein highlight the significance of 3D cell-based strategies as a transformative paradigm for liver regeneration and improved patient care.

The combined application of stem cells and three-dimensional bioprinting scaffolds for the repair of spinal cord injury

Spinal cord injury is considered one of the most difficult injuries to repair and has one of the worst prognoses for injuries to the nervous system.Following surgery,the poor regenerative capacity of nerve cells and the generation of new scars can make it very difficult for the impaired nervous system to restore its neural functionality.Traditional treatments can only alleviate secondary injuries but cannot fundamentally repair the spinal cord.Consequently,there is a critical need to develop new treatments to promote functional repair after spinal cord injury.Over recent years,there have been seve ral developments in the use of stem cell therapy for the treatment of spinal cord injury.Alongside significant developments in the field of tissue engineering,three-dimensional bioprinting technology has become a hot research topic due to its ability to accurately print complex structures.This led to the loading of three-dimensional bioprinting scaffolds which provided precise cell localization.These three-dimensional bioprinting scaffolds co uld repair damaged neural circuits and had the potential to repair the damaged spinal cord.In this review,we discuss the mechanisms underlying simple stem cell therapy,the application of different types of stem cells for the treatment of spinal cord injury,and the different manufa cturing methods for three-dimensional bioprinting scaffolds.In particular,we focus on the development of three-dimensional bioprinting scaffolds for the treatment of spinal cord injury.

Synthesis and Crystal Structure of Zinc(II) Complex with Isonicotinate Containing a Three-dimensional Hydrogen-bond Network

A zinc complex, [Zn(iso)_2(H_2O)_4](iso=C_6H_4NO_2^-), was synthesized and characterized by elemental analysis, thermal analysis and IR spectrum studies. The crystal structure of the complex was determined by X-ray diffraction. The crystal crystallizes in the triclinic system, molecular formula ZnC12H16N2O8, Mr=381.64, space group P with a = 6.338(1), b =6.919(1), c=9.277(1), α=96.28(1), β=104.91(1), γ=112.85(1)°, V=352.12(9)?3, Z=1, Dc=1.80g?cm-3 and F(000)=196, μ =1.791mm-1. The crystal structure was solved by direct methods for final R=0.0204 and Rw=0.0542 for 1258 observed reflections with [Fo>4σ(Fo)]. The crystal structure reveals that zinc ion is trans-octahedral with two pyridyl nitrogens and two aque oxygens at the equational positions and two aqua oxygens at the axial positions. The complex forms a three-dimensional network through intermolecular hydrogen bonds.

Surface Coverage Algorithm in Directional Sensor Networks for Three-Dimensional Complex Terrains

Coverage is an important issue in the area of wireless sensor networks, which reflects the monitoring quality of the sensor networks in scenes. Most sensor coverage research focuses on the ideal two-dimensional （2-D） plane and full three-dimensional （3-D） space. However, in many real-world applications, the target field is a 3-D complex surface, which makes conventional methods unsuitable. In this paper, we study the coverage problem in directional sensor networks for complex 3-D terrains, and design a new surface coverage algorithm. Based on a 3-D directional sensing model of nodes, this algorithm employs grid division, simulated annealing, and local optimum ideas to improve the area coverage ratio by optimizing the position coordinates and the deviation angles of the nodes, which results in coverage enhancement for complex 3-D terrains. We also conduct extensive simulations to evaluate the performance of our algorithms.

Design and Fabrication of Drug Delivery Devices with Complex Architectures Based on Three-dimensional Printing Technique

A new type of implantable drug delivery devices （ DDD ） with complicated architectures were fubricated by three-dimensional printing technique, employing levofloxacin （LVFX） as a model drug. Processing parameters were optimized in riew of the layer thickness, spucing between printed lines, flow rate of liquid binder and the fast axis speed. The prepared DDD prototype consists of a double-layer structure, of which the upper region is a reservoir system and the lower region is a matrix one. The in vitro release test revealed that LVFX was released in a dual-puse pattern. This DDD may present a new strategy for the prophylaxis and treatment of diseases such as bone infection in the near future.

Virtual and augmented reality systems and three-dimensional printing of the renal model—novel trends to guide preoperative planning for renal cancer

ObjectiveThis study aimed to explore the applications of three-dimensional (3D) technology, including virtual reality, augmented reality (AR), and 3D printing system, in the field of medicine, particularly in renal interventions for cancer treatment.MethodsA specialized software transforms 2D medical images into precise 3D digital models, facilitating improved anatomical understanding and surgical planning. Patient-specific 3D printed anatomical models are utilized for preoperative planning, intraoperative guidance, and surgical education. AR technology enables the overlay of digital perceptions onto real-world surgical environments.ResultsPatient-specific 3D printed anatomical models have multiple applications, such as preoperative planning, intraoperative guidance, trainee education, and patient counseling. Virtual reality involves substituting the real world with a computer-generated 3D environment, while AR overlays digitally created perceptions onto the existing reality. The advances in 3D modeling technology have sparked considerable interest in their application to partial nephrectomy in the realm of renal cancer. 3D printing, also known as additive manufacturing, constructs 3D objects based on computer-aided design or digital 3D models. Utilizing 3D-printed preoperative renal models provides benefits for surgical planning, offering a more reliable assessment of the tumor's relationship with vital anatomical structures and enabling better preparation for procedures. AR technology allows surgeons to visualize patient-specific renal anatomical structures and their spatial relationships with surrounding organs by projecting CT/MRI images onto a live laparoscopic video. Incorporating patient-specific 3D digital models into healthcare enhances best practice, resulting in improved patient care, increased patient satisfaction, and cost saving for the healthcare system.

