NUMERICAL INVESTIGATION OF THREE-DIMENSIONAL VISCOUS INCOMPRESSIBLE FLOWS IN DIVERGENT CURVED CHANNELS AND TURBULENT MODEL STUDY

In order to make the numerical calculation of viscous flows more convenient for the flows in channel with complicated profile governing equations expressed in the arbitrary curvilinear coordinates were derived by means of Favre density-weighted averaged method, and a turbulent model with effect of curvature modification was also derived. The numerical calculation of laminar and turbulent flown in divergent curved channels was carried out by means of parabolizeil computation method. The calculating results were used to analyze and investigate the aerodynamic performance of talor cascades in compressors preliminarily.

Unsteady three-dimensional boundary layer flow due to a permeable shrinking sheet

The unsteady viscous flow over a continuously permeable shrinking surface is studied. Similarity equations are obtained through the application of similar transformation techniques. Numerical techniques are used to solve the similarity equations for different values of the unsteadiness parameter, the mass suction parameter, the shrinking parameter and the Prandtl number on the velocity and temperature profiles as well as the skin friction coefficient and the Nusselt number. It is found that, different from an unsteady stretching sheet, dual solutions exist in a certain range of mass suction and unsteadiness parameters.

Unsteady Turbulent Simulation and Pressure Fluctuation Analysis for Centrifugal Pumps

The pressure fluctuation in the flow passage of both impeller and casing is addressed on design condition. The initial conditions for the unsteady turbulent simulation are resulted from the steady calculations, and the three dimensional unsteady turbulent simulation concerning the rotor-stator interaction is executed by a Navier-Stoke solver embedded with k -ε turbulence model and with appropriate moving interface boundary conditions. Detecting points are distributed in the flow passage in different radial and circumferential positions to capture the static pressure fluctuation character for one cycle of the impeller. The time-domain spectrums show that the static pressure curves are periodic and have five peaks and five valleys. With the radius increasing, the pressure fluctuation peak-to-peak values in the impeller are increasing, and reach the maximum value on the interface. In the casing flow passage, those values are about 7% of local static pressure except some ones near the tongue. The values become decreasingly in the diffuser pipe. The frequency spectrums transformed by fast Fourier transform （FFT） show that the dominant frequency is approximate with the blade passing frequency, and the pressure fluctuations in impeller passage have high frequency content while those in casing ones have no such information.

NATURE OF THE SURFACE HEAT TRANSFER FLUCTUATION IN A HYPERSONIC SEPARATED TURBULENT FLOW

This paper presents the results of an experimental study of the unsteady nature of a hypersonic sepa- rated turbulent flow.The nominal test conditions were a freestream Mach number of 7.8 and a unit Reynolds number of 3.5x10^7/m.The separated flow was generated using finite span forward facing steps.An array of flush mounted high spatial resolution and fast response platinum film resistance thermometers was used to make mul- ti-channel measurements of the fluctuating surface heat trtansfer within the separated flow.Conditional sampling ana- lysis of the signals shows that the root of separation shock wave consists of a series of compression wave extending over a streamwise length about one half of the incoming boundary layer thickness.The compression waves con- verge into a single leading shock beyond the boundary layer.The shock structure is unsteady and undergoes large-scale motion in the streamwise direction.The length scale of the motion is about 22 percent of the upstream influence length of the separation shock wave.There exists a wide band of frequency of oscillations of the shock system.Most of the frequencies are in the range of 1-3 kHz.The heat transfer fluctuates intermittently between the undisturbed level and the disturbed level within the range of motion of the separation shock wave.This inter mittent phenomenon is considered as the consequence of the large-scale shock system oscillations.Downstream of the range of shock wave motion there is a separated region where the flow experiences continuous compression and no intermittency phenomenon is observed.

Hall Effects on Unsteady MHD Three Dimensional Flow through a Porous Medium in a Rotating Parallel Plate Channel with Effect of Inclined Magnetic Field

In this paper, we make an initial value investigation of the unsteady flow of incompressible viscous fluid between two rigid non-conducting rotating parallel plates bounded by a porous medium under the influence of a uniform magnetic field of strength H0 inclined at an angle of inclination α with normal to the boundaries taking hall current into account. The perturbations are created by a constant pressure gradient along the plates in addition to the non-torsional oscillations of the upper plate while the lower plate is at rest. The flow in the porous medium is governed by the Brinkman’s equations. The exact solution of the velocity in the porous medium consists of steady state and transient state. The time required for the transient state to decay is evaluated in detail and the ultimate quasi-steady state solution has been derived analytically. Its behaviour is computationally discussed with reference to the various governing parameters. The shear stresses on the boundaries are also obtained analytically and their behaviour is computationally discussed.

