Three-Dimensional Simulations of RESET Operation in Phase-Change Random Access Memory with Blade-Type Like Phase Change Layer by Finite Element Modeling

An optimized device structure for reducing the RESET current of phase-change random access memory （PCRAM） with blade-type like （BTL） phase change layer is proposed. The electrical thermal analysis of the BTL cell and the blade heater contactor structure by three-dimensional finite element modeling are compared with each other during RESET operation. The simulation results show that the programming region of the phase change layer in the BTL cell is much smaller, and thermal electrical distributions of the BTL cell are more concentrated on the TiN/GST interface. The results indicate that the BTL cell has the superiorities of increasing the heating efficiency, decreasing the power consumption and reducing the RESET current from 0.67mA to 0.32mA. Therefore, the BTL cell will be appropriate for high performance PCRAM device with lower power consumption and lower RESET current.

Autologous nerve graft repair of different degrees of sciatic nerve defect:stress and displacement at the anastomosis in a three-dimensional finite element simulation model

In the repair of peripheral nerve injury using autologous or synthetic nerve grafting, the mag- nitude of tensile forces at the anastomosis affects its response to physiological stress and the ultimate success of the treatment. One-dimensional stretching is commonly used to measure changes in tensile stress and strain; however, the accuracy of this simple method is limited. There- fore, in the present study, we established three-dimensional finite element models of sciatic nerve defects repaired by autologous nerve grafts. Using PRO E 5.0 finite element simulation software, we calculated the maximum stress and displacement of an anastomosis under a 5 N load in 10-, 20-, 30-, 40-mm long autologous nerve grafts. We found that maximum displacement increased with graft length, consistent with specimen force. These findings indicate that three-dimensional finite element simulation is a feasible method for analyzing stress and displacement at the anas- tomosis after autologous nerve grafting.

Evaluation value of three-dimensional finite element model analysis for bone mineral density and bone metabolism activity in patients with osteoporosis

Objective: To study the evaluation value of three-dimensional finite element model analysis for bone mineral density (BMD) and bone metabolism activity in patients with osteoporosis. Methods: A total of 218 patients who were diagnosed with osteoporosis in the hospital between February 2014 and January 2017 were collected as observation group, and 100 healthy volunteers who received physical examination in the hospital during the same period were selected as normal control group. The femoral head of the two groups was analyzed by three-dimensional finite element model, and the femoral head BMD levels and serum bone metabolism index contents were measured. Pearson test was used to evaluate the evaluation value of femoral head three-dimensional finite element model for osteoporosis. Results: The cancellous bone and cortical bone Von Mises stress value of observation group were lower than those of normal control group, and femoral neck BMD value of observation group was lower than that of normal control group;serum bone metabolism index BGP content was lower than that of normal control group while NBAP, TRACP-5b and CTX-1 contents were higher than those of normal control group. Pearson test showed that the cancellous bone and cortical bone Von Mises stress value of patients with osteoporosis were directly correlated with BMD value and bone metabolism index contents. Conclusion: The three-dimensional finite element model analysis resultsof patients with osteoporosis can objectively reflect the femoral headBMD value and bone metabolism activity, and is a reliable way to evaluate the risk of long-term fractures.

Fatigue Performance Evaluation for Welded Details in Orthotropic Steel Deck Bridges Using Multi-Scale Finite Element Method

In order to study the fatigue properties of rib-to-deck welded connection and rib-to-rib welded connection in orthotropic steel bridge decks,a multi-scale finite element model was set up to analyze the stress distribution characteristics and the load test was conducted on the Taizhou Yangtze River Bridge.Comparing the vehicle test results with the muli-scale finite element model results to verify the accuracy of the finite element simulation for the stress response of two welded details.The results indicated that The stress at the rib-to-deck welded connection and the rib-to-rib welded connection are the bending stress and the membrane stress,respectively;the stress response of the two welded connection has strong local characteristics;the lateral stress influence line of the two welded connection is relatively short and the length of the lateral stress influence line is greatly affected by the longitudinal ribs;increasing the thickness of the roof and longitudinal ribs can reduce the stress response and improve the stress performance of the heavy lanes.For the two welded details,the fatigue damage increment of the ordinary lane is greater than the heavy lane.The thickened roof and longitudinal ribs at the position of the heavy lane still cannot balance the fatigue damage caused by the heavy truck.Therefore,it is necessary to strictly control the fatigue effect of overloaded vehicles on steel box girders.

