Shear behavior of intact granite under thermo-mechanical coupling and three-dimensional morphology of shear-formed fractures

The shear failure of intact rock under thermo-mechanical(TM)coupling conditions is common,such as in enhanced geothermal mining and deep mine construction.Under the effect of a continuous engineering disturbance,shear-formed fractures are prone to secondary instability,posing a severe threat to deep engineering.Although numerous studies regarding three-dimensional(3D)morphologies of fracture surfaces have been conducted,the understanding of shear-formed fractures under TM coupling conditions is limited.In this study,direct shear tests of intact granite under various TM coupling conditions were conducted,followed by 3D laser scanning tests of shear-formed fractures.Test results demonstrated that the peak shear strength of intact granite is positively correlated with the normal stress,whereas it is negatively correlated with the temperature.The internal friction angle and cohesion of intact granite significantly decrease with an increase in the temperature.The anisotropy,roughness value,and height of the asperities on the fracture surfaces are reduced as the normal stress increases,whereas their variation trends are the opposite as the temperature increases.The macroscopic failure mode of intact granite under TM coupling conditions is dominated by mixed tensileeshear and shear failures.As the normal stress increases,intragranular fractures are developed ranging from a local to a global distribution,and the macroscopic failure mode of intact granite changes from mixed tensileeshear to shear failure.Finally,3D morphological characteristics of the asperities on the shear-formed fracture surfaces were analyzed,and a quadrangular pyramid conceptual model representing these asperities was proposed and sufficiently verified.

Integration system research and development for three-dimensional laser scanning information visualization in goaf

An integration processing system of three-dimensional laser scanning information visualization in goaf was developed. It is provided with multiple functions, such as laser scanning information management for goaf, cloud data de-noising optimization, construction, display and operation of three-dimensional model, model editing, profile generation, calculation of goaf volume and roof area, Boolean calculation among models and interaction with the third party soft ware. Concerning this system with a concise interface, plentiful data input/output interfaces, it is featured with high integration, simple and convenient operations of applications. According to practice, in addition to being well-adapted, this system is favorably reliable and stable.

A three-dimensional modeling of the morphological change in the Liaodong Bay

The morphology in the Liaodong Bay has undergone a marked change over the past decades due to the cutoff of nearby rivers. The fine sediment of the bay consists of both non-cohesive and cohesive fractions with relatively small particles over the seabed. Thus, a three- dimensional morphodynamic model accounting for non- cohesive and cohesive fractions is established to investi- gate the morphological change without sediment input from nearby rivers. A representative wave is chosen to compute the wave distribution in the Liaodong Bay and depth-dependent wave radiation stresses are employed by the hydrodynamic model. The advection-diffusion equa- tion is used to simulate the fine sediment transport under the representative wave and tidal currents. The erosion flux of non-cohesive and cohesive sediment is taken into account. The simulated results of tidal level, velocities, directions, and sediment concentrations are in agreement with the measured data. The results demonstrate that the present model, which takes the erosion flux of both non- cohesive and cohesive fractions into account, gives more reasonable values than when accounting for cohesive sediment alone. When the three-dimensional morphody- namic model is applied to predict morphological change over the course of a year, the deposition is shown to be relatively small and the range of the erosion is increased compared to previous results of sediment input from the river. It can be concluded that the erosion in the Liaodong Bay is increasing due to the cutoff of the river, and that morphological evolution must be taken into account if any type of coastal construction plans are to be carried out over the seabed.

Two-and Three-Dimensional Urban Core Determinants of the Urban Heat Island： A Statistical Approach

There is no doubt that the UHI （urban heat island） is a mounting problem in built-up environments, due to the energy retention by surface dense building materials, leading to increased temperatures, air pollution, and energy consumption. Much of the earlier research on the UHI has used two-dimensional （2-D） information, such as land uses and the distribution of vegetation. In the case of homogeneous land uses, it is possible to predict surface temperatures with reasonable accuracy with 2-D information. However, three-dimensional （3-D） information is necessary to analyze more complex sites, including dense building clusters. In this research, 3-D building geometry information is combined with 2-D urban surface information to examine the relationship between urban characteristics and temperature. The research includes the following stages： （1） estimating urban temperature; （2） developing a 3-D city model; （3） generating geometric parameters; and （4） conducting statistical analyses using both linear and non-linear regression models. The implications of the results are discussed, providing guidelines for policies aiming to reduce the UHI.