非恒定流下桩群绕流特性试验

非恒定流下圆柱绕流产生的尾涡会对结构疲劳损伤、水流挟沙能力等产生较大影响。基于非恒定流桩群绕流水槽试验,采用声学多普勒流速仪(acoustic Doppler velocimeter,ADV)测量了桩群周围的底层水流速度,分析了单峰洪水型非恒定流下,桩群绕流对底层流场、横纵向时均流速分布、横纵向紊动强度等的影响规律。研究表明:横、纵时均流速大小均与流量变化相关,纵向时均流速均为正值,横向时均流速在左右岸对称测点上大小一致。纵向流速相对紊动强度和横向流速紊动强度仅与流量大小有关,与流量所处的上升阶段与下降阶段无关,桩群绕流对附近流场的影响范围有限,且不同区域受到桩群绕流的影响程度存在一定差异。

Efficient suction control of unsteadiness of turbulent wing-plate junction flows

A wing-body junction flow of a navigating underwater vehicle is considered to be a crucial source of the flow radiating acoustic noise, which attracts much research interest. In this paper, wing-plate junction flows are experimentally investigated in a low-speed wind tunnel by smoke-wire flow visualizations and time-resolved PIV measurements. To reveal the physical behavior of such flows, smoke-wire flow visualizations are conducted for a laminar wing-plate junction. A novel control strategy is proposed, to accurately locate the suction openings where the streamline is about to roll up to form a vortex in the turbulent junction flows. The control effect is discussed in perspectives of both the time-averaged and instantaneous flow fields.

A NEW UNSTEADY THREE DIMENSIONAL MODEL FOR MACROMOLECULAR TRANSPORT AND WATER FILTRATION ACROSS THE ARTERIAL WALL

A new unsteady three-dimensional convective-diffusive mathematical model for the transportation of macromolecules and water across the arterial wall was proposed . After the formation of leaky junctions due to the mitosis of endothelial cell of the arterial wall, the macromolecular transport happens surrounding the leaky cells. The arterial wall was divided into four layers: the endothelial layer, the subendothelial intima, the internal elastic lamina and the media for the convenience of research. The time-dependent concentration growth,the effect of the shape of endothelial cell and the effect of physiological parameters were analyzed. The analytical solution of velocity field and pressure field of water flow across the arterial wall were obtained; and concentration distribution of three macromolecules ; LDL,HRP and Albumin, were calculated with numerical simulation method. The new theory predicts, the maximum and distribution areas of time dependent concentration with round shape endothelial cell are both larger than that with ellipse-shape endothelial cell. The model also predicts the concentration growth is much alike that of a two-dimensional model and it shows that the concentration reaches its peak at the leaky junction where atherosclerotic formation frequently occurs and falls down rapidly in a limited area beginning from its earlier time growth to the state when macromolecular transfer approaches steadily. These predictions of the new model are in agreement with the experimental observation for the growth and concentration distribution of LDL and Albumin.

EXPERIMENTAL STUDY OF UNSTEADY CHARACTERISTICS OF TURBULENT MIXING LAYER FLOW OVER AN OPEN STEP AND A SQUARE-EDGED RIB

Spatio-temporal characteristics of the wall-bounded turbulent mixing layer flow over an open step and a square-edged rib were extensively studied in a low-speed wind tunnel. Simultaneous measurements of wall-pressure fluctuations and velocity measurements were performed by using microphone array and X-wire/split fim, respectively.

Numerical Simulation of Unsteady Turbulent Flow through a Francis Turbine

This paper introduces the 3D numerical simulation of unsteady turbulent flow in the entire flow passage of a Francis turbine with computational fluid dynamics （CFD） technology. The boundary conditions have been implemented based on the 3D averaged Navier-Stokes equations. The governing equations are discreted on space by the finite volume method and on time step by the finite difference method. The 3D unsteady turbulent flow in an entire Francis turbine model is calculated successfully using the CFX-TASCflow software and RNG k-ε turbulence model. Transient flow fields are simulated in the spiral case, the distributor, the runner, and the draft tube for the optimum operating condition. Meanwhile, the velocity and pressure at any points in the flow fields can be obtained so as to provide the great value on the performance prediction. By means of the numerical simulation in a flow field, it is verified that every component in a Francis turbine model is designed reasonably. The basis for the further researches on hydraulic turbines is also built.