High-speed autopolarization synchronization modulation three-dimensional structured illumination microscopy

In recent years,notable progress has been achieved in both the hardware and algorithms of structured illumination microscopy(SIM).Nevertheless,the advancement of three-dimensional structured illumination microscopy(3DSIM)has been impeded by challenges arising from the speed and intricacy of polarization modulation.We introduce a high-speed modulation 3DSIM system,leveraging the polarizationmaintaining and modulation capabilities of a digital micromirror device(DMD)in conjunction with an electrooptic modulator.The DMD-3DSIM system yields a twofold enhancement in both lateral(133 nm)and axial(300 nm)resolution compared to wide-field imaging and can acquire a data set comprising 29 sections of 1024 pixels×1024 pixels,with 15 ms exposure time and 6.75 s per volume.The versatility of the DMD-3DSIM approach was exemplified through the imaging of various specimens,including fluorescent beads,nuclear pores,microtubules,actin filaments,and mitochondria within cells,as well as plant and animal tissues.Notably,polarized 3DSIM elucidated the orientation of actin filaments.Furthermore,the implementation of diverse deconvolution algorithms further enhances 3D resolution.The DMD-based 3DSIM system presents a rapid and reliable methodology for investigating biomedical phenomena,boasting capabilities encompassing 3D superresolution,fast temporal resolution,and polarization imaging.

Three-dimensional Potential Energy Surface and Bound States of the Ar2-Ne Complex

The first three-dimensional interaction potential energy surface （PES） of the Ar2-Ne complex is developed using the single and double excitation coupled cluster theory with noniterative treatment of triple excitations CCSD（T）. The aug-cc-pVQZ basis sets are employed for all atoms, including an additional （3s3p2d2flg） set of midpoint bond functions. The calculated single point energies are fitted to an analytic two-dimensional potential model at each of seven fixed rAr~ values. The seven model potentials are then used to construct the three- dimensional PES by interpolating along （r-re） using a sixth-order polynomial. The PES is used in the following rovibrational energy levels calculations. The comparisons of theoretical transition frequencies and spectroscopic constants with the experimental results are given.

Interactions between optical bullets with different velocities in the three-dimensional cubic-quintic complex Ginzburg-Landau equation

By using the three-dimensional complex Ginzburg--Landau equation with cubic--quintic nonlinearity, this paper numerically investigates the interactions between optical bullets with different velocities in a dissipative system. The results reveal an abundance of interesting behaviours relating to the velocities of bullets： merging of the optical bullets into a single one at small velocities; periodic collisions at large velocities and disappearance of two bullets after several collisions in an intermediate region of velocity. Finally, it also reports that an extra bullet derives from the collision of optical bullets when optical bullets are at small velocities but with high energies.

Two Three-dimensional Supramolecular Complexes Assembled by 2-Chlorinebenzoic Acid and Bis(imidazol)Ligands:Syntheses,Structures and Fluorescent Properties

Two new three-dimensional supramolecular complexes, namely, [Cd(cba)2(bib)]n(1) and [Zn(cba)2(bib)]2 n(2)(Hcba = 2-chlorinebenzoic acid, bib = 1,4-bis(imidazol-1-yl)-butane)were hydrothermally designed and synthesized. Their structures were determined by elemental analyses, IR spectroscopy, TG, fluorescence spectroscopy, single-crystal and powder X-ray diffraction. Complex 1 exhibits a one-dimensional zigzag chain and complex 2 shows a zero-dimensional structure, which were further extended into three-dimensional supramolecular structures through hydrogen bonds and π-π stacking interactions.

Development of a toroidal soft x-ray imaging system and application for investigating three-dimensional plasma on J-TEXT

A toroidal soft x-ray imaging(T-SXRI)system has been developed to investigate threedimensional(3D)plasma physics on J-TEXT.This T-SXRI system consists of three sets of SXR arrays.Two sets are newly developed and located on the vacuum chamber wall at toroidal positionsφof 126.4°and 272.6°,respectively,while one set was established previously atφ=65.50.Each set of SXR arrays consists of three arrays viewing the plasma poloidally,and hence can be used separately to obtain SXR images via the tomographic method.The sawtooth precursor oscillations are measured by T-SXRI,and the corresponding images of perturbative SXR signals are successfully reconstructed at these three toroidal positions,hence providing measurement of the 3D structure of precursor oscillations.The observed 3D structure is consistent with the helical structure of the m/n=1/1 mode.The experimental observation confirms that the T-SXRI system is able to observe 3D structures in the J-TEXT plasma.

