Analytical model for thermal lensing and spherical aberration in diode side-pumped Nd:YAG laser rod having Gaussian pump profile

In this paper, according to the temperature and strain distribution obtained by considering the Gaussian pump profile and dependence of physical properties on temperature, we derive an analytical model for refractive index variations of the diode side-pumped Nd：YAG laser rod. Then we evaluate this model by numerical solution and our maximum relative errors are 5% and 10% for variations caused by thermo–optical and thermo–mechanical effects; respectively. Finally, we present an analytical model for calculating the focal length of the thermal lens and spherical aberration. This model is evaluated by experimental results.

A Three-Dimensional Satellite Retrieval Method for Atmospheric Temperature and Moisture Profiles

A three-dimensional variational method is proposed to simultaneously retrieve the 3-D atmospheric temperature and moisture profiles from satellite radiance measurements. To include both vertical structure and the horizontal patterns of the atmospheric temperature and moisture, an EOF technique is used to decompose the temperature and moisture field in a 3-D space. A number of numerical simulations are conducted and they demonstrate that the 3-D method is less sensitive to the observation errors compared to the 1-D method. When the observation error is more than 2.0 K, to get the best results, the truncation number for the EOF＇s expansion have to be restricted to 2 in the 1-D method, while it can be set as large as 40 in a 3-D method. This results in the truncation error being reduced and the retrieval accuracy being improved in the 3-D method. Compared to the 1-D method, the rms errors of the 3-D method are reduced by 48% and 36% for the temperature and moisture retrievals, respectively. Using the real satellite measured brightness temperatures at 0557 UTC 31 July 2002, the temperature and moisture profiles are retrieved over a region （20°-45°N, 100°- 125°E） and compared with 37 collocated radiosonde observations. The results show that the retrieval accuracy with a 3-D method is significantly higher than those with the 1-D method.

A Portable Noncontact Profile Scanning System for Aircraft Assembly

Three-dimensional(3D)profile scanning plays a crucial role in the inspection of assembled large aircraft.In this paper,to achieve noncontact automatic measurements of the high-reflective profiles of large-scale curved parts and components,an automated noncontact system and method with high accuracy and high efficiency are presented.First,a hybrid 3D coordinate measurement system based on proximity sensors and cameras is proposed to obtain noncontact measurements while avoiding the influence of high reflection on the measurement accuracy.A hybrid measurement model that combines the one-dimensional distances measured by the proximity sensors and the 3D information obtained by cameras is proposed to determine high-accuracy 3D coordinates of the measured points.Then,a profile-driven 3D automated scanning method and strategy are designed to rapidly scan and reconstruct the profile within the effective range without scratching the profile or exceeding the measurement range of the proposed system.Finally,experiments and accuracy analyses are performed in situ on an assembled tailplane panel(approximately 1760 mm×460 mm).The automated scanning process is completed in a timeframe of 208s with an average error of less than 0.121 mm for profile reconstruction.Therefore,the proposed method is promising considering both the high accuracy and high efficiency requirements of profile inspections for large aircraft.

Dual-polarized lens antenna based on multimode metasurfaces

We propose a dual-polarized lens antenna system based on isotropic metasurfaces for 12 GHz applications. The metasurface lens is composed of subwavelength unit cells（0.24λ0） with metallic strips etched on the top and bottom sides of the unit cell, and a cross-slots metallic layer in the middle that serves as the ground. The multimode resonance in the unit cell can realize a large phase shift（covering 0？–360？）, and the total transmission efficiency of the lens is above 80%.The feed antenna at the focal point of the lens is a broadband dual-polarized microstrip antenna. Both the simulated and the measured results demonstrate that the dual-polarized lens antenna system can realize a gain of more than 16.1 dB, and an input port isolation of more than 25.0 dB.

Lateral-profile planning:Three-dimensional-profile-based optimal trajectory generation

The conventional re-entry guidance method considerably limits the maneuverability of hypersonic glide vehicles under pre-given angle-of-attack profiles.To address this issue,based on a previous three-dimensional(3D)profile guidance method,we propose a lateral-profile-first 3D profile optimization design strategy to solve the trajectory generation problem under complex conditions involving multiple constraints.Unlike the traditional method,which prioritizes the design of the longitudinal drag acceleration profiles,our method first converted the re-entry flight constraints into a lateral flight corridor,generated the initial lateral profile via parameterization,and solved the 3D profile using the coupling relationship between the longitudinal and lateral motions.The design of the 3D profile requires simultaneous consideration of waypoints,no-fly zones,and altitude profiles;hence,a new 3D profile optimization design model was constructed,and a customized sequential quadratic programming algorithm was employed to solve it.The advantages of the proposed method were demonstrated based on landing footprint results obtained using the lateral profile-first strategy.Finally,simulation results based on the common aero vehicle-high-performance model verified the feasibility and effectiveness of the strategy.

