Three-dimensional geological modelling and direction of hydrothermal alteration of Horne deposit, Blake River Group, Quebec, Canada

The Horne deposit with rich Cu and Au in Noranda region of Black River Group in Quebec has high economic significance.Current researches on Horne deposit are mostly based on two-dimensional maps and statistical data.It is hard to reflect the spatial structure and characteristics of Horne orebody directly.In this paper,GIS was used to digitize the mining plan-view maps at different depths,stope maps,the boundary of the massive sulfide in drilling trajectories as well as the grade data of Au and Cu of Horne deposit.Meanwhile,the authors established the grade attribute database.Subsequently the three-dimensional(3D)geological model and grade attribute model of Horne orebody were established by Geological Object Computer Aided Design(GOCAD).Positions of two vents and directions of hydrothermal alteration in Horne deposit were inferred based on the property of the major fault,characteristics of hydrothermal alteration,the enrichment morphology and spatial distribution of high-grade Cu in the Cu attribute model.

3D geological modeling for mineral resource assessment of the Tongshan Cu deposit,Heilongjiang Province,China

Three-dimensional geological modeling （3DGM） assists geologists to quantitatively study in three-dimensional （3D） space structures that define temporal and spatial relationships between geological objects. The 3D property model can also be used to infer or deduce causes of geological objects. 3DGM technology provides technical support for extraction of diverse geoscience information, 3D modeling, and quantitative calculation of mineral resources. Based on metallogenic concepts and an ore deposit model, 3DGM technology is applied to analyze geological characteristics of the Tongshan Cu deposit in order to define a metallogenic model and develop a virtual borehole technology; a BP neural network and a 3D interpolation technique were combined to integrate multiple geoscience information in a 3D environment. The results indicate： （1） on basis of the concept of magmatic-hydrothermal Cu polymetallic mineraliza- tion and a porphyry Cu deposit model, a spatial relational database of multiple geoscience information for mineralization in the study area （geology, geophysics, geochemistry, borehole, and cross-section data） was established, and 3D metallogenic geological objects including mineralization stratum, granodiorite, alteration rock, and magnetic anomaly were constructed; （2） on basis of the 3D ore deposit model, 23,800 effective surveys from 94 boreholes and 21 sections were applied to establish 3D orebody models with a kriging interpolation method; （3） combined 23,800 surveys involving 21 sections, using VC＋＋ and OpenGL platform, virtual borehole and virtual section with BP network, and an improved inverse distance interpolation （IDW） method were used to predict and delineate mineralization potential targets （Cu-grade of cell not less than 0.1%）; （4） comparison of 3D ore bodies, metallogenic geological objects of mineralization, and potential targets of mineralization models in the study area, delineated the 3D spatial and temporal relationship and causal processes among the ore bodies, alteration rock, metallo- genic stratum, intrusive rock, and the Tongshan Fault. This study provides important technical support and a scientific basis for assessment of the Tongshan Cu deposit and surrounding exploration and mineral resources.

Risk Assessment of Coal Mine Water Hazard Based on Three-Dimensional Model of Geology and Underground Space

Mine safety have top-five disasters,which including the water,gas,fire,dust and geological dynamic disaster.The coal mine water disaster is one of the important factors which restricted the development of China’s coal production.It is showed by statistics that 60%of mine accidents are affected by groundwater,which not only result in the production losses,casualties and a variety of

A method of reconstructing 3D model from 2D geological cross-section based on self-adaptive spatial sampling:A case study of Cretaceous McMurray reservoirs in a block of Canada

