Three-dimensional stochastic seepage field for embankment engineering

Owing to the complexity of geo-engineering seepage problems influenced by different random factors, three-dimensional simulation and analysis of the stochastic seepage field plays an important role in engineering applications. A three-dimensional anisotropic heterogeneous steady random seepage model was developed on the basis of the finite element method. A statistical analysis of the distribution characteristics of soil parameters sampled from the main embankment of the Yangtze River in the Southern Jingzhou zone of China was conducted. The Kolomogorov-Smirnov test verified the statistical hypothesis that the permeability coefficient tensor has a Gaussian distribution. With the help of numerical analysis of the stochastic seepage field using the developed model, various statistical and random characteristics of the stochastic seepage field of the main embankment of the Yangtze River in the Southern Jingzhou zone of China were investigated. The model was also examined with statistical testing. Through the introduction of random variation of the upstream and downstream water levels into the model, the effects of the boundary randomness due to variation of the downstream and upstream water levels on the variation of simulated results presented with a vector series of the random seepage field were analyzed. Furthermore, the combined influence of the variation of the soil permeability coefficient and such seepage resistance measures as the cut-off wall and relief ditch on the hydraulic head distribution was analyzed and compared with the results obtained by determinate analysis. Meanwhile, sensitivities of the hydraulic gradient and downstream exit height to the variation of boundary water level were studied. The validity of the simulated results was verified by stochastic testing and measured data. The developed model provides more detail and a full stochastic algorithm to characterize and analyze three-dimensional stochastic seepage field problems.

Numerical simulation of seepage flow field in groundwater source heat pump system and its influence on temperature field

Energy utilization in the aquifers is a new technology closely related to development of heat pump technique. It is significant for the flow distribution to be predicted in the aquifer surrounding the Groundwater Source Heat Pump System （GSHPS）. The authors presented a new concept of ＂flow transfixion＂ by analyzing general features of aquifers, and then discussed interaction of the flow transfixion with the beat transfixion, which has practical significance to projects. A numerical model of groundwater flow was established based on the basic tenets of water-heat transferring in the aquifer. On this basis the flow field and the temperature field of GSHPS for a site in Shenyang City were numerically simulated. The basis of the flow transfixion was obtained; it was discussed for the influence of the flow transfixion on the heat transfixion. To a certain extent, the study offers some reference for the projects＇ design of GSHP in the studied area.

EXPERIMENTAL INVESTIGATION FOR THE EFFECT OF ROTATION ON THREE-DIMENSIONAL FLOW FIELD IN FILM-COOLED TURBINE

An experimental investigation of three-dimensional flow field in a film-cooled turbine model is carried out by using particle image velocimeter （PIV） in a low-speed wind tunnel. The effects of different blowing ratios （M=1.5, 2） on the flow field are studied. The experimental results reveal the classical phenomena of the formation of kidney vortex pair and secondary flow in wake region behind the jet hole. And the changes of the kidney vortex pair and the wake at different locations away from the hole on the suction and pressure sides are also studied. Compared with the flow field in stationary cascade, there are centrifugal force and Coriolis force existing in the flow field of rotating turbine, and these forces bring the radial velocity in the jet flow. The effect of rotatien on the flow field of the pressure side is more distinct than that on the suction side from the measured flow fields in Y-Z plane and radial velocity contours. The increase of blowing ratio makes the kidney vortex pair and the secondary flow in the wake region stronger and makes the range of the wake region enlarged.

Seepage simulation of high concrete-faced rockfill dams based on generalized equivalent continuum model

This research focused on the three-dimensional(3 D) seepage field simulation of a high concrete-faced rockfill dam(CFRD) under complex hydraulic conditions. A generalized equivalent continuum model of fractured rock mass was used for equivalent continuous seepage field analysis based on the improved node virtual flow method. Using a high CFRD as an example, the generalized equivalent continuum range was determined, and a finite element model was established based on the terrain and geological conditions, as well as structural face characteristics of the dam area. The equivalent seepage coefficients of different material zones or positions in the dam foundation were calculated with the Snow model or inverse analysis. Then, the 3 D seepage field in the dam area was calculated under the normal water storage conditions, and the corresponding water head distribution, seepage flow, seepage gradient, and seepage characteristics in the dam area were analyzed. The results show that the generalized equivalent continuum model can effectively simulate overall seepage patterns of the CFRD under complex hydraulic conditions and provide a reference for seepage analysis of similar CFRDs.