A novel fabrication technique for three-dimensional concave nanolens arrays

A novel facile technique is proposed for fabricating three-dimensional(3D)concave nanolens arrays on a silicon substrate.The technique leverages an inherent characteristic of the polymethyl methacrylate(PMMA)resist during inductively coupled plasma(ICP)etching.The tendency for plasma ions to accumulate at the edge of the PMMA resist helps create a local electric field that causes the ions to etch the sidewall of the PMMA resist.This process progressively increases the uncovered area,resulting in a graded etched depth or a concave structure in the substrate.In addition,using a given ICP etching recipe,the time required for a PMMA resist to be removed by sidewall etching is determined by its width.The use of PMMA resist of different widths enables one to achieve structures of varying etched depths and thus a 3D lens array.Optical characteristics of the fabricated nanolens were simulated using the FDTD(Finite-difference time-domain)method,and focal lengths ranging from 150 nm to 420 nm were obtained.This type of nanolens is very useful in ultraviolet optical devices and CMOS image sensors.

Low-profile microwave lens antenna based on isotropic Huygens＇ metasurfaces

An isotropic electromagnetic （EM） lens based on Huygens＇ metasurface is proposed for 28.0 GHz lens antenna design. The lens consists of a series of non-resonant and subwavelength metallic patterns etched on both sides of an ultrathin dielectric substrate. Both electric and magnetic responses are introduced to realize desired abrupt phase change and high-efficiency transmission for the secondary wavelets in the incident wavefront. Then, a substrate-integrated waveguide （SIW） fed patch antenna is combined with the lens as the primary feed to form a low-profile lens antenna system. The simulated and measured results coincide with each other, and demonstrate that the prototype realizes 8.8 dB-12.6 dB gain increment and low side-lobe levels over the bandwidth of 26.7 GHz-30.0 GHz. The novel design leads to a low-profile, light weight, and low-cost antenna solution in a wireless communication system.

Development of an upgraded motional Stark effect diagnostic system on EAST tokamak

A new multi-channel motional Stark effect(MSE)diagnostic system has been developed on the upgraded EAST tokamak,which was installed on the port C to observe a tangential neutral beam.A telecentric imaging lens was deployed to ensure uniform illumination from the core to the boundary.A square fiber head which contained 23 fiber bundles was mounted to this imaging lens;each fiber bundle contained 19 fibers and two of them were assigned to CXRS and BES spectrometer,respectively.The angle tuning method was used for matching the Doppler shift of theσcomponent’s wavelength which was caused by the beam voltage.At the present stage,the MSE system only contains ten channels that would be extended to 23 channels in the future,covering a measurement range from R=1.8 to R=2.27 m with a temporal resolution of 10 ms and a spatial resolution of3 cm.The polarization angle-constrained q profiles and current density profiles were reconstructed with EFIT equilibrium reconstructions.In the sawtooth discharges,the q=1 surface position was validated by the ECE signals,which further verified the rationality of the MSE measurement.

采用变焦液体透镜的共焦检测系统的设计与仿真

共焦显微技术越来越广泛地应用于微机电系统和半导体器件的三维轮廓测量。设计一种新型采用变焦透镜作为轴向扫描方式的共焦显微系统,利用变焦透镜的焦距变化来代替传统的轴向位移扫描。系统实现了无机械运动的轴向扫描,消除了传统共焦系统中由位移台移动带来的振动,不仅减小了系统的复杂度,而且降低了成本。进一步设计了基于位移台和变焦透镜的两种共焦检测系统,并且对其进行了仿真实验。实验结果表明:基于位移台和基于变焦透镜的共焦系统的聚焦成像和离焦成像结果类似,并且光强的轴向分布曲线也基本相同,表明此方法可行。

AZ9260光刻胶制作连续非球面微透镜阵列的研究

为解决研制深浮雕连续非球面微光学元件所面临的浮雕深度和面型控制这两大难点,选取吸收系数小的AZ9260正性光刻胶进行实验研究。提出了采用低温长时间前烘和连续升温后烘技术实现深浮雕结构和非球面面型的控制,并得到口径为300μm、抗蚀剂厚度为35.49μm、石英刻蚀深度为72.36μm双曲线柱面透镜的最佳光刻工艺参数。实验曲线与标准双曲线拟合所得最大误差为2.3637μm,均方根差为0.9779μm。

