A new method of measuring optical turbulence of atmospheric surface layer at Antarctic Taishan Station with ultrasonic anemometer

To find the optimal location for large-aperture telescopes is a goal of astronomy. Chinese Antarctic astronomy has begun to flourish in recent years, and it is an urgent need in basic astronomical work to measure and analyze the optical turbulence spatiotemporal distribution in the Antarctic region. We analyzed turbulence data measured by a mobile atmospheric parameter measurement system from 30 December 2013 to 10 February 2014 at Antarctic Taishan Station. Because there is a discrepancy between the refractive index structure constant Cn2 measured by an ultrasonic anemometer with a single-point temperature structure function method and by micro-thermometer, a new method to measure C,2 with a temperature spectrum method is proposed herein. Through comparing long-term continuous Cn2 data derived from ultrasonic anemometer with those via the new method and micro-thermometer, trend, magnitude and measured weak turbulence of-2× 10-16m-2/3 are generally satisfactory. The reason for the discrepancy in Cn2 measurement between the ultrasonic anemometer with the old method and micro-thermometer is investigated.

Fracture of two three-dimensional parallel internal cracks in brittle solid under ultrasonic fracturing

Similar to hydraulic fracturing(HF), the coalescence and fracture of cracks are induced within a rock under the action of an ultrasonic field, known as ultrasonic fracturing(UF). Investigating UF is important in both hard rock drilling and oil and gas recovery. A three-dimensional internal laser-engraved crack(3D-ILC) method was introduced to prefabricate two parallel internal cracks within the samples without any damage to the surface. The samples were subjected to UF. The mechanism of UF was elucidated by analyzing the characteristics of fracture surfaces. The crack propagation path under different ultrasonic parameters was obtained by numerical simulation based on the Paris fatigue model and compared to the experimental results of UF. The results show that the 3D-ILC method is a powerful tool for UF research.Under the action of an ultrasonic field, the fracture surface shows the characteristics of beach marks and contains powder locally, indicating that the UF mechanism includes high-cycle fatigue fracture, shear and friction, and temperature load. The two internal cracks become close under UF. The numerical result obtained by the Paris fatigue model also shows the attraction of the two cracks, consistent with the test results. The 3D-ILC method provides a new tool for the experimental study of UF. Compared to the conventional numerical methods based on the analysis of stress-strain and plastic zone, numerical simulation can be a good alternative method to obtain the crack path under UF.

Three-Dimensional Velocity Distribution Measurement Using Ultrasonic Velocity Profiler with Developed Transducer

This study describes an ultrasonic velocity profiler that uses a new ultrasonic array transducer with unique 5-element configuration, with all five elements acting as transmitters and four elements as receivers. The receivers are designed to reduce the amount of uncertainty. As the fluid moves through this setup, four Doppler frequencies are obtained. The multi-dimensional velocity information along the measurement line can be reconstructed. The transducer has a compact geometry suitable for a wide range of applications, including narrow flow areas. The transducer’s basic frequency and sound pressure are selected and evaluated to be compatible with the application. First, to confirm the measurement ability, the measurement of the developed system in two-dimensional flow is validated by comparing it to the theoretical data. The uncertainty of measurement was within 15%. Second, the three-dimensional measurement in turbulent and swirling flow is proved experimentally to check the applicability of the proposed technique.

Model and optimization of ultrasonic phased array parameters

Beam focusing is one of the unique characteristics of ultrasonic phased array compared with conventional ultrasound.On the basis of two-dimensional radiated sound field of phased array,the three-dimensional radiated sound field was simulated in the paper,and then the effect of different frequencies,different number of array elements and different element spacings on focal spot,the depth of focus and the effect on horizontal and vertical resolution were analyzed.The optimal results of transducer parameters have certain reference value for the design of phased array probe.