声呐渗流测试技术之质疑

介绍了近年来新出现的用声呐法测试渗流速度和渗流方向这一技术的核心内容,包括测试装置、测试原理和计算方法等。从理论和实践上对其提出了4方面的质疑:测试原理的理论基础、渗流速度计算方法、渗流方向确定和流场畸变。通过理论分析、公式的推导和数据的可靠性分析后认为:声呐测试渗流的原理缺乏理论解释;计算渗流速度的公式反映的只是孔内垂向流速度,实际还是由测量误差产生的伪垂向流速度,且该公式本身就推导不成立;无论垂向流是向上流动或向下流动,探头上部的水声器发射的声波到达下部平面对称分布的6个水声器的时间在理论上是相等的,因而也无法通过合成法求得渗流方向,所提供的渗流方向实际是由指数级时间误差计算得到的伪流向;即声呐法无法获得渗流速度,包括水平向渗流速度和垂直向流动速度,也无法获得水平向渗流方向。

当前渗流力学理论遇到的挑战与对策思考

本文详细阐述了渗流力学经典理论——达西定律的发展历程及其适用条件,并从Navier-Stokes(N-S)方程推导出了达西定律在多孔介质中的毛细管渗流和裂缝渗流中的数学表达式。文章指出了当前达西定律应用中存在的8大问题,并综合分析了渗流力学理论在油气田开发中的主要挑战。针对这些挑战,本文提出了一系列对策和思考。文章强调指出:构建多尺度、多物理场耦合模型并借助AI科学计算是揭示油气储层复杂真实流动机制,填补目前理论空白的必由之路。建议指出:进一步发展核磁共振、电镜扫描及智能数据与图像处理等高精度实验技术,以直观展现流体在储层中的流动行为和过程。最后,建议综合运用实验研究、新理论模型建立和AI科学研究方法(AI for Science),突破油气渗流力学理论中目前遇到的挑战。研究成果可为我国高校、科研机构和研究者开展石油科学理论研究和课题立项提供重要参考,同时可为我国油气资源可持续进行科学和技术战略规划提供强有力的技术支撑。

汪清抽水蓄能电站输水发电系统渗控效果数值模拟研究

抽水蓄能电站输水发电系统埋深较大,受排水廊道、隧洞充水、复杂地质条件、天然地下水等多种因素影响,常形成复杂渗流场。依托汪清抽水蓄能电站工程,基于FEFLOW建立包含输水隧洞、地下厂房、排水廊道、围岩、断层的三维渗流稳态模型,分析了沿输水发电系统纵剖面的渗流场分布特征,并对各部位的渗流量进行预测。根据模拟结果对初始方案进行优化,修改方案取消了不必要的中平段排水廊道,并抬升下平段排水廊道使其以自流方式排出渗水,厂房区排水廊道和洞室群渗流量合计8048.16 m^(3)/d,为地下厂房排水泵选型提供了较大富裕度。修改方案取得较好的防渗排水效果,对类似工程的渗控措施优化具有指导意义。

渗流地层地铁联络通道冻结壁形成过程及其影响因素分析

冻结法凭借封水性好、适应性强和环境影响小等优势成为地铁联络通道施工的主要工法之一,而地下水渗流易引起冻结壁交圈时间延后、厚度和平均温度不及预期,对冻结工程的推进具有不利影响。本文采用频域反射法获取饱和砂砾石未冻水体积分数和温度的函数关系式,基于多孔介质传热和渗流理论,建立考虑相变的饱和地层渗流冻结流热耦合数学模型,利用联络通道冻结模型试验结果验证流热耦合模型的有效性。在此基础上,研究渗流速度、冷媒温度、冻结管直径和渗流温度对联络通道冻结壁形成过程和交圈时间的影响规律。最后,采用正交试验方法对冻结壁形成过程影响因素的显著性进行分析,提出考虑多因素影响的冻结壁交圈时间和标厚时间预测方法。研究结果表明:无渗流时,联络通道冻结温度场呈W型对称分布;当渗流速度为51.2 m/d时,地层温度场不再呈对称分布,上游区域温度高于下游区域温度。渗流速度是影响联络通道冻结壁形成的首要因素,冻结管直径和冷媒温度次之,渗流温度对交圈时间的影响较小。上游侧墙是渗流地层冻结壁扩展的薄弱环节,应加强该区域温度场的监测,跟踪冻结壁的形成过程。

MODFLOW在四川天台滑坡地下水渗流场模拟当中的应用

四川天台滑坡的发展与形成与暴雨期间滑坡体内各种水的作用密切相关,通过MODFLOW三维渗流计算软件对滑坡体内渗流场的变化进行模拟,以期对滑坡的形成机制做进一步的了解,并对滑坡治理工作提供可靠依据。