Morphological Group Theory of Material Structure

The correct formulation and understanding of micro-images is one of the difficulties that occur to microstructures science today, which need to develop a new appropriate mathematics for micro-images of matter system. Here I study the image mathematics and physics description of micro-images of material system by topology, set theory, symbolic logic and show that there is a naturally morphological equation, that is a law of qualitative structure of matter system, the law of the unity of two kinds of morphological structure (Jordan and hidden structure), which can be used to describe not only the common feature of different correlated matter, but also to correct classify the micro-images into different classes, so that to study the morphology groups for materials science and Algebraic geometry. The morphology equation can be found a number of applications for the observation and analysis of micro-images of material system and other natural sciences, some important basic concepts of algebraic geometry can also be newly explained by the morphology equation, such as: 1) To construct the image-mathematical language and to construct the image mathematics model (IMM) for microstructures;2) To construct complex geometric structures (Concave polygon) then analyze these complex shape structure by analytic geometry and algebraic geometry, to study complicated operators on complicated spaces;3) A new explanation for the logical basis, concept definition and proof way of algebraic geometry and uses it to analyze morphological structure of the new and parent phase and the problem of Hodge’s theory and structure type, and points out that there may be a counterexamples for Hodge’s conjecture.

Three-dimensional structure of axonal mitochondria reflects the age of drosophila

This study aimed to reconstruct a three-dimensional map of axonal mitochondria using Fiji and Neurolucida software, and to observe directly the morphology and distribution of mitochondria in axons of motor neurons in dorsal longitudinal flight muscles of drosophila aged 5 days and 20 days, using electron microscopy. Results indicated that there was no difference in the total area and volume of mitochondria between 5-day-old drosophila and 20-day-old drosophila in all sections, but the ratio of mitochondrial total areas to axon total areas, as well as mitochondrial density of 20-day-old drosophila, was lower than that of 5-day-old drosophila. The number of mitochondria, whose volume was less than 1 000 000 IJm3, and between 1 000 000 pm3 and 10 000 000 pm3, was higher in 20-day-old drosophila than that in 5-day-old drosophila. The number of mitochondria with a volume between 1 000 000 pm3 and 100 000 000 IJm3 was apparently higher than those with a volume less than 1 000 000 t.lm3 or larger than 100 000 000 IJm3. In addition, the number of mitochondria with a volume more than 100 000 000 tJm3 was small; however, the volume was nearly 70% of the total volume in both 5-day-old and 20-day-old drosophila. In contrast, the number of mitochondria with a volume between 1 000 000 t.Jm3 and 10 000 000 IJm3 was large, but the volume was less than 30% of the total volume. These experimental findings suggest that changes in mitochondrial morphology and number in motor neurons from the dorsal longitudinal muscle of drosophila are present during different ages.

Particle size distribution design of limited agglomeration via geometric morphology in erythritol crystallization

Regarding sugar and salt crystallization with large single crystals,the agglomerate thermodynamics and geometric morphologies,not the dynamics,dominate the particle size distribution(PSD).To consider this issue,a PSD design model is proposed for limited large crystal agglomeration.In this model,the agglomeration thermodynamic criticality is determined by estimating the adhesion and dispersion forces between single crystals.The geometric agglomerate morphologies are described by corresponding single crystal units stacking with porosity.By seed well-controlled of population,the key parameters of PSD(D01,D50 and D99)are precisely designed.For erythritol,the model design accuracies are 92%–99%in the 1.2 L and 10 L crystallizers,indicating that it can design PSD at various crystallization scales.Concerning the general research attention to microcrystal agglomeration kinetics(mostly active pharmaceutical ingredients),this model effectively guides the sugar and salt PSD design with limited large crystal agglomeration.