Dynamic Characteristic Mechanism of Atrial Septal Defect Using Real-Time Three-Dimensional Echocardiography and Evaluation of Right Ventricular Functions

The dynamic characteristics of the area of the atrial septal defect（ASD） were evaluated using the technique of real-time three-dimensional echocardiography（RT 3DE）, the potential factors responsible for the dynamic characteristics of the area of ASD were observed, and the overall and local volume and functions of the patients with ASD were measured. RT 3DE was performed on the 27 normal controls and 28 patients with ASD. Based on the three-dimensional data workstations, the area of ASD was measured at P wave vertex, R wave vertex, T wave starting point, and T wave terminal point and in the T-P section. The right atrial volume in the same time phase of the cardiac cycle and the motion displacement distance of the tricuspid annulus in the corresponding period were measured. The measured value of the area of ASD was analyzed. The changes in the right atrial volume and the motion displacement distance of the tricuspid annulus in the normal control group and the ASD group were compared. The right ventricular ejection fractions in the normal control group and the ASD group were compared using the RT 3DE long-axis eight-plane（LA 8-plane） method. Real-time three-dimensional volume imaging was performed in the normal control group and ASD group（n=30）. The right ventricular inflow tract, outflow tract, cardiac apex muscular trabecula dilatation, end-systolic volume, overall dilatation, end-systolic volume, and appropriate local and overall ejection fractions in both two groups were measured with the four-dimensional right ventricular quantitative analysis method（4D RVQ） and compared. The overall right ventricular volume and the ejection fraction measured by the LA 8-plane method and 4D RVQ were subjected to a related analysis. Dynamic changes occurred to the area of ASD in the cardiac cycle. The rules for dynamic changes in the area of ASD and the rules for changes in the right atrial volume in the cardiac cycle were consistent. The maximum value of the changes in the right atrial volume occurred in the end-systolic period when the peak of the curve appeared. The minimum value of the changes occurred in the end-systolic period and was located at the lowest point of the volume variation curve. The area variation curve for ASD and the motion variation curve for the tricuspid annulus in the cardiac cycle were the same. The displacement of the tricuspid annulus exhibited directionality. The measured values of the area of ASD at P wave vertex, R wave vertex, T wave starting point, T wave terminal point and in the T-P section were properly correlated with the right atrial volume（P〈0.001）. The area of ASD and the motion displacement distance of the tricuspid annulus were negatively correlated（P〈0.05）. The right atrial volumes in the ASD group in the cardiac cycle in various time phases increased significantly as compared with those in the normal control group（P=0.0001）. The motion displacement distance of the tricuspid annulus decreased significantly in the ASD group as compared with that in the normal control group（P=0.043）. The right ventricular ejection fraction in the ASD group was lower than that in the normal control group（P=0.032）. The ejection fraction of the cardiac apex trabecula of the ASD patients was significantly lower than the ejection fractions of the right ventricular outflow tract and inflow tract and overall ejection fraction. The difference was statistically significant（P=0.005）. The right ventricular local and overall dilatation and end-systolic volumes in the ASD group increased significantly as compared with those in the normal control group（P=0.031）. The a RVEF and the overall ejection fraction decreased in the ASD group as compared with those in the normal control group（P=0.0005）. The dynamic changes in the area of ASD and the motion curves for the right atrial volume and tricuspid annulus have the same dynamic characteristics. RT 3DE can be used to accurately evaluate the local and overall volume and functions of the right ventricle. The local and overall volume loads of the right ventricle in the ASD patients increase significantly as compared with those of the normal people. The right ventricular cardiac apex and the overall systolic function decrease.

Measurement errors and correction of the UAT-2 ultrasonic anemometer

Two kinds of measurement errors have been observed in the recently developed UAT-2 ultrasonic anemometer.One is the flow distortion produced by a"blocking effect",and the other is the angle of attack caused by the vertical misalignment of the instrument.Here,we study these errors and discuss the possible correction methods.Via a wind tunnel experiment and numerical simulation,a 3D calibration matrix was developed to correct the"blocking effect".In the field test,the angle of attack was detected by an inclinometer settled on the reference plane of the anemometer,and the instrumental misalignment or tilt was corrected by a coordinate transformation.The combined use of an inclinometer and the proposed correction method may help find a new approach for vertical velocity correction.

