A theoretical study of the multigrid three-dimensional variational data assimilation scheme using a simple bilinear interpolation algorithm

In order to solve the so-called ＂bull-eye＂ problem caused by using a simple bilinear interpolation as an observational mapping operator in the cost function in the multigrid three-dimensional variational （3DVAR） data assimilation scheme, a smoothing term, equivalent to a penalty term, is introduced into the cost function to serve as a means of troubleshooting. A theoretical analysis is first performed to figure out what on earth results in the issue of ＂bull-eye＂, and then the meaning of such smoothing term is elucidated and the uniqueness of solution of the multigrid 3DVAR with the smoothing term added is discussed through the theoretical deduction for one-dimensional （1D） case, and two idealized data assimilation experiments （one- and two-dimensional （2D） cases）. By exploring the relationship between the smoothing term and the recursive filter theoretically and practically, it is revealed why satisfied analysis results can be achieved by using such proposed solution for the issue of the multigrid 3DVAR.

Three-Dimensional Space Interpolation of Grey / Depth Image Sequence-A New Technique of Computer Graphics Synthesis

This paper advances a three-dimensional space interpolation method of grey / depth image sequence, which breaks free from the limit of original practical photographing route. Pictures can cruise at will in space. By using space sparse sampling, great memorial capacity can be saved and reproduced scenes can be controlled. To solve time consuming and complex computations in three-dimensional interpolation algorithm, we have studied a fast and practical algorithm of scattered space lattice and that of 'Warp' algorithm with proper depth. By several simple aspects of three dimensional space interpolation, we succeed in developing some simple and practical algorithms. Some results of simulated experiments with computers have shown that the new method is absolutely feasible.

Extraction of Laser Stripe Center Line Based on Genetic Algorithm and NURBS Interpolation

To improve the measurement accuracy of structured laser for inner surface dimensions of a deep hole, a new method to extract the laser stripe center line is proposed. An improved adaptive genetic algorithm that can converge rapidly and search the global optimum is used to determine the threshold for the laser stripe segmentation. And then NURBS interpolation which has a good local control capability is adopted to extract the laser stripe center line. Experiments show that the extracted laser stripe center line is stable and the diameter of the deep hole can be measured accurately.

Smooth cutting pattern generation technique for membrane structures using geodesic line on subplane and spline interpolation

Practical techniques for smooth geodesic patterning of membrane structures were investigated.For the geodesic search,adjustment of the subplane of the extracted elements series was proposed,and various spline approximation methods were used to flatten the strip for the generation of a smooth pattern.This search approach is very simple,and the geodesic line could be easily attained by the proposed method without the need for a difficult computation method.Smooth cutting patterning can also be generated by spline approximation without the noise in discrete nodal information.Additionally,the geodesic cutting pattern saved about 21%of the required area for the catenary model due to the reduction of the curvature of the planar pattern seam line.

AN APPLICATION OF TOPOLOGICAL ANALYSIS TO STUDYING THE THREE-DIMENSIONAL FLOW IN CASCADES;PART I—TOPOLOGICAL RULES FOR SKIN-FRICTION LINES AND SECTION STREAMLINES

Based on the working of Lighthill and Hunt et al., in the present paper the author has established the topological rules adapting to analysing the skin-friction lines and the section streamlines in cascades. These rules are (1) for a rotor cascade without shroud band, the total number of nodal points equals that the saddle points on the skin-friction line vector fields in eachpitch range; (2) for an annular or straight cascade with no-clearances at blade ends, the total number of saddle points is two more than that of nodal points on the skin-friction line fields in a pitch; (3) the total number of saddles in the secondary flow fields on cross-sections in cascade is one less than that of nodes; (4) in the section streamline vector fields on a meridian surface penetrating a flow passage, and on leading and trailing edge sections, the total number of nodes is equal to that of saddles; (5) on the streamline vector fields of a blade-to-blade surface, the total number of nodes is one less than that of saddles.