Simulation-Based Construction of Three-Dimensional Process Model for Punching Cartridge Cases

A method of constructing three-dimensional process model for the punching cartridge cases is presented based on DEFORM simulation analysis. Using DEFORM software,the finite element simulation models for the punching and forming process of cartridge cases are established,and the corresponding simulation result model of each intermediate procedure is obtained by continuously performing the forming process simulation. The simulation model cannot annotate size and process information due to poor interface between DEFORM software and CAD software. Thus,a 3D annotation module is developed with secondary development technology of UG NX software. Consequently,the final process model with dimension and process information is obtained. Then,with the current 3D process management system,the 3D punching and forming process design of cartridge cases can be completed further. An example is also provided to illustrate that the relative error between the simulation process model and the physical model is less than 2%,which proves the validity and reliability of the proposed method in this study.

Implementation of a particle-in-cell method for the energy solver in 3D spherical geodynamic modeling

The thermal evolution of the Earth’s interior and its dynamic effects are the focus of Earth sciences.However,the commonly adopted grid-based temperature solver is usually prone to numerical oscillations,especially in the presence of sharp thermal gradients,such as when modeling subducting slabs and rising plumes.This phenomenon prohibits the correct representation of thermal evolution and may cause incorrect implications of geodynamic processes.After examining several approaches for removing these numerical oscillations,we show that the Lagrangian method provides an ideal way to solve this problem.In this study,we propose a particle-in-cell method as a strategy for improving the solution to the energy equation and demonstrate its effectiveness in both one-dimensional and three-dimensional thermal problems,as well as in a global spherical simulation with data assimilation.We have implemented this method in the open-source finite-element code CitcomS,which features a spherical coordinate system,distributed memory parallel computing,and data assimilation algorithms.

Microstructure-based three-dimensional characterization of chip formation and surface generation in the machining of particulate-reinforced metal matrix composites

Particulate-reinforced metal matrix composites(PRMMCs)are difficult to machine due to the inclusion of hard,brittle reinforcing particles.Existing experimental investigations rarely reveal the complex material removal mechanisms(MRMs)involved in the machining of PRMMCs.This paper develops a three-dimensional(3D)microstructure-based model for investigating the MRM and surface integrity of machined PRMMCs.To accurately mimic the actual microstructure of a PRMMC,polyhedrons were randomly distributed inside the matrix to represent irregular SiC particles.Particle fracture and matrix deformation and failure were taken into account.For the model’s capability comparison,a two-dimensional(2D)analysis was also conducted.Relevant cutting experiments showed that the established 3D model accurately predicted the material removal,chip morphology,machined surface finish,and cutting forces.It was found that the matrix-particle-tool interactions led to particle fractures,mainly in the primary shear and secondary deformation zones along the cutting path and beneath the machined surface.Particle fracture and dilodegment greatly influences the quality of a machined surface.It was also found that although a 2D model can reflect certain material removal features,its ability to predict microstructural variation is limited.

3D finite element analysis of a two-surface wear model in fretting tests

This article aims at developing a computationally efficient framework to simulate the erosion of two contact surfaces in three-dimensional(3D),depending on the body resistance.The framework involves finite element(FE)resolution of a fretting problem,wear computation via a non-local criterion including a wear distribution parameter(WDP),as well as updating of the geometry and automatic remeshing.Its originality is based on the capability to capture the damage on each surface and obtain local and global results for a quantitative and qualitative analysis.Numerical simulations are carried out for two 3D contact specimens with different values of WDP.The results highlight the importance of correctly modelling wear:One-surface wear model is sufficient from a global point of view(wear volume),or whenever the wear resistance for a body is much higher than that of another one,whereas a 3D two-surface wear model is essential to capturing local effects(contact pressure,wear footprint,etc.)related to the difference in wear resistance of the bodies.