Numerical Study of Unsteady Behavior of Partial Cavitation on Two Dimensional Hydrofoils

This paper deals with time dependent performance characteristics of cavitating hydrofoils, the flow around which has been simulated using pressure-based finite volume method. A bubble dynamics cavitation model was used to investigate the unsteady behavior of cavitating flow and describe the generation and evaporation of vapor phase. For choosing the turbulence model and mesh size a non cavitating study was conducted. Three turbulence models such as Spalart-Allmaras, Shear Stress Turbulence （SST） κ-ω model, Re-Normalization Group （RNG） κ-ε model with enhanced wall treatment are used to capture the turbulent boundary layer along the hydrofoil surface. The cavitating study presents an unsteady behavior of the partial cavity attached to the foil at different time steps for σ = 0.8 and σ = 0.4. Moreover, this study is focused on cavitation inception, the shape and general behavior of sheet cavitation, lift and drag forces for different cavitation numbers.

单级与多级侧流道泵内部流动特性

为了研究前置离心叶轮对侧流道泵性能以及内部流动特性的影响,基于SST-SAS湍流模型,对不同工况下单级以及多级侧流道泵内部流动进行三维非定常数值模拟,研究了单级与多级侧流道泵扬程、侧流道泵叶轮进出口压力、侧流道间的质量交换以及旋涡结构分布特性.结果表明:添加前置离心叶轮后的多级侧流道泵扬程整体有所提升,侧流道叶轮的进口压力提升了20%,叶轮与侧流道之间的质量流量也提升了约20%,多级侧流道泵叶轮内涡团分布与单级泵分布规律基本相同,添加前置离心叶轮对侧流道泵内部流动影响较小.研究结果为后续多级侧流道泵的空化研究以及结构优化提供了参考.

EXPERIMENTS OF THREE-DIMENSIONAL FLOW STRUCTURE IN BRAIDED RIVERS

The braided river is a typical river pattern in nature, but there is a paucity of comprehensive data set describing the three-dimensional flow field in the braided river. A physical model experiment was used to study the flow characteristics in the typical braided river with a mid-bar between two anabranches. In the experiment, two kinds of mid-bar with the ratios of its length to maximal width of 3 and 5 were considered. Moreover, the mid-bar could be moved to adjust the width of two anabranches. The detailed measurements of velocity were conducted using an acoustic Doppler velocimeter over a grid defined throughout the whole braided river region, including the bifurcation, two anabranches and the confluence. In two kinds of mid-bar braided models, a separation zone was observed in the anabranch of the model in which the ratio of length to maximal width of mid-bar is 3, however the separation zone was not found in another model in which the ratio is 5. In addition, the opposite secondary cells were observed at the bend apex of anabranch in two models, and different longitudinal velocity distributions in the entrance region of anabranch account for this opposite flow structure. Finally, turbulent kinetic energy were shown and compared in different situations. The high turbulence occurs at the place with strong shear, especially at the boundary of the separation zone and the high velocity passing flow.

A modified PANS model for computations of unsteady turbulence cavitating flows

A modification to the PANS(partially averaged Navier-Stokes) model is proposed to simulate unsteady cavitating flows. In the model, the parameter fk is modified to vary as a function of the ratios between the water density and the mixture density in the local flows. The objective of this study is to validate the modified model and further understand the interaction between turbulence and cavitation around a Clark-Y hydrofoil. The comparisons between the numerical and experiment results show that the modified model can be improved to predict the cavity evolution, vortex shedding frequency and the lift force fluctuating in time fairly well, as it can effectively modulate the eddy viscosity in the cavitating region and various levels of physical turbulent fluctuations are resolved. In addition, from the computational results, it is proved that cavitation phenomenon physically influences the turbulent level, especially by the vortex shedding behaviors. Also, the mean u-velocity profiles demonstrate that the attached cavity thickness can alter the local turbulent shear layer.