Mapping Glacier Variations at Regional Scale through Equilibrium Line Altitude Interpolation: GIS andStatistical Application in Massif des Écrins (French Alps)

Glacier variation is one of the best indicators of climate change in mountainous environment. In French Alps, many temporal data are acquired by glaciologists at glaciers scale: geometrical parameters (surface area, thickness, length and front altitude) are surveyed since the end of the 19th century. Those parameters are necessary to estimate the mass-balance of glaciers and, then, an accurate temporal signal of glacier variation. However, the time-response of the glaciers can be highly variable because of the topoclimate, and more generally the local settings of the glaciers. Moreover, climatologists and hydrologists are requiring estimation of glacier variations at regional scale and not only at local scale. In this paper, we highlight that the Equilibrium Line Altitude (ELA) is a parameter prone to spatio-temporal reconstructions at regional scale. ELA can indeed be interpolated at a region scale from local data: for instance, many geographers have reconstructed spatial trends during 1980s. Here, we try to interpolate ELA from multi-dimensionnal regression analysis: ELA is explained by many local parameters (Incoming solar radiation, topographic indexes, snow-redistribution by wind, etc.). Regression model was adjusted from a spatio-temporal database of 50 glaciers, located in the Massif des écrins. ELA was estimated for each glacier thanks to the Accumulation Area Ratio (ratio = 0.65) at two stages: LIA maximum and at present. Results first show that the multiple regression analysis is efficient to interpolate ELA through space: the adjusted r2 is about 0.49 for the reconstruction during the LIA, and 0.47 at present. Moreover, the RMSE error is about 50 meters for the LIA period, 55 meters at present. Finally, a high spatial variability (standard deviation of about 150 meters) is highlighted: incoming solar radiation and snow redistribution by wind mostly explain the observed differences. We can also assess a rise of the ELA of about 250 meters during the 20th century.

A fast and precise three-dimensional measurement system based on multiple parallel line lasers

This paper conducts a trade-off between efficiency and accuracy of three-dimensional(3 D)shape measurement based on the triangulation principle,and introduces a flying and precise 3 D shape measurement method based on multiple parallel line lasers.Firstly,we establish the measurement model of the multiple parallel line lasers system,and introduce the concept that multiple base planes can help to deduce the unified formula of the measurement system and are used in simplifying the process of the calibration.Then,the constraint of the line spatial frequency,which maximizes the measurement efficiency while ensuring accuracy,is determined according to the height distribution of the object.Secondly,the simulation analyzing the variation of the systemic resolution quantitatively under the circumstance of a set of specific parameters is performed,which provides a fundamental thesis for option of the four system parameters.Thirdly,for the application of the precision measurement in the industrial field,additional profiles are acquired to improve the lateral resolution by applying a motor to scan the 3 D surface.Finally,compared with the line laser,the experimental study shows that the present method of obtaining 41220 points per frame improves the measurement efficiency.Furthermore,the accuracy and the process of the calibration are advanced in comparison with the existing multiple-line laser and the structured light makes an accuracy better than 0.22 mm at a distance of 956.02 mm.

MULTI-EPIPOLAR LINES MATCHING-BASED RAY-SPACE INTERPOLATION FOR FREE VIEWPOINT VIDEO SYSTEM

Ray-space based arbitrary viewpoint rendering without complex object segmentation or model construction is the main technology to realize Free Viewpoint Video(FVV) system for complex scenes. Ray-space interpolation and compression are two key techniques for the solution. In this paper,correlation among multiple epipolar lines in ray-space data is analyzed,and a new method of ray-space interpolation with multi-epipolar lines matching is proposed. Comparing with the pixel-based matching interpolation method and the block-based matching interpolation method,the proposed method can achieve higher Peak Signal to Noise Ratio(PSNR) in interpolating rayspace data and rendering arbitrary viewpoint images.

Using Three-Dimensional Lorenz Scatter Plots to Detect Patients with Atrioventricular Node Double Path Caused by Interpolated Ventricular Premature Systoles: A Case Study

A series of related electrophysiology phenomena can be caused by the occurrence of interpolated ventricular premature contraction.In our recent three-dimensional Lorenz R-R scatter plot research,we found that atrioventricular node double path caused by interpolated ventricular premature contraction imprints a specifi c pattern on three-dimensional Lorenz plots generated from 24-hour Holter recordings.We found two independent subclusters separated from the interpolated premature beat precluster,the interpolated premature beat cluster,and the interpolated premature beat postcluster,respectively.Combined with use of the trajectory tracking function and the leap phenomenon,our results reveal the presence of the atrioventricular node double conduction path.

Development of an In-Situ Laser Machining System Using a Three-Dimensional Galvanometer Scanner

In this study, a three-dimensional (3D) in-situ laser machining system integrating laser measurement and machining was built using a 3D galvanometer scanner equipped with a side-axis industrial camera. A line structured light measurement model based on a galvanometer scanner was proposed to obtain the 3D information of the workpiece. A height calibration method was proposed to further ensure measurement accuracy, so as to achieve accurate laser focusing. In-situ machining software was developed to realize time-saving and labor-saving 3D laser processing. The feasibility and practicability of this in-situ laser machining system were verified using specific cases. In comparison with the conventional line structured light measurement method, the proposed methods do not require light plane calibration, and do not need additional motion axes for 3D reconstruction;thus they provide technical and cost advantages. The insitu laser machining system realizes a simple operation process by integrating measurement and machining,which greatly reduces labor and time costs.