常泰长江大桥组合索塔锚固结构钢-混传剪构造足尺模型试验研究

常泰长江大桥索塔锚固结构采用钢箱-核芯混凝土组合结构,为研究该新型组合索塔锚固结构钢-混传剪构造的受力特性,进行钢-混传剪构造足尺模型试验研究。制作2个锚固结构足尺节段试验模型,通过压剪试验研究锚固结构的荷载~滑移曲线及应力、应变分布等受力特性,并通过有限元模型分析锚固结构的传力机理和各组件的内力分配比例,推导剪力钉剪力计算方法。结果表明:在2.14倍单索最大索力荷载作用下,锚固结构保持弹性状态,钢壁板未产生明显滑移,钢-混界面最大滑移不超过0.25 mm,该锚固结构中钢-混传剪构造至少具有2.14倍的安全系数;荷载作用下,剪力钉剪力从上至下逐渐增大,锚腹板附近底部3排剪力钉剪力较大,钢-混传剪构造至少存在剪力钉和界面摩擦力2种传剪机制,钢-混传剪构造的承载能力显著提高;钢-混传剪构造受力过程分为粘结力传力阶段和局部滑移阶段,剪力钉剪力分布不仅与沿剪切方向长度分布有关,也与荷载的大小线性相关。

湿式连接装配式混凝土梁柱子结构连续倒塌的精细数值分析

为研究湿式连接预制装配式混凝土梁柱子结构的抗连续倒塌性能,采用LS-DYNA有限元软件对前期工作中的三个试件建立了精细化有限元模型。混凝土采用实体单元和CSCM材料模型模拟,钢筋采用梁单元和分段线性塑性材料模型模拟。在梁柱节点区1.5倍梁高范围内考虑钢筋和混凝土的粘结滑移,利用LS-DYNA提供的单元失效功能模拟钢筋断裂和混凝土开裂。机械套筒连接模拟时考虑钢筋尺寸缩减,锚固板模拟按等面积法在梁柱节点建模内并利用关键字*CBIS定义接触防止穿透。数值模拟所得的承载力与试验之间的误差不超过15%,各试件的受力行为和破坏模式与试验一致。

FINITE ELEMENT MODELLING OF COMPLEX 3D STATIC AND DYNAMIC CRACK PROPAGATION BY EMBEDDING COHESIVE ELEMENTS IN ABAQUS

This study proposes an algorithm of embedding cohesive elements in Abaqus and develops the computer code to model 3D complex cragk propagation in quasi-brittle materials in a relatively easy and efficient manner. The cohesive elements with softening traction-separation relations and damage initiation and evolution laws are embedded between solid elements in regions of interest in the initial mesh to model potential cracks. The initial mesh can consist of tetrahedrons, wedges, bricks or a mixture of these elements. Neither remeshing nor objective crack propagation criteria are needed. Four examples of concrete specimens, including a wedgesplitting test, a notched beam under torsion, a pull-out test of an anchored cylinder and a notched beam under impact, were modelled and analysed. The simulated crack propagation processes and load-displacement curves agreed well with test results or other numerical simulations for all the examples using initial meshes with reasonable densities. Making use of Abaqus＇s rich pre/post- processing functionalities and powerful standard/explicit solvers, the developed method offers a practical tool for engineering analysts to model complex 3D fracture problems.

Experimental and numerical evaluation of multidirectional compressive and flexure behavior of three-dimensional printed concrete

Three-dimensional concrete printing(3DCP)can proliferate the industrialization of the construction sector,which is notoriously conservative and indolent toward changes.However,the mechanical behavior of 3DCP should be characterized and modeled considering the interfaces when its performance is thoroughly compared to that of the existing concrete construction methods.This study presents an experimental and numerical investigation of uniaxial compression and three-point bending(TPB)tests on extruded 3DCP beams in different loading directions.The orientation of translational and depositional interfaces with respect to the direction of loading influenced the strength.Both the elastic and post-damage behavior of the 3DCP specimens were compared with those of the conventionally cast specimen under quasi-static loading conditions.Despite the higher compressive strength of the casted specimen,the flexural strength of the 3DCP specimens was higher.This study employed the finite element and cohesive zone models of the appropriate calibrated traction-separation law to model fracture in the notched TPB specimens.Furthermore,the real-time acoustic emission test revealed the nature of failure phenomenon of three-dimensional-printed specimens under flexion,and accordingly,the cohesive law was chosen.The predicted load-displacement responses are in good agreement with the experimental results.Finally,the effects of cohesive thickness and notch shape on the performance under bending were explored through parametric studies.