潜水位动态计算灌溉回渗强度动力学方法研究

在沟渠侧渗与田间下渗都不可忽略的灌区,由于潜水水位动态数据分项计算田间下渗与沟渠侧渗的困难,研究基于地下水动力学原理,当田间下渗强度ε为常数,将ε作源汇项构建沟渠附近潜水非稳定流模型,对模型进行线性化、齐次化处理,利用Laplace变换,求出模型解;对随时间变化的下渗强度,利用分段函数将其离散,按叠加原理求出解.然后,基于模型解,构建利用潜水水位动态数据计算田间下渗强度的递推公式,结合Darcy定律给出计算沟渠侧渗算式,讨论沟渠边界对潜水位变动及对侧渗强度的影响规律.以淮北平原某干渠附近潜水位动态为例,演示上述过程:在48 h计算期内,沟渠侧渗对潜水位变动的贡献比例,从初期的4.3%迅速上升到末期的62.8%.据此所提出的计算灌溉回渗强度的动力学方法可为灌溉水入渗地下水计算提供参考.

基于GTS的某尾矿库三维渗流场分析

文章采用MIDAS/GTS软件,运用初流量法,选取合适的边界条件对某尾矿坝各个分区及渗流系统包括地下水导排管、防渗膜、排水棱体、截渗坝等进行了三维有限元模拟.选取13个垂直于堆积坝坝轴线的典型剖面绘制渗流场分布图,对渗流场分布、渗流量、渗透梯度等进行计算分析,并得出合理结论,可为类似工程提供参考.

基于拟流场法的堤坝管涌三分量渗漏检测仪设计及应用

为提高在复杂水环境下堤坝管涌渗漏探测的准确度,从而更好地服务于病险堤坝管涌渗漏查险需求,从深入剖析拟流场法的场强值空间XYZ三个分量(简称三分量)特征入手,分析不同管涌渗漏水域对场强值的影响,采用三分量合成总场强值的方法,消除了探头姿态变化对场强值的影响。设计了一种基于拟流场法的堤坝管涌三分量渗漏检测的仪器。仪器应用测试结果表明:在稳定场情况下,连续缓慢旋转探头,三分量总场强值基本保持稳定,变化幅度小于11.1%,在小信号情况下更稳定、更灵敏,与单一分量对比,幅度增强93.8%,且在远离水底条件下也能够准确检测到管涌渗漏入水口异常信号。研究成果可为堤防、堤坝群等存在的滑坡坍塌、裂缝、管涌渗漏等隐患排查提供参考。

The variational inequality formulation for unconfined seepage through three-dimensional dense fracture networks

The space block search technology is used to determine a connected three-dimensional fracture network in polygonal shapes,i.e.,seepage paths.After triangulation on these polygons,a finite element mesh for 3D fracture network seepage is obtained.Through introduction of the generalized Darcy's law,conservative equations for both fracture surface and fracture interactions are established.Combined with the boundary condition of Signorini's type,a partial differential equation(PDE) formulation is presented for the whole domain concerned.To solve this problem efficiently,an equivalent variational inequality(VI) formulation is given.With the penalized Heaviside function,a finite element procedure for unconfined seepage problem in 3D fracture network is developed.Through an example in a homogeneous rectangular dam,validity of the algorithm is verified.The analysis of an unconfined seepage problem in a complex fracture network shows that the proposed algorithm is very applicable to complex three-dimensional problems,and is effective in describing some interesting phenomenon usually encountered in practice,such as "preferential flow".

Three-dimensional flow field simulation of steady flow in the serrated diffusers and nozzles of valveless micro-pumps

This paper presents a three-dimensional flow field simulation of the steady flows through diffusers and nozzles with straight or serrated-sided walls to analyze the effect of the channel structure on the flow characteristics.The pressure and velocity profiles in the diffusers and the nozzles as well as the net volumetric flow rate are determined.Our simulation demonstrates that the pressure and velocity profiles in the serrated diffuser/nozzles are more complicated than those with the straight-sided wall,while the net steady flow rate with the straight-sided wall increases monotonically with the increase of the pressure difference,the steady flow rate with serrated sided walls increases gradually to reach a maximum and then decreases with the increase of the pressure difference.The results suggest that the number of the sawteeth plays a significant role in optimizing the design of serrated diffusers and nozzles for improving the transport efficiency of valveless micro-pumps.

Characteristic size research of human nasal cavity and the respiratory airflow CFD analysis

To study the airflow distribution in human nasal cavity during respiration and the characteristic parameters for nasal structure, thirty three-dimensional, anatomically accurate representations of adult nasal cavity models were reconstructed based on processed tomography images collected from normal people. The airflow fields in nasal cavities were simulated using the fluid dynamics with the finite element software ANSYS. The results showed that the difference of human nasal cavity structure led to varying airflow distribution in the nasal cavities and the main airflow passed through the common nasal meatus. The nasal resistance in the regions of nasal valve and nasal vestibule accounted for more than a half of overall resistance. The characteristic model of nasal cavity was extracted based on the characteristic points and dimensions deducted from the original models. It showed that either the geometric structure or the air-flow field of the two kinds of model was similar. The characteristic dimensions were the characteristic parameters of nasal cavity that properly represented the original model in research for nasal cavity.