An orthogonal 2D training image is constructed from the geological analysis results of well logs and sedimentary facies;the 2 D probabilities in three directions are obtained through linear pooling method and then aggregated by the logarithmic linear pooling to determine the 3 D multi-point pattern probabilities at the unknown points,to realize the reconstruction of a 3 D model from 2D cross-section.To solve the problems of reducing pattern variability in the 2 D training image and increasing sampling uncertainty,an adaptive spatial sampling method is introduced,and an iterative simulation strategy is adopted,in which sample points from the region with higher reliability of the previous simulation results are extracted to be additional condition points in the following simulation to improve the pattern probability sampling stability.The comparison of lateral accretion layer conceptual models shows that the reconstructing algorithm using self-adaptive spatial sampling can improve the accuracy of pattern sampling and rationality of spatial structure characteristics,and accurately reflect the morphology and distribution pattern of the lateral accretion layer.Application of the method in reconstructing the meandering river reservoir of the Cretaceous McMurray Formation in Canada shows that the new method can accurately reproduce the shape,spatial distribution pattern and development features of complex lateral accretion layers in the meandering river reservoir under tide effect.The test by sparse wells shows that the simulation accuracy is above 85%,and the coincidence rate of interpretation and prediction results of newly drilled horizontal wells is up to 80%.

3D Geology Modeling from 2D Prospecting Line Profile Map

Using prospecting line profile map in combination with drilling and other information for 3D reconstruction of geological model is an important method of 3D geological modeling.?This paper?discusses the theory and implementation method of 2D prospecting line map into 3D prospecting line map and then into 3D model. The authors propose that it needs twice upgrading dimension to reconstruction 3D geology model from prospecting line profile map. The first upgrading dimension is to convert profile from 2D into 3D profile,?i.e.?the 2D points in the 2D profile map upgrading dimensional transformation to 3D points in a 3D profile. The second upgrading dimension is that transform 0D point 1D curve and 2D polygon feature into 1D curve, 2D surface and 3D solid feature. The paper reexamines contents and forms in prospecting line map from the two different viewpoints of geology and geographic information science. The process of 3D geology modeling from 2D prospecting map is summarized as follows. Firstly, profile is divided into several sections by beginning, end and drill point of the prospecting line. Next, a 3D folded upright profile frame is built by 2D folded prospecting line on the plan map. Then, 2D points of features on 2D profile are converted into 3D points on 3D profile section by section. And then, adding switch control points for the long line crossover two segments. Lastly, 1D curve features are upgraded to 2D surface.

From the Area to the Point-Study on the Key Technology of 3D Geological Hazard Modeling in Three Gorges Reservoir Area

Taking hundreds of pieces of hazardous geological maps （1 ： 10 000） of Three Gorges res-ervoir area （3GR） as background, we establish regional three-dimensional （3D） geo-hazard modelusing DEM （digital elevation model） superposed surface images and geo-hazards elements. Based on landslides and other geo-hazard survey data,using improved B-REP（boundary representa-tion）entity data structure （two-body 3D data structure）, we set up 3D solid models for each hazardous bodies in each hazardous geological maps. Then we integrate the two types of 3D models with different scales from area to point, which are the regional geo-hazard 3D model and the solid models of each disaster body, in order to provide a visual processing and analysis plat-form for danger partition, stability evaluation, disaster prevention and control, early warning and command.

An intermittent lithium deposition model based on CuMnbimetallic MOF derivatives for composite lithium anode with ultrahigh areal capacity and current densities