轴流式水轮机全流道内非定常空化湍流的数值模拟

为了研究轴流式水轮机内部的空化流动,将Fluent 6．1商用软件中的一种完整空化模型和一种混合流体两相流模型相结合,对某水电站原型轴流式水轮机全流道内的非定常空化湍流进行了数值模拟。根据模拟结果,预测了水轮机在特定工况下运行时流道内空化发生的部位和程度,并对水轮机的能量性能进行了预估。数值预测的空化流动现象与模型水轮机空化试验中所观察到的现象基本一致,说明数值模拟结果可为轴流式水轮机的运行性能预测提供参考。

水泵水轮机在水轮机工况下压力脉动特性

为了研究水泵水轮机在水轮机工况下的压力脉动特性,采用SST k-ω湍流模型对模型水泵水轮机在水轮机工况下的三维非定常湍流进行模拟.在试验验证的基础上,通过调整活动导叶的开度以实现机组不同的运行工况,分析了3种流量工况下导叶、转轮和尾水管内的压力脉动规律.结果表明,尾水涡带形态和旋转方向对机组压力脉动的影响很大:在小流量工况下,尾水涡带为螺旋状,旋转方向与转轮转动方向相同,转轮出口产生强烈的低频压力脉动,转轮叶片上的压力脉动频率约为转轮转频的0.62倍,尾水管压力脉动主频约为转轮转频的0.36倍;在最优工况和大流量工况下,尾水涡带变为管状,转轮出口压力脉动幅值变小,在转轮叶片表面检测到与尾水管压力脉动主频相同的压力脉动;大流量工况下涡带旋转方向与转轮旋转方向相反,尾水管内压力脉动的最大值出现在弯肘段区域.

混流式水泵水轮机全特性曲线S形区流动特性

混流式水泵水轮机转轮的离心效应较混流式水轮机明显,形成了全特性曲线上的S形特性。该S形区水泵水轮机流道内流动状况很不稳定,为了详细了解该区域的流动特性,选取等开度下水轮机工况、水轮机飞逸工况、零流量附近水轮机制动工况、零流量附近反水泵工况以及反水泵工况等5个工况点进行全流道定常流和非定常流数值分析。定常流动分析表明:全特性曲线上的S形区转轮和导叶流道内存在大量的涡,消耗了大量的水能,致使机组输出功率很小。非定常流场计算表明:在S形过渡工况区,蜗壳与尾水管直锥段内的压力脉动频率与幅值均相近,且幅值小;而导叶至叶片的无叶区和叶片进口的压力脉动幅值高,主要为高频脉动。

基于非定常计算的对旋风机压力脉动分析

利用Realizablek-ε湍流模型对局部对旋风机进行了全流道非定常湍流计算,预测了前后两级叶轮附近各干涉面上压力脉动的时域分布情况。分析结果表明,前后两级叶轮之间的动-动干涉、前后两级叶轮与其相邻部件之间的动-静干涉以及流动的周期非定常特性是对旋式通风机内部压力脉动产生的主要根源;后级叶轮叶片对叶轮区域压力脉动的影响要远大于前级叶轮。数值模拟结果可以作为对旋风机叶轮部分气动噪声预估的参考依据。

基于滑移网格研究双流道泵内非定常流动特性

为研究双流道泵内由叶轮/蜗壳相互作用引起的非定常流动特性,基于滑移网格和RNG湍流模型计算双流道泵内的非定常流动。计算结果表明:在一个周期内,随叶轮流道相对于隔舌位置不同,其内相对速度、静压及总压分布呈周期性变化;当叶轮流道靠近蜗壳出口侧时,相对速度、静压及总压分布规律性较强;喉部为蜗壳内循环流体与叶轮排出流体的混合区域,流动最为复杂;蜗壳内各监测点的静压呈周期性变化,远离蜗壳出口的监测点的静压脉动明显大于靠近蜗壳出口的监测点的静压脉动,且越靠近喉部的监测点的静压变化越大,非定常流动特性越强烈;与定常计算相比,非定常计算所得有效扬程更符合实际情况,大于实测扬程且相对偏差仅为10%。

混流式水轮机压力脉动预测

通过混流式模型水轮机全流道的三维非定常紊流计算 ,预测了引水部件和尾水管的压力脉动。计算以N -S方程为基础 ,基于贴体坐标和交错网格划分 ,对控制方程进行变换和离散 ,采用SIMPLEC算法求解 ,应用了RNG的k -ε湍流模型。