Three-dimensional analysis of pedicle screw channel,screw entry point and lateral surface of cervical vertebral body

Objective To explore three-dimensional relations of pedicle screw channel (PSC) ,screw entry point and lateral surface of cervical vertebral body by digital techniques. Methods CT scan images of cervical

考虑地震动空间相关性及大震震源效应的烈度场插值方法

地震发生后,利用强震动观测数据快速生成合理的等震线图是地震烈度速报中的一项关键技术。基于震源参数及烈度衰减规律生成的烈度等震线过于规则,无法反映局部烈度分布特征;而直接采用观测数据通过插值生成的等震线无法合理反映大震的震源效应。为此,提出一种考虑地震动空间相关性及大震震源效应的烈度场融合克里金插值方法,利用点到点之间的距离来考虑烈度的空间相关性,利用点到源之间的距离来考虑大震的震源效应。首先,在克里金插值方法的框架下,使用粒子群优化算法实现半变异函数的快速自动拟合;其次,通过两种自变量不同的半变异函数拟合实现了对空间相关性和震源效应的考虑;最后,使用日本和中国地震数据的插值结果验证方法的合理性。结果表明,融合克里金插值方法获得的烈度等震线图形状规则,能反映出一次地震的震源效应,且对台站稀疏的情况有较好的适应性,满足地震烈度速报的要求。该方法可为地震烈度速报及地震烈度等震线的绘制提供技术支持。

基于免疫Agent的电力电缆线路故障检测系统

为区别故障信号、非故障信号,实现对电缆线路故障的准确检测,设计了基于免疫Agent的电力电缆线路故障检测系统。利用前端检测电路为故障分析模块、测距方式切换模块提供电量传输信号,完成系统前端检测装置的连接。按照免疫Agent检测原理提取电力电缆线路故障信号的特征,联合已获取信号对象,求解检测插值指标的具体数值。结合各级硬件设备结构,完成系统设计。实验结果表明,该系统可同时检测波频为10~20 Hz、40~50 Hz、60~70 Hz的故障信号与波频为20~30 Hz、30~40 Hz、50~60 Hz的非故障信号,可以在精准辨别故障与非故障信号的同时,实现对电力电缆线路故障的准确检测。

Blackman-Nuttall窗FFT序列重构四谱线插值介损角测量方法

采用快速傅里叶变换(FFT)在非同步采样时会产生频谱泄露和栅栏效应,影响介质损耗角的测量精度。为提高介质损耗角的测量精度,该文提出并建立一种基于Blackman-Nuttall窗FFT序列重构的四谱线插值介损角测量方法,对采样信号加Blackman-Nuttall窗进行FFT获得离散频谱序列,通过五点变换重构离散频谱序列,然后对重构后的序列进行四谱线插值修正得到电压和电流信号的基波相位,最后由两者的基波相位得到介质损耗角。通过在频率变化、采样点数变化、初始相位变化、直流分量变化、谐波分量变化和不同信噪比的噪声下仿真实验,表明该方法具有较高的介质损耗角测量精度。在与已用加窗傅里叶变换法相比,该方法运算量小、测量精度高,适用于对介质损耗角的精确测量。

基于通用信号延迟叠加算子的电能计量非正弦谐波信号检测

非正弦负载电流作用下,电能表存在周期性谐波信号,对此,提出基于通用信号延迟叠加算子的电能计量非正弦谐波信号检测方法。基于通用信号延迟叠加算子,获取谐波频率信号和其对应正交信号,基于广义S变换处理获取的谐波频率信号后,可得出对应时间、频率采样点时信号的幅值和相位信息;通过三线谱插值计算谐波和间谐波参数,采用自适应噪声的完全集合经验模态分解,检测非正弦谐波信号。测试结果显示,所提方法变换性能良好,能够可靠完成谐波信号的变换处理并获取信号的IMF分量结果。频率、幅值和相位的检测误差结果最大值分别为0.00037、0.00042和0.00039,最高有效率达到99.54%,可有效实现电能计量非正弦谐波信号检测。