Recently,three-dimensional(3D)conductive frameworks have been chosen as the host for composite lithium(Li)metal anode because of their exceptional electrical conductivity and remarkable thermal and electrochemical stability.However,Li tends to accumulate on the top of the 3D frameworks with homogenous lithiophilicity and Li dendrite still growth.This work firstly designed a bimetallic metal-organic framework(MOF)(CuMn-MOF)derived Cu_(2)O and Mn_(3)O_(4) nanoparticles decorated carbon cloth(CC)substrates(CC@Cu_(2)O/Mn_(3)O_(4))to fabricate a composite Li anode.Thanks to the synergistic effects of lithiophilic Cu_(2)O and Mn_(3)O_(4),the CC@Cu_(2)O/Mn_(3)O_(4)@Li symmetrical cell can afford a prolonged cycling lifespan(1400 h)under an ultrahigh current density and areal capacity(6 mA·cm^(-2)/6 mAh·cm^(-2)).When coupled with the LiFePO_(4)(LFP)cathode,the LFP||CC@Cu_(2)O/Mn_(3)O_(4)@Li full cell demonstrated a superior performance of 89.7 mAh·g^(-1) even at an extremely high current density(10 C).Furthermore,it can also be matched well with LiNi_(0.5)Co^(0).2Mn_(0.3)O_(2)(NCM523)cathode.Importantly,to explain the excellent performances of the CC@Cu_(2)O/Mn_(3)O_(4)@Li composite anode,an intermittent model was also proposed.This study offers a novel model that can enhance our comprehension of the Li deposition behavior and pave the way to attain stable and safe Li metal anodes by employing bimetallic MOF-derived materials to construct 3D frameworks.

中国陆相盆地层序地层格架及模式

陆相盆地与海相盆地的层序地层之间存在地质基础的差异性,主要体现在构造、沉积、层序形成的主控因素和油气生成、运移诸方面。在陆相盆地层序地层的研究中,划分、对比层序以及建立等时格架与模式,需要新的思路和更精细有效的方法。在凝缩体的概念、陆相盆地中湖相沉积层序形成的主控因素、体系域的划分以及陆相层序地层学的研究方法等方面,提出了探讨性的意见。在对各类陆相盆地层序特征分析的基础上,结合近年来的实际勘探情况和建立陆相盆地层序地层模式的可能,根据坡折带的有无,将陆相盆地划分成2个或3个体系域,建立了断陷型盆地、坳陷型盆地和陆内前陆盆地的沉积体分布格架和地层层序模式,为在陆相盆地中进行油气勘探提供了理论指导。

扇三角洲前缘地质知识库的建立及应用

微相砂体的地质知识是储层随机建模的基础。地质知识来源于对现代沉积区、露头区和密井网区的精细解剖,其中密井网区的精细描述是在我国东部老油田建立储层地质知识库时的一条有效途径。利用双河油田密井网数据,建立了扇三角洲前缘原型骨架模型,研究了水下分流河道砂体的几何形态及分叉规律,获得了微相砂体的长度概率分布、宽度概率分布、宽-厚比关系和长-宽比关系等定量地质知识,为双河油田开发后期储层的精细表征提供了扎实的基础。

靖安油田盘古梁长6油藏地质建模研究

建立能正确反映靖安油田盘古梁长6油藏地质特征的地质模型,通过对地层格架、沉积微相、骨架砂体、物性参数和储层非均质性的分析研究,借助GMSS地质建模软件,建立了确定型精细三维地质模型。所建立的构造、砂体、属性参数模型对该油藏的地质特征有了进一步认识,为油藏的高效开发提供了依据。

影响测井约束地震反演地质效果因素的分析

从地震勘探的基本原理出发 ,分析了叠后地震反演解决地质问题的本质。从基础资料的品质 ,测井约束地震反演的方法及反演参数的选择 ,地层格架模型的建立和外推控制这几个方面分析影响测井约束地震反演的地质效果。笔者认为 ,测井约束地震反演解决地质问题的能力是有限的 ,并提出了提高测井约束地震反演的地质效果应采取的若干措施。

山地城市地质信息集成管理平台研究与应用

为解决当前城市地质信息化建设中存在的标准缺乏、信息分散、共享困难的难题,针对重庆山地城市地质特点,从统一数据标准、三维地质建模框架、多源异构地质数据库建设、海量三维地质数据自适应可视化、插件式行业集成应用等方面进行关键技术研究,研发了山地城市地质信息集成管理平台。基于该平台快速搭建的龙洲湾公租房工程地质信息集成管理系统,成功应用到了场区地质信息展现及三维可视化分析决策中,提升了山地城市地质信息服务水平。