The quaternion beam model for hard-magnetic flexible cantilevers

The recently developed hard-magnetic soft(HMS)materials manufactured by embedding high-coercivity micro-particles into soft matrices have received considerable attention from researchers in diverse fields,e.g.,soft robotics,flexible electronics,and biomedicine.Theoretical investigations on large deformations of HMS structures are significant foundations of their applications.This work is devoted to developing a powerful theoretical tool for modeling and computing the complicated nonplanar deformations of flexible beams.A so-called quaternion beam model is proposed to break the singularity limitation of the existing geometrically exact(GE)beam model.The singularity-free governing equations for the three-dimensional(3D)large deformations of an HMS beam are first derived,and then solved with the Galerkin discretization method and the trustregion-dogleg iterative algorithm.The correctness of this new model and the utilized algorithms is verified by comparing the present results with the previous ones.The superiority of a quaternion beam model in calculating the complicated large deformations of a flexible beam is shown through several benchmark examples.It is found that the purpose of the HMS beam deformation is to eliminate the direction deviation between the residual magnetization and the applied magnetic field.The proposed new model and the revealed mechanism are supposed to be useful for guiding the engineering applications of flexible structures.

Automatic detection of pulse morphology patterns &cardiac risks

Analysis of arterial pulse waveforms is important for non-invasive diagnosis of cardiovascular functions. Large samples of IPG signal records of radial arterial pulse show presence of eight different types of shapes (morphological patterns) in the pulse waveforms. In this paper we present an efficient computational method for automatic identification of these morphological patterns. Our algorithm uses likelihood ratio of cumulative periodogram of pulse signals and some geometrical criteria. The algorithm is presented with necessary details on signal processing aspects. Results for a large sample of pulse records of adult Indian subjects show high accuracy of our algorithm in detecting pulse-morphology patterns. Variation of pulse-morphology with respect to time is also analyzed using this algorithm. We have identified some characteristic features of pulse-morphology variation in patients of certain cardiac problems, hypertension, and diabetes. These are found relevant and significant in terms of physiological interpretation of the associated shapes of pulse waveforms. Importance of these findings is highlighted along with discussion on overall scope of our study in automatic analysis of heart rate variability and in other applications for non-invasive prognosis/diagnosis.

轮辐式斜交型索结构的几何构型与预应力态分析

轮辐式斜交型索结构体系的弦索采用斜向布置形式,能有效改善结构的整体抗扭性能,并有利于提升施工稳定性和使用安全性,同时也增加索结构体系的美感,丰富结构形式。通过几何形态分析发现轮辐式斜交型索结构的关键形态参数包括索结构桁架单元数量、斜交角度、内外环半径、起拱高度和下垂深度,并基于此建立参数化建模方法。根据节点平衡方程,推导轮辐式斜交型索结构在预应力态下的索杆内力快速估算公式,并探究斜交角度、内外环厚度和内外环几何中心高差对预应力分布的影响,结果表明:斜交角度对结构受力效率的影响较大;内外环厚度对拉索索力的影响很小,而对内环撑杆轴压力的影响较大;内外环几何中心高差对索杆内力的影响较大。该文的研究有助于促进轮辐式斜交型索结构的进一步应用。

THREE-DIMENSIONAL NUMERICAL MODELLING OF SUBMERGED DIKE ALIGNMENT IN CURVED ESTUARINE CHANNEL

Submerged dikes were frequently built in curved estuarine channels to improve navigational conditions. A three-dimensional numerical model of tidal motions was developed to simulate flows through the submerged dike alignment in curved estuarine reach of complex bathymetry on the basis of satisfactory calibrations. Through the analysis of the morphological characteristics of the curved channel of the Huangpu River mouth in the Yangtze River Delta, a submerged dike alignment project was examined. The effect of the navigation channel improvement project and its influence on the flow regimes, the navigational conditions, the flood control and the operating conditions of harbours within the adjacent water area were evaluated, and the technical feasibility of the navigation channel improvement scheme was demonstrated.