塑料光纤预制棒折射率分布的测量

针对界面凝胶法制作的梯度折射率塑料光纤预制棒,提出了一种利用预制棒成像测量其折射率分布的方法,它是一种非破坏性测量。实验结果表明这种测量方法简单有效。

热压成型参数对非球面透镜轮廓偏差的影响

目的研究玻璃热压成型参数对非球面玻璃透镜轮廓偏差的影响。方法设计正交试验,并通过Msc.Marc软件对玻璃透镜热压成型过程进行数值模拟,在不同热压成型参数组合下,测量透镜轮廓偏差的大小,从而得到最佳热压成型参数组合。接着进行透镜热压试验,观察成型透镜形状与设计值间的偏差,验证仿真分析结果。结果经正交优化分析,热压温度为570℃时,最大轮廓偏差均值为2.876μm;热压速率为0.02 mm/s时,最大轮廓偏差均值为2.808μm;摩擦因数为0.6时,最大轮廓偏差均值为2.780μm;退火速率为1.5℃/s时,最大轮廓偏差均值为1.893μm;保持压力为700 N时,最大轮廓偏差均值为1.775μm;冷却速率为1℃/s时,最大轮廓偏差均值为1.990μm。它们在各自参数组别中都为最小值。优化成型参数组合为:热压温度570℃,热压速率0.02 mm/s,摩擦因数0.6,网格大小0.05 mm,退火速率1.5℃/s,保持压力700 N,冷却速率3℃/s。热压试验测得最大偏差值为1.61μm。结论离透镜中心越远,透镜表面的轮廓偏差越大。热压模型网格划分越细,越能准确地模拟玻璃热压成型过程。热压速率增大时,透镜的轮廓偏差会增大。热压温度升高,透镜的轮廓偏差会减小,但过高的热压温度会使轮廓偏差变大。退火速率、保持压力、摩擦因数增大时,透镜的轮廓偏差会减小,冷却速率对轮廓偏差无明显影响。

高斯光束经抛物形发散梯度折射率棒透镜的变换公式

用变分法以及 ABCD 定律,导出高斯光束经过抛物形发散梯度折射率棒透镜的变换公式。

高斯光束通过非线性抛物形梯度折射率棒透镜的变换

本文导出了高斯光束通过非线性抛物形梯度折射率棒透镜的变换公式。结果表明,它的变换特性依赖于光功率、入射光束的束腰、物距以及透镜参数。

光滑曲面的硅微透镜列阵形成机理研究

采用碱性腐蚀的典型微机械加工法 ,制备出了光滑曲面的硅微透镜列阵 ,对试验样品进行了轮廓曲线测试 ,计算出了该腐蚀工艺的快腐蚀面 .重点研究了微透镜列阵凹面的形成机理 ,提出了与试验测试结果相吻合的解释模型 .该模型对微光学透镜的设计加工具有重要指导意义 .

一种基于超表面的低剖面宽带透镜天线

提出一种新型的基于超表面的低剖面宽带高增益透镜天线,该透镜采用宽带的电偶极子天线作为馈源,设计中心频率工作在10GHz.针对超表面透镜在不同位置的折射率的需求,同时提出了一种新型的非谐振超材料单元,该单元由三层介质板组成,中间一层是印有十字形带状线的双层印刷板.通过改变上下两层介质的介电常数,可以达到不同的折射率变化范围,从而实现透镜的中间层和阻抗匹配层对折射率的需求.所提出的透镜天线设计方法可以获得21 dBi的最高增益以及58%的-10dB阻抗带宽.更重要的是所提出的具有高折射率的超材料单元可以实现只有0.32λ0的透镜厚度,大大减小了透镜的剖面.最后进行了加工实验,对所提出的方法和仿真结果进行了验证,实验结果表明,透镜天线的实测带宽、方向图和增益都与仿真理论结果有较好的吻合度.

自聚焦透镜最佳离子交换时间的实验研究

介绍了用离子交换法制作铊型自聚焦透镜及其干涉片工艺,通过对经过不同交换时间的自聚焦透镜的折射率分布的测试及成像特点的分析,得出透镜离子交换时间与交换深度、折射率分布的关系,由此确定用离子交换法制作自聚焦透镜的最佳离子交换时间.

非球面表面形状的线测量技术

描述了一种在超精密磨削机床上基于误差分离法的非球面表面形状精密测量系统 .首先 ,论述了一般用于平面形状测量的两点法不能直接用于非球面形状测量的原因在于测头的设置误差会引起很大的形状测量误差 .提出了先通过两点法测量平面形状得出机床的运动误差 ,然后对测量非球面形状的另外一个测头的输出进行补偿以得出正确的非球面形状 .用此系统测量了一个直径为 3 0mm的非球面镜头的表面形状 .

光谱共焦三维形貌仪用超大色散线性物镜组设计

光谱共焦三维形貌仪具有精度高、测量范围大、适应性强等特点,其关键部件是产生轴向色散的物镜,色散物镜轴向色散与波长间的非线性会导致系统整体性能下降。分析了共焦法检测表面形貌的工作原理,以及产生线性轴向色散的条件,根据共焦光学系统的基本设计原理,在预设的设计指标及要求下,完成一个超大色散线性物镜组设计。该色散物镜组采用四级串联结构,在400~700nm光谱范围内达到30mm的色散范围,波长离焦量和波长之间线性度通过线性回归拟合得出判定系数为1,满足色散的线性度要求。

基于全场干涉测量方法的透镜三维轮廓测量

为了满足高精度透镜加工工艺的要求,设计了一套基于全场干涉测量方法的透镜三维轮廓测量系统。已标定的透镜三维轮廓测量系统利用分布式反馈激光二极管对透镜进行波数扫描,对CCD相机采集到的干涉图像依次进行随机采样傅里叶变换和解卷绕算法,最终通过计算得出透镜的三维轮廓数据。实验结果表明:该系统横向和纵向的分辨率均为0.011 3mm/pixels,深度方向的测量均方根误差为±19.8nm。系统结构简单、稳定性高,对透镜没有任何接触,不会对透镜表面造成损伤,适用于透镜的高精度轮廓测量。