地质公园系统集成的内涵界定及其框架模型构建

在联合国教科文组织"世界地质公园计划"的推动下,地质公园研究得到国际学术组织和各国政府的广泛重视。随着研究的进一步深入,越来越多的学者意识到,科学方法论的指导对于研究发展的重要性。地质公园系统是一个由资源、开发、保护、管理4个子系统构成的开放性复杂系统,论文将系统集成方法论引入地质公园研究领域,从概念、定位、属性、与狭义系统集成的区别和联系等方面界定地质公园系统集成的内涵,强调各子系统之间的联系,以及建立在这种联系基础之上的系统整体功能的优化,并构建了包含宏观目标层、中观单元层和微观过程层三个层次的地质公园系统集成理论框架模型,为地质公园研究的进一步深入提供科学、先进的方法论指导。

乡村振兴视角下地质文化村建设的理论框架构建与实践模式

地质文化村建设是积极响应“乡村振兴”等国家战略的地质实践,其理论体系构建与实践模式探索具有重要意义。本文基于乡村振兴视角,以“生态振兴”、“文化振兴”、“产业振兴”、“人才振兴”和“组织振兴”五个方面为总纲,以“两山理论”、“乡村治理理论”等为指导,提出地质文化村建设应以“地质保护优先”+“科学合理利用”为核心宗旨,以“讲好地质故事”+“传承乡村文化”为发展动力,以“产业体系构建”+“村民增收致富”为重点内容,以“人才队伍建设”+“共建共享共赢”为建设方式,以“地质价值认同”+“基层组织建设”为根本保证,形成地质文化村的理论框架体系。在实践模式方面,体现了“三生一体”、“近景、近园”、“多元融合发展”、“村支两委+村民”主导等模式。在未来发展中,应大力开展全国创建试点,加大地质文化村理论研究的广度和深度,构建服务地方工作机制。

基于VBM方法的油气藏高精度地层格架建模——以川西坳陷新场构造带须二段为例

川西坳陷新场地区须家河组受多期构造运动叠加,地层起伏较大,总体呈“马鞍”形特征,同时发育多组逆断层,断穿层位各异,断层交切关系多样。常规的建模方法不能精确表征该区复杂的构造-地层特征,模型难以满足实际生产需要。因此,采用VBM建模方法对新场须二气藏进行了构造地层模型建立。依据地震解释数据和钻井分层信息,获取须二段层面和断层控制数据。建立断层框架模型,精细调整断面形态和断层交切关系。以层面数据为输入数据,计算每一砂组的地层厚度,恢复并构建原状地层模型。利用断层与层面的相关参数控制,精准调控断层与层面之间的关系,实现现今构造-地层格架模型的建立。结果表明:VBM方法通过体积守恒原理和非结构化网格表征技术,对复杂构造模型能够做到精准刻画,较好处理复杂的地层接触和断层展布问题。新建立的地层格架模型相比传统角点网格建立的模型具有更高的网格质量,且保持了复杂断层处的断层组合关系以及层序地层特征,为后续的储层地质建模提供了更可靠的模型框架基础。

地震沉积学的内涵及其在陆相断陷盆地中的应用

地震沉积学是继地震地层学、层序地层学之后的一门新的交叉边缘学科,是进行沉积体系研究和储层预测的有效工具,其在碳酸盐岩油气勘探开发中取得了明显效果,但在陆相断陷盆地中应用较少。以南堡凹陷高分辨率的地震资料、丰富的测井及地质资料为基础,结合滦平扇三角洲野外露头,运用地震沉积学的研究方法,在高精度层序地层格架及沉积体系特征研究的基础上,建立了陆相盆地扇三角洲三维地质模型,并在南堡凹陷东营组识别出1个二级层序、4个三级层序、最大洪泛面以及初始洪泛面,进一步将三级层序划分为高位体系域、湖扩体系域及低位体系域。其中,高位体系域砂体规模大,是最为有利的储层发育段,低位体系域砂体规模较小,与湖扩体系域泥岩相互配置,形成良好的储盖组合。根据高柳断层下降盘构造背景,以野外露头地质建模与井-震标定互动反馈为基本思路进行研究,认为该地区主要为扇三角洲沉积体系,并发育多个分流河道,河道间充填相对稳定的薄层滨浅湖泥。