基于图像几何信息的遮荫条件下茄衣烟叶形态特征分析与叶面积生长模型构建

【目的】筛选遮荫影响茄衣烟叶的关键形态特征指标,建立茄衣烟叶叶面积生长模型,明确遮荫条件下茄衣烟叶动态发育规律,以期为国产茄衣烟叶精准栽培提供理论依据。【方法】以雪茄烟品种CX81为试验材料,设3个遮荫处理,分别为透光率60%(T1)、透光率70%(T2)和透光率100%不遮荫对照(CK)。基于图像几何信息提取烟叶形态特征,测定上、中、下3个叶位叶片的动态生长指标,对不同透光率下茄衣烟叶的形态特征进行正交偏最小二乘判别分析(OPLS-DA),并建立叶面积生长模型。【结果】OPLS-DA结果表明,上、中、下部烟叶在不同透光率处理下的形态特征参数存在明显差异,随着叶位提高,受遮荫影响的形态指标逐渐减少,3个部位的共同指标有叶面积生长速率、叶面积、叶周长和茎叶夹角。遮荫条件下,叶面积与遮荫时间的关系符合Richards模型,其方程为y=a/(1+e^(b-cx))^(1/d),模型稳定性好,拟合程度高,具备生物学意义。随着透光率增加,叶面积先增大后减小,T2处理叶面积最大,遮荫45 d时,T2处理的叶面积较CK增加4.7%~17.4%;同一部位烟叶平均生长速率呈慢—快—慢的变化规律,T2处理叶面积平均生长速率最大,较CK提高5.5%~13.4%。【结论】叶面积生长速率、叶面积、叶周长和茎叶夹角是影响遮荫条件下茄衣烟叶叶片形态的关键指标,Richards模型可有效预测遮荫条件下茄衣烟叶叶面积生长,70%透光率可加快叶面积生长速率,有效提高叶面积。

冬小麦植株生长的形态构造模型研究

植物的结构与其生理功能关系密切。考虑植物经历的平均气候条件 ,在生长单元周期的水平上 ,建立了无水肥胁迫环境中冬小麦生长的形态构造模型 ,模拟了小麦地上植株拓扑结构的生成、鲜物质的生产和分配过程 ;根据实验数据估算模型的参数 ,模拟出了冬小麦在不同生长阶段的结构。该模型经完善后可用于指导农业生产。

烟草地上部植株三维重构与可视化

【目的】实现烟草的数字化与可视化。【方法】本文采用模板技术对烟草植株进行三维重构,首先通过三维数字化仪对烟草器官进行测量和形态特征提取,然后基于形态结构特征分别建立了烟草叶片、花朵、果实和茎节等器官的参数化几何模型,保存为模板文件,最后调用相应的模板文件,结合图形变换方法拼接成完整植株几何模型。【结果】利用本文方法可方便构造烟草各主要时期的三维模型。【结论】所建立的烟草植株几何模型具有较高的真实感,为其三维形态交互设计和可视化模拟提供了技术支撑。

鱼类形态特征与营养级位置之间关系初探

以长江中下游洪泛平原湖泊鱼类为例,探讨鱼类功能性形态特征与其营养级位置之间的关系.所用的116种鱼的食性数据来自于226个鱼类群落,总计16267尾鱼.用几何形态测量法的界标分析法提取鱼类形态特征,相对扭曲度法的前2个主成份能较好地区分鱼类的形态差异,它不仅能够生成散点图,而且能客观地反映出鱼类的形态性状.营养级位置采用肠含物定量分析法,合理地假定肠含物的营养级位置,利用食性数据计算出鱼类的营养级位置.采用广义加性模型分析鱼类营养级位置与功能性形态之间的关系.结果表明:只有当鱼类为植食性鱼类和肉食性鱼类才有特化的功能性形态与之相适应,植食性鱼类有较窄的口裂,而对肉食性鱼类而言,不同生活型的鱼类拥有各自特化的形态特征,如伏击型肉食性鱼类体型呈纺锤形,背鳍靠近头部,眼睛较大且靠上,头部面积较大;而追击型肉食性鱼类体型呈流线型,头部较小,背鳍和腹鳍靠近尾部.而杂食性鱼类在本研究中无更多证据证明有特化的外部形态,亟待进一步研究.