Intraoperative application of three-dimensional printed guides in total hip arthroplasty: A systematic review

BACKGROUND Acetabular component positioning in total hip arthroplasty(THA)is of key importance to ensure satisfactory post-operative outcomes and to minimize the risk of complications.The majority of acetabular components are aligned freehand,without the use of navigation methods.Patient specific instruments(PSI)and three-dimensional(3D)printing of THA placement guides are increasingly used in primary THA to ensure optimal positioning.AIM To summarize the literature on 3D printing in THA and how they improve acetabular component alignment.METHODS PubMed was used to identify and access scientific studies reporting on different 3D printing methods used in THA.Eight studies with 236 hips in 228 patients were included.The studies could be divided into two main categories;3D printed models and 3D printed guides.RESULTS 3D printing in THA helped improve preoperative cup size planning and post-operative Harris hip scores between intervention and control groups(P=0.019,P=0.009).Otherwise,outcome measures were heterogeneous and thus difficult to compare.The overarching consensus between the studies is that the use of 3D guidance tools can assist in improving THA cup positioning and reduce the need for revision THA and the associated costs.CONCLUSION The implementation of 3D printing and PSI for primary THA can significantly improve the positioning accuracy of the acetabular cup component and reduce the number of complications caused by malpositioning.

Computer-assisted three-dimensional individualized extreme liver resection for hepatoblastoma in proximity to the major liver vasculature

BACKGROUND The management of hepatoblastoma(HB)becomes challenging when the tumor remains in close proximity to the major liver vasculature(PMV)even after a full course of neoadjuvant chemotherapy(NAC).In such cases,extreme liver resection can be considered a potential option.AIM To explore whether computer-assisted three-dimensional individualized extreme liver resection is safe and feasible for children with HB who still have PMV after a full course of NAC.METHODS We retrospectively collected data from children with HB who underwent surgical resection at our center from June 2013 to June 2023.We then analyzed the detailed clinical and three-dimensional characteristics of children with HB who still had PMV after a full course of NAC.RESULTS Sixty-seven children diagnosed with HB underwent surgical resection.The age at diagnosis was 21.4±18.8 months,and 40 boys and 27 girls were included.Fifty-nine(88.1%)patients had a single tumor,39(58.2%)of which was located in the right lobe of the liver.A total of 47 patients(70.1%)had PRE-TEXT III or IV.Thirty-nine patients(58.2%)underwent delayed resection.After a full course of NAC,16 patients still had close PMV(within 1 cm in two patients,touching in 11 patients,compressing in four patients,and showing tumor thrombus in three patients).There were 6 patients of tumors in the middle lobe of the liver,and four of those patients exhibited liver anatomy variations.These 16 children underwent extreme liver resection after comprehensive preoperative evaluation.Intraoperative procedures were performed according to the preoperative plan,and the operations were successfully performed.Currently,the 3-year event-free survival of 67 children with HB is 88%.Among the 16 children who underwent extreme liver resection,three experienced recurrence,and one died due to multiple metastases.CONCLUSION Extreme liver resection for HB that is still in close PMV after a full course of NAC is both safe and feasible.This approach not only reduces the necessity for liver transplantation but also results in a favorable prognosis.Individualized three-dimensional surgical planning is beneficial for accurate and complete resection of HB,particularly for assessing vascular involvement,remnant liver volume and anatomical variations.

Hydrothermal Synthesis, Crystal Structure and Fluorescence Properties of a Three-dimensional Triply-bridged Binuclear Zinc(Ⅱ) Complex [Zn_2(Mba)_3(Phen)_2EtOH)]·ClO_4

The novel complex [Zn2（Mba）3（Phen）2EtOH）]·ClO4 （Hrnba = methoxybenzoic acid, Phen = 1,10-phenanthroline, EtOH = ethanol） was synthesized by hydrothermal reactions, and its structure was determined by X-ray diffraction. The crystal belongs to the triclinic system, space group Pi with a = 1.15362（1）, b = 1.3655（3）, c = 1.61451（1） nm, α= 72.842（2）, β = 83.259（3）, y = 72.083（2）°, V = 2.3112（6） nm3, Z = 2,μ（MoKa） = 11.71 cm-1, F（000） = 1120, R = 0.0552 and wR = 0.1157 （I 〉 2σ（I））. The two centric zinc（H） ions in the complex locate in a distorted octahedral coordination geometry and a distorted trigonal bipyramid coordination geometry, respectively. Two bridging bidentate carboxyl groups and a μ2-O carboxyl group from three methoxybenzoic acids act as the bridge to link two Zn（Ⅱ） ions. The asymmetric units are connected by π-π packing interactions between aromatic rings to form a three-dimensional supramolecular network. The experimental results show a good fluorescence property for the complex.