基于互相关的小型化低功耗超声波风速风向仪设计

超声波风速风向仪具有无转动部件,响应快,精度高的优点,但体积大、功耗高、成本高成为限制超声波风速风向仪广泛使用的主要因素。为了便于超声波风速风向仪的推广和使用,本文采用国产FPGA(Field Programmable Gate Array)并结合FIR(Finite Impulse Respond)滤波器以及互相关检测算法设计了一款超声波风速风向仪,探头之间的距离仅为80 mm,感风面积仅为传统超声波风的1/10,使得省级风洞均可计量检定。整机经过风洞实测,每秒钟可完成50次风速风向测量,在0~5 m/s时风速最大测量误差为±0.3 m/s,5~20 m/s时风速最大测量误差为±0.5 m/s,20~30 m/s风速测量最大误差为±5%,稳定风速下风向测量最大误差为±1°以内,总功耗为0.2 W(仅为传统超声波风功耗的1/20)。通过实测数据发现,FPGA结合数字滤波及互相关检测算法相比于传统的DSP(Digital Signal Processor)超声波风速风向仪能明显缩小体积,降低成本功耗。

大气边界层物理研究进展

本文总结了近4年来(2009～2012)中国科学院大气物理研究所大气边界层物理和大气化学国家重点实验室在大气边界层物理理论、观测实验、数值模拟和超声风速温度仪等仪器研制领域的主要研究进展,并对未来几年内大气边界层物理的发展方向提出了一些建议。

超声波风速仪的理论建模及分析

深入分析了超声波在空气中的传播特性,研究了基于传播时间和声强变化的超声波风速仪理论模型,从传播时间和声强两个方面描述了超声波风速仪的基本原理,并在不同风速和相对风向的条件下进行了实验,取得了和理论模型一致的结果,为研制超声波风速仪提供了理论基础。

高精度超声风速测量系统设计与实现

时差法是超声风速风向测量系统的基本方法。文中首先对影响时差法测量精度的因素进行分析,针对这些影响因素,在超声换能器设计、阵型设计、电路系统设计和信号处理算法等方面提出了提高系统精度的设计方案,并制成样机。实验测试表明,文中所实现的系统已经基本达到国际尖端产品的测量精度,且具有体积小、可靠性高等优点,具有很高的实际应用价值。

北京城郊近地层湍流实验观测

本文利用两台ＦＡ—１１超声风速温度仪于１９９２年３月到４月间在北京３２５ｍ气象观测塔４７ｍ和１２０ｍ两个高度观测到的风速三个正交分量以及声虚温的湍流脉动资料，计算和分析了北京城郊粗糙下垫面近地层湍流特征量及其日变化，无量纲垂直速度和声虚温的方差随稳定度的变化，风速分量和温度的归一化湍流能谱以及动量和热通量的互谱及其随稳定度的变化。并且与平坦均一下垫面近地层湍流观测的结果进行了对比。

超声测风传感器在回路风洞中的测试

超声测风仪因启动风速小、无转动部件、不破坏风场、测量精度高等特点,适用于多种行业的测风需求。超声波测风的相关检定规程当前在国内尚未正式制定。本文借鉴风杯检定规程所选择的风速测试点,在HDF-720低速回路风洞中,对超声测风仪在不同角度下进行了测试数据统计分析。结果表明:超声测风仪可以安装在工作段面较大的风洞中进行测试,由于超声探头存在阴影效应,对于同一风速,不同角度上的测量结果稍有差异,而且不同风速对应的差异也不同。利用超声测风仪进行风速实时测量时,必须结合上述测试分析,按照超声传感器的安装角度,对测量值进行相应修正。

超声波风速仪测量结果不确定度评定

随着气象现代化的快速发展,越来越多的超声波风速仪已经投入到气象领域。为保证风速测量数据的准备、可靠,对其测量结果的不确定度分析很有必要。根据超声波风速仪国家标准中的测试方法及校准点,以国家气象计量站空气流速实验室校准WMT700型超声波风速仪为例,对风速的5个校准点进行重复测量,并依据JJF1059.1-2012测量不确定度的评定与表示要求,进行A类不确定度评定。同时分析测量过程中的B类不确定度来源,进行B类评定。最后通过合成得到扩展不确定度,该方法对超声波风速仪测量结果的可信度评定具有参考价值。

基于FPGA和DSP的超声波风向风速测量系统

本文研究了数字化超声风速测量系统,提出并实现了完整的系统设计方案。该方案的核心是基于现场可编程门阵列(FPGA)和数字信号处理器(DSP)的硬件系统架构和基于包络重心法的信号处理算法。该设计可实现超声信号的高速数据采集和复杂的信号处理算法。测试结果表明所实现的超声风速测量系统具有体积小、反应速度快、抗干扰能力强和分辨率高等优点,且具有成本优势,并保持较低的功耗。