二种骨性髋臼关节面三维几何形态模型的对照与分析

目的 建立一种更接近人体骨性髋臼关节面的三维模型。方法 通过三维激光扫描获取髋臼的点云数据 ,分别用球面和旋转椭球面逐步逼近骨性髋臼关节面 ,建立球面和旋转椭球面的二种参数化匹配模型 ,并对二种模型参数与匹配误差作统计学分析。结果 旋转椭球面模型的匹配误差显著小于球面模型的匹配误差 ,旋转椭球面模型的长、短轴与球面模型的半径有较强的相关性。

基于双平面镜三维成像的粗粒料形状特征分析

路基的强度和变形特性很大程度上取决于路基填筑所用粗粒料的几何形状特性,如级配、颗粒长细比和棱角度等。提出一种双平面镜成像结合计算机三维重建技术的粗粒料颗粒几何形状数据采集方法,开发相应的试验装置,实现粗粒料颗粒三维几何模型的计算机重建和几何特征的量化确定。通过对大量不同种类粗粒料的试验,并将得到的颗粒形状特征数据与人工实测值进行对比,提出基于计算机建模得到的粗粒料粒径、级配和体积等主要参数的修正方法,并讨论测试误差的产生原因和改进措施。结果表明基于双平面镜的三维成像方法可实现对粗粒料颗粒几何特征的快捷测定和定量化分析。

基于布尔运算的复杂块体几何形态分析一般方法

提出采用布尔运算进行三维复杂块体形态分析的一般方法,并采用C++语言编写了相应的程序。块体布尔运算是将参与运算的主块体和客块体进行交、并或差运算,得到形态更加复杂的块体。为描述块体内部非贯通结构面,在块体数据结构中引入退化有向壳,允许块体中混合维度模型的存在。将主块体各面分别与客块体各面进行面-面求交线运算,通过环路分析得到各块体分割后的面。根据具体采用的布尔运算方法,确定有效面和无效面,并将有效面进行搜索得到新的壳和块体。选取3个算例和1个典型工程实例来验证该方法的可行性和应用性。计算结果表明,该方法可以生成形态更加复杂的块体,可以很方便地处理块体中的结构面,具有普遍性和适应性,并具有广泛的实际应用价值。

国内外水压裂缝几何形态模拟研究的发展现状

综述了目前国内外水力压裂研究领域中裂缝几何形态研究的发展现状，对各种几何模型进行了较为详细的描述，并且根据现在水力压裂的发展趋势提出了今后水力压裂研究领域的发展方向。

基于几何形态学影响的集料建模及评价方法

目前流行的数字集料建模技术效率和质量低,参数不可控且不能兼顾集料的形状、棱角、纹理等多个几何形态参数,导致难以有效在细观层面研究集料几何形态参数对颗粒复合材料综合性能的影响.针对上述问题,首先,研究了单一集料几何形态特征评价,并给出一种评价集料表面微观纹理和集料系统的数学方法;其次,基于3D Max提出一种新颖的单一集料数字模型设计技术,创建了带有不规则形状、无序棱角和精细表面纹理的集料数字模型;最后,基于PFC 3D并采用“颗粒替换法”创建颗粒复合材料数字模型,进而分析了实物模型和数字模型空隙率差异,并给出解决空隙率差异的数学方法.在此基础上,通过单轴压缩试验研究了集料几何学特性对颗粒复合材料峰值抗压强度的影响.研究结果表明:1)给出的集料纹理评价数学方法能量化集料微观结构,而集料系统评价数学模型拓展了集料几何形态学评价指标;2)颗粒复合材料实物模型和数字模型空隙率存在较大差异;3)集料的几何学特征能提高集料之间的咬合互锁效应,用不规则颗粒替换粒径≥2.36 mm的球形颗粒可使复合材料的峰值抗压强度提高20.7%.