深井降水条件下穿沁引水隧洞渗流分析

深井降水会导致地下水位下降、降低土体强度和稳定性,从而影响引水隧洞施工安全。为研究深井降水对施工期隧洞渗流场的影响,以西霞院水利枢纽输水及灌区工程穿沁隧洞为依托,建立了该隧洞三维渗流有限元计算模型,考虑隧洞施工计划和沁河水位变化,分析了深井降水和未降水情况下隧洞渗流特性。结果表明,深井降水会对隧洞开挖产生影响,使深井周围渗流场位势分布特征发生改变,浸润面形成降落漏斗,水位等值线在深井附近呈回水环状。深井降水相较于深井未降水时的最大渗透坡降、单宽渗透流量分别增加了18.6、3.3倍,各工况下土层渗透稳定均满足要求。研究成果可为类似引调水工程的设计和施工提供参考依据。

SICOMINES铜钴矿开采阶段地下水变化规律研究

以刚果(金)SICOMINES铜钴矿为背景,通过分析矿区水文地质条件、矿区1976—2022年地下水流场演变特征和排水数据,对矿区水位变化规律进行深入研究,结果表明地下水动态变化特征是以侧向补给为主、降水为辅;排水以补给量为主、储存量为辅。地下水流动以管道流为主、渗流为辅,含水层之间联系密切,地下水渗透阻力小,坡度缓,连通性好,下部含水层排水能降低不同含水层水位。地下水系统主要由缝、洞构成,存在以空洞为汇集的地下水主径流带,矿区为构造控水。

地铁建设对岩溶水渗流场影响的修复效果模拟

地铁工程因穿越岩溶含水层,易引起地下水渗流场发生变化,从而诱发工程及地质问题,为保护地下水环境,迫切需要一种简易且安全的疏导方案。为探讨地铁建设对地下水渗流场的影响,在总结研究区岩性结构及其水文地质特征的基础上,采用数值模拟方法模拟地铁车站建设前后及增加导流措施后地下水渗流场的变化,分析不同地质条件下地铁建设对地下水渗流场的影响并验证导流措施的修复能力。结果表明:研究区地铁车站地下水渗流结构可划分为土层夹卵砾石-岩浆岩孔隙-裂隙渗流双层结构(车站A)、土层夹卵砾石-灰岩孔隙-岩溶渗流结构(车站B)、土层夹碎石厚层单层孔隙渗流结构(车站C)3大类,地铁基坑建设对周边原有渗流场水动力条件的影响程度与地层结构密切相关。地铁车站的建设导致迎水面水位上升,背水面水位下降,车站A、车站B和车站C迎水面水位最大壅高分别为0.40、0.32和0.62 m;对地下水渗流场的影响范围与地质条件、车站数量以及车站建设方向与水流方向的夹角密切相关,总体上迎水面影响范围大于背水面。导流措施能最大程度恢复地下水渗流场,各车站地下水回落后的水位与天然水位的欧式贴近度均大于0.98。但导流措施布设的数量与位置同时受水流夹角、地质结构、水动力条件等多重因素影响,需结合实际情况设置。该研究成果可为地铁工程建设与地下水环境保护提供依据。

裂隙倾角对典型海底金属矿多裂隙围岩流热耦合的影响

为探究裂隙倾角对三山岛金矿多裂隙围岩流热耦合的影响,基于三山岛海底矿体测量数据建立多裂隙围岩流热耦合模型,应用COMSOL Multiphysics将三维裂隙降维简化,分析裂隙倾角在流热耦合过程中对渗流场中裂隙出口流量、渗流速度以及对温度场中的传热时间、温度分布、裂隙出口温度的影响。结果表明:离散裂隙的倾角对渗流场和温度场有明显的控制作用。地热水的渗流速度随着与入口处距离的增加总体呈现先减小后平稳流动最后增大的趋势,随着时间的推移裂隙出口流量皆呈现出不断减小的趋势;裂隙围岩距离巷道越远温度越高,不同裂隙倾角附近围岩的等温线分布明显不规则。

APPLICATION OF BODY－FITTED CURVILINEAR COORDINATE TRANSFORMATION IN 3－D SEEPAGE FLOW COMPUTATION

In this paper, a three-dimensional seepage flow problem was solved by use of boundary-fitted curvilinear coordinates transformation technique. The application of the presented method in a practical project was briefly described.