Evaluation of earthquake impact on magnitude of the minimum principal stress along a shotcrete lined pressure tunnel in Nepal

In situ stress condition in rock mass is influenced by both tectonic activity and geological environment such as faulting and shearing in the rock mass.This influence is of significance in the Himalayan region,where the tectonic movement is active,resulting in periodic dynamic earthquakes.Each large-scale earthquake causes both accumulation and sudden release of strain energy,instigating changes in the in situ stress environment in the rock mass.This paper first highlights the importance of the magnitude of the minimum principal stress in the design of unlined or shotcrete lined pressure tunnel as water conveyance system used for hydropower schemes.Then we evaluated the influence of local shear faults on the magnitude of the minimum principal stress along the shotcrete lined high pressure tunnel of Upper Tamakoshi Hydroelectric Project(UTHP)in Nepal.A detailed assessment of the in situ stress state is carried out using both measured data and three-dimensional(3D)numerical analyses with FLAC3D.Finally,analysis is carried out on the possible changes in the magnitude of the minimum principal stress in the rock mass caused by seismic movement(dynamic loading).A permanent change in the stress state at and nearby the area of shear zones along the tunnel alignment is found to be an eminent process.

三维地质构造的三角形格架式网格生成方法

三维油气运聚模拟计算方法需要在构造模型的约束下生成三维地质格架式网格。针对这一需求对现有网格生成方法进行了分析对比,并在此基础上提出一套三角形格架式网格生成方法。该方法采用了限定Delaunay三角剖分技术生成基础的地质层面模型,同时提出协同剖分算法来解决地层面网格在公共交线处的几何拓扑一致性问题,并表明了算法的正确性,最后给出地质层面的剖分实例。实验结果表明了该方法在工程实践中的有效性。

BZ油田浅水三角洲储层地质建模研究

针对渤海湾浅水三角洲油藏分流河道纵向多期叠置,横向变化快的地质特点及开发早期钻井资料少和海上地震资料分辨率高的特点,运用储层沉积学原理,通过沉积模式、沉积微相和储层结构模型分类及其特征参数统计建立了储层地质知识库。在此基础上,结合地震资料建立了沉积相模型和相控约束下的储层参数模型,为油田开发方案优化和随钻跟踪提供了可靠的静态模型。经实钻开发井及生产动态资料证实,所建储层三维定量地质模型较准确地表征了储层砂体横向变化规律,能够为开发早期储层研究提供地质支撑。

随钻地质导向的理论与实践探讨

近年来，随钻地质导向技术发展迅速，经历了多个发展阶段。针对目前随钻地质导向与油藏综合研究技术思路不一致的情况，提出了随钻地质层次建模与导向的思想，并利用研究区实例进行了详细说明。研究表明：①随钻地质导向与三维地质建模技术关系密切，把成熟的三维地质建模技术引入到地质导向中来，是实现智能化、高效化导向的发展方向；②水平井层次导向是地质导向理论发展的方向，多层次的导向对应的是地质多层次的科学综合研究成果；几何导向与层次导向在地层-构造格架层次相似度比较高，然而在储层沉积相【构型】、储层参数及流体分布等方面多级次的非均质性几何导向则几乎没有考虑，导致了目前对“甜点”的识别精度不够；③实例显示了地质多层次建模在水平井导向中优势明显，建立了格架模型、岩相模型及录井参数模型，通过实钻数据与预测模型的对比，给出了最优化的轨迹。上述研究为高效钻遇油气层、可视化钻井监测提供了参考依据。