Stochastic analysis of excavation-induced wall deflection and box culvert settlement considering spatial variability of soil stiffness

In this study, a three-dimensional (3D) finite element modelling (FEM) analysis is carried out to investigate the effects of soil spatial variability on the response of retaining walls and an adjacent box culvert due to a braced excavation. The spatial variability of soil stiffness is modelled using a variogram and calibrated by high-quality experimental data. Multiple random field samples (RFSs) of soil stiffness are generated using geostatistical analysis and mapped onto a finite element mesh for stochastic analysis of excavation-induced structural responses by Monte Carlo simulation. It is found that the spatial variability of soil stiffness can be described by an exponential variogram, and the associated vertical correlation length is varied from 1.3 m to 1.6 m. It also reveals that the spatial variability of soil stiffness has a significant effect on the variations of retaining wall deflections and box culvert settlements. The ignorance of spatial variability in 3D FEM can result in an underestimation of lateral wall deflections and culvert settlements. Thus, the stochastic structural responses obtained from the 3D analysis could serve as an effective aid for probabilistic design and analysis of excavations.

钢梁十字形焊接细节的应力集中效应研究

为了探究钢梁十字形焊接细节应力集中系数的影响因素,针对带过焊孔的焊接细节(焊接细节1)和对接焊缝错开的焊接细节(焊接细节2)制作试件进行模型试验,并采用ANSYS软件建立有限元模型,分析各焊接细节腹板、翼缘板和焊缝的应力集中系数,研究焊脚尺寸、过焊孔半径、焊缝宽度、焊缝余高、板件间隙宽度和间隙长度对各部件应力集中系数的影响。结果表明:焊接细节1各部件的应力集中系数均比焊接细节2的大;2种焊接细节典型测点的应变实测值与计算值基本吻合,相差均小于15%;对于焊接细节1,过焊孔半径对各部件的应力集中系数均有较大影响,板件间隙宽度对焊缝的应力集中系数影响显著,焊脚尺寸和板件间隙长度对各部件的应力集中系数影响较小;对于焊接细节2,仅对接焊缝余高对腹板的应力集中系数有显著影响,其余因素对各部件应力集中系数的影响均较小。

机身典型连接接头DFR值分析方法研究

提出通过静力试验或者有限元模型计算,确定连接接头的危险钉孔位置,修正应力集中系数Kt等对结构细节疲劳额定值(detail fatigue rating,DFR)的影响后,进而确定结构的DFR值的方法。使用该方法对机身上某连接接头进行疲劳寿命分析,给出详细的分析过程与结果,并通过DFR值试验验证该方法的可行性和合理性。

波形钢腹板矮塔斜拉桥整体稳定性分析

为了解波形钢腹板矮塔斜拉桥新型组合结构桥梁的整体稳定特性,以跨径(58+118+188+108)m的某波形钢腹板矮塔斜拉桥为背景,根据波形钢腹板箱梁的力学行为特点,利用MIDAS Civil软件建立该桥杆系单元模型,对比ANSYS软件建立的空间块体板壳组合单元模型的计算结果,验证了杆系单元模型的有效性,在此基础上采用杆系模型计算全桥的整体稳定性。计算结果表明:恒载是桥梁重要的失稳因素,引起的第1阶失稳模态为面内主墩屈曲失稳;风荷载单独作用引起的第1阶失稳模态主要是面内对称弯曲失稳和面内反对称弯曲失稳,稳定系数较大;桥梁的弹性稳定系数最小值为19.79;桥梁结构整体失稳模态接近于高墩连续刚构桥的失稳模态;考虑几何非线性后稳定系数最小值为19.4,桥梁结构稳定性满足桥梁设计规范要求,该桥在运营阶段不会发生失稳破坏。