基于机载无人机三维激光扫描技术的不动产测绘研究

由于数据采集阶段位姿状态的变化,导致对目标的测绘结果往往存在较大误差。为此,提出基于机载无人机三维激光扫描技术的不动产测绘研究。选用型号为飞越X6的六旋翼无人机机架作为搭载装置,基于棱镜技术的Livox Mid40激光扫描仪作为采集装置,在全覆盖的轨迹下采集目标不动产点云数据,基于匀速运动假设和线性插值的方法进行不动产点云数据的对齐校正处理后,引入了ICP算法匹配不同位姿的不动产点云数据,将匹配后的点云数据按照坐标定位到对应的三维坐标系,构建完整的不动产模型,并使用最小二乘法对提取的边缘点进行直线拟合,完成测绘。在测试结果中,对应的误差始终在0.01m以内。

基于Rife-Vincent(Ⅰ)窗的电力谐波分析方法

快速傅里叶变换(FFT)的电力谐波分析方法应用最多,但存在频谱泄漏和栅栏现象,影响谐波分析的精确度。为解决这个问题,先分析了常用窗函数和插值算法,后提出了基于5项Rife-Vincent(Ⅰ)窗六谱线插值的谐波分析方法。通过多项式曲线拟合,推导出幅值、相位和频率的修正公式,并用于仿真验证。仿真结果证明了算法的有效性和准确性:在分析简单信号时,与Hanning窗、Hamming窗、Blackman窗相比,5项Rife-Vincent(Ⅰ)窗的检测精度更高,幅值和相位相对误差分别小于8.94×10^(-6)%和2.60×10^(-4)%,基波频率相对误差低至-1.44×10^(-8)%;在分析包含间谐波的复杂信号时,所提出的算法相比其他算法计算精度更高。

Evaluation of Two Momentum Control Variable Schemes and Their Impact on the Variational Assimilation of Radar Wind Data:Case Study of a Squall Line

Different choices of control variables in variational assimilation can bring about different influences on the analyzed atmospheric state. Based on the WRF model＇s three-dimensional variational assimilation system, this study compares the be- havior of two momentum control variable options-streamfunction velocity potential （ψ-χ） and horizontal wind components （U-V）-in radar wind data assimilation for a squall line case that occurred in Jiangsu Province on 24 August 2014. The wind increment from the single observation test shows that the ψ-χ control variable scheme produces negative increments in the neighborhood around the observation point because streamfunction and velocity potential preserve integrals of velocity. On the contrary, the U-V control variable scheme objectively reflects the information of the observation itself. Furthermore, radial velocity data from 17 Doppler radars in eastern China are assimilated. As compared to the impact of conventional observation, the assimilation of radar radial velocity based on the U-V control variable scheme significantly improves the mesoscale dynamic field in the initial condition. The enhanced low-level jet stream, water vapor convergence and low-level wind shear result in better squall line forecasting. However, the ψ-χ control variable scheme generates a discontinuous wind field and unrealistic convergence/divergence in the analyzed field, which lead to a degraded precipitation forecast.

Evaluation of earthquake impact on magnitude of the minimum principal stress along a shotcrete lined pressure tunnel in Nepal

In situ stress condition in rock mass is influenced by both tectonic activity and geological environment such as faulting and shearing in the rock mass.This influence is of significance in the Himalayan region,where the tectonic movement is active,resulting in periodic dynamic earthquakes.Each large-scale earthquake causes both accumulation and sudden release of strain energy,instigating changes in the in situ stress environment in the rock mass.This paper first highlights the importance of the magnitude of the minimum principal stress in the design of unlined or shotcrete lined pressure tunnel as water conveyance system used for hydropower schemes.Then we evaluated the influence of local shear faults on the magnitude of the minimum principal stress along the shotcrete lined high pressure tunnel of Upper Tamakoshi Hydroelectric Project(UTHP)in Nepal.A detailed assessment of the in situ stress state is carried out using both measured data and three-dimensional(3D)numerical analyses with FLAC3D.Finally,analysis is carried out on the possible changes in the magnitude of the minimum principal stress in the rock mass caused by seismic movement(dynamic loading).A permanent change in the stress state at and nearby the area of shear zones along the tunnel alignment is found to be an eminent process.

Scaling properties of phase-change line memory

Phase-change line memory cells with different line widths are fabricated using focused-ion-beam deposited C-Pt as a hard mask. The electrical performance of these memory devices was characterized. The current^oltage （I-V） and resistance-voltage （RV） characteristics demonstrate that the power consumption decreases with the width of the phase-change line. A three-dimensional simulation is carried out to further study the scaling properties of the phase- change line memory. The results show that the resistive amorphous （RESET） power consumption is proportional to the cross-sectional area of the phase-change line, but increases as the line length decreases.