基于CFD和BP神经网络的超声测风仪阴影效应补偿研究

风速风向是气象观测的关键性参数,阴影效应对超声测风仪测量风速风向有显著影响。为了消除不同风速风向和温度条件下阴影效应导致的测量误差,结合超声波时差法测风原理提出了一种基于计算流体力学(CFD)仿真和反向传播(BP)神经网络数据处理的阴影效应补偿方法。首先通过CFD仿真软件Fluent对超声测风仪的风场进行模拟分析,获取了受阴影效应影响的风速、风向以及温度样本数据,然后利用这些样本从减小相对误差方面对BP神经网络算法在超声测风仪中应用的性能进行了研究与分析,最后利用超声测风仪风洞实验的测量数据对本文的阴影效应补偿方法的准确性进行了验证。研究结果表明:通过基于CFD和BP神经网络的预测模型对阴影效应进行修正后,测试系统风速风向的测量精度有显著的提升,可满足高精度超声测风的测量需求。本文的研究结果对于高精度超声测风仪的研制有一定的参考价值。

二维超声波风速风向传感器设计

风是气象预报中的一个重要的要素,准确地预报风速,对人们的生产生活都有一定的影响。二维超声风传感器是气象与工业中最重要的风速测量方式之一,在传统的超声波测风仪器的基础上,通过测量空气温湿度来进行准确的调节,补偿了雨雾等环境因素的影响,设计一种基于STM32处理器的200 k Hz全天候超声测风仪,通过实验证明:该装置可以实现全天候精确测量风速风向,测量误差小。

基于ZigBee的风力发电超声波风速风向仪设计

根据风力发电系统的应用要求,设计了一种基于ZigBee通信方式的超声波风速风向仪。介绍了时差法超声波风速风向仪的基本原理,以数字信号处理器TMS320F28335为数据处理单元实现风速风向信号的计算;采用无线通信模块CC2530实现与数据处理单元之间的RS-232方式通信和与风力发电控制系统间的无线通信;介绍了采用超声波风速风向仪进行风力发电系统偏航控制的控制原理。实际应用表明:在风力发电系统中,采用无线超声波风速风向仪具有较高的采样精度和灵敏度,且易于安装及维护。

三维超声风速仪测量近地面湍流谱及C_n^2的初步研究

采用2011年1月在合肥地区复杂下垫面上使用超声风速计测得的风速三分量和温度分湍流实验观测数据,计算分析了合肥地区冬季的不同稳定度条件下的湍流谱特征。并和其他实验进行对比,得到了湍流特征量在不同稳定度下能量谱的曲线拟合公式以及谱峰的位置变化情况,温度谱尾部上翘的现象。另外,比对了超声风速计和温度脉动仪(即单点和双点温度测量法)测得的C_n^2,发现二者符合较好。

基于三维超声波阵列的风电场风力瞬变特性测量研究

风能资源评估和风电功率预测等除需要平均风速数据外,还需要对风力的瞬变特性进行准确的测量和分析。分析了风力瞬变特性对风电场的影响,为能够准确测量垂直切变、湍流等风力的瞬变特性,提出利用三对超声波换能器构成三维阵列的风力瞬变特性测量方法。采用时差法,通过设计超声波换能器阵型排布及各部分电路,建立风力参数计算模型;在准确测量传统的风速和风向参数基础上,进一步实现了实时的风力瞬变参数特性测量。采用该方法进行了三个测风塔的长期连续风力特性数据采集,据此研究了风切变和湍流对风电场的影响,进而为风电机组选型和风电场选址提供依据。

超声波测风仪风速的不同算法误差分析

超声波测风仪与气象业务用风向标测风仪相比具有诸多优势,可为气象业务中风向风速观测急需解决的较多问题提供解决方案。为促成超声波风速仪尽早在气象部门业务应用,同时解决资料同化等问题,研究和选择适用于超声波测风仪的风速平均(平滑)算法显得极为重要。为此,从超声波测风仪测量原理出发,介绍了超声波测风仪获取数据的特点;利用台站获取的超声波测风仪风速的秒数据,采用不同时段、不同平均(平滑)方法,计算风速多种形式的平均值,通过统计、分析和比较,获得了标量和矢量不同算法下风速平均值的特性差异及其之间的误差,进一步验证了标量平均大于矢量平均的结论。通过对超声波测风仪的风速算法研究及其误差分析,对减小因算法带来的风速测量误差提供方法,同时探讨了超声波测风仪在气象业务使用的可能和方向。