冻结降温导致地铁盾构隧道漏水的数值与理论分析

为研究地铁盾构隧道正上方基坑冻结开挖诱发隧道环缝渗漏水的问题,采用数值分析方法建立三环管片衬砌结构的三维有限元精细模型,主要研究冻结降温作用对盾构隧道环缝、纵缝张开量的影响,并结合接缝处细部构造的特点对隧道环缝出现漏水的原因进行理论分析。结果表明:1)盾构隧道管片纵缝、环缝张开量和螺栓应力随着冻结温度的降低而增大;2)在地层荷载与冻结温度共同作用下,盾构隧道环缝最大张开量为纵缝最大张开量的4.2倍;3)环缝张开使得接缝处管片与橡胶密封垫接触不紧密,进而导致橡胶垫与接缝槽接触产生的摩擦力小于水压力,这是隧道漏水的主要原因。

民用飞机半堵塞式舱门细节有限元模型

半堵塞式舱门有着不传递机身载荷、初始运动向内、向外打开不占用机内空间等优点,所以半堵塞式舱门在民用飞机上的应用得以普及。半堵塞式舱门主结构的强度分析对于确保舱门的功能性和结构安全性具有重要的意义。以某机型舱门为例,进行半堵塞式舱门细节有限元模型的分析和研究。通过将有限元计算结果与试验结果进行对比分析,表明所采用的舱门有限元模型的简化原则是合理、有效的,为同类型舱门的强度分析提供参考和借鉴。

磁阻反应式有限转角电机特性分析

介绍了磁阻反应式有限转角电机的主要结构及工作原理。由于其独特的不对称结构,必须进行三维电磁场仿真分析。通过仿真,分别得到磁链、电感、转矩与电流和转子位置角的三维曲面图,建立相关数据库,并分析了电机的静态特性。根据非线性磁参数法,建立了电机的数学模型。将电机的磁化曲线数据ψ(i,θ)转变为i(θ,ψ)的形式,代入数学模型中。再采用四阶Runge-Kutta法和有限元法求解电压平衡方程和机械运动方程,得到线圈电流、转矩、转子位置角等参数的动态特性曲线。并进行了静态转矩和动态特性实验。将实验结果与仿真结果进行比较,结果证明了求解方法的正确性。

FRP布加固混凝土框架子结构抗连续倒塌的精细有限元分析

外贴FRP布加固是一种有效提高既有建筑抗连续倒塌性能的手段,但现有FRP布加固方式存在降低结构抗震性能、加固施工不便等缺点。该文采用数值模拟方法分析了FRP布加固方式对现浇和装配式混凝土框架子结构抗连续倒塌与抗震性能的影响,并开展了优化方案研究。基于通用有限元软件LS-DYNA建立了FRP布加固混凝土框架子结构的连续倒塌精细数值模型,其中混凝土、钢筋与FRP布分别采用实体、梁与壳单元进行模拟,考虑了FRP布和钢筋的滑移、新旧混凝土界面的粘结失效和机械套筒处的钢筋截面损失。试验验证表明该方法可准确模拟试验试件的破坏模式和承载力发展。分析试验试件的不同粘贴方案结果发现:对现浇混凝土子结构,梁底与梁侧中性轴粘贴纵向FRP布并在梁端塑性铰区粘贴U形横向FRP布后,小变形下的结构倒塌抗力提升有限(最大仅2.6%)、基本不影响结构抗震性能,而对大变形下的结构倒塌抗力提升幅度可达49.5%;对于装配式混凝土子结构,在梁底、梁顶与梁侧底部外贴纵向布并在梁端塑性铰区粘贴U形横向FRP布可将小变形和大变形下的结构抗力最大提升24.2%和48.1%,使得装配式子结构在小变形下受力等同现浇结构,提升了原装配式子结构的抗震性能。对上述最优方案进一步的分析表明:保持FRP布用量不变而将塑性铰区内U形横向FRP布的分布范围和条数增加可提高大变形下的结构倒塌抗力,而不影响小变